The Koguryo controversy, national identity, and Sino-Korean relations today

East Asia

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 3-17

  Gries, Peter Hays ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b Sino American Security Dialogue ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Existential conflict; Koguryo Kingdom; National identity; Sino Korean relations

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATIONAL IDENTITY; POLITICAL CONFLICT;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; KOREA; SOUTH KOREA;

EID: 33746108087     PISSN: 10966838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12140-005-0001-y     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. See http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31. Accessed 1 March 2005.
2. See "World Heritage Site: Capital Cities and Tombs of China's Ancient Koguryo Kingdom," Xinhua, July 3, 2004;
3. and "Koguryo Sites Put Onto Heritage List," China Daily, July 2, 2004.
4. "China's ancient Koguryo Kingdom site added to World Heritage List," People's Daily, July 2, 2004.
5. Forthe Korea page on the MFA website, see http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/ wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/1236/1236x0/default.htm.
6. Richard Lloyd Parry, "South Korea and China argue over Camelot kingdom," The Times (London), August 24, 2004.
7. "Seoul Gets Tough Over Koguryo Dispute," Korea Times, July 17, 2004.
8. Scott Snyder, "A Turning Point for China-Korea Relations?" Comparative Connections, Fall 2004, p. 115.
9. "China Issues Postage Stamps on Koguryo Relics, "Korea Times, December 6, 2004.
10. See Justin McCurry, "Stamps stir dispute over islands," The Guardian, January 17, 2004;
11. Kim Tae-gyu, "Seoul Rebuffs Tokyo's Tokdo Stamp Issuance," Korea Times, 5 March 2004.
12. "Two Koreas in Joint Response to China's Koguryo Distortions," Chosun Ilbo, 7 March 2005.
13. Scott Snyder, "Happy Tenth for PRC-ROK Relations! Celebrate while you can, Because Tough Times are Ahead," Comparative Connections, Fall 2002, p. 86.
14. Scott Snyder, "A Turning Point for China-Korea Relations?" Comparative Connections, Fall 2004, p. 114.
15. Donald Kirk, "Chinese history - a cause that unites the two Koreas," South China Morning Post, February 28, 2004, p. 15.
16. Brahma Chellaney, "China reconstructs past to chart future," The Japan Times, October 25, 2004.
17. Chua Sok Peng, "Tussle over ancient kingdom; Beijing removes mention of Koguryo in Korean history, sparking protests by Seoul," The Straits Times (Singapore), August 7, 2004.
18. "History Dispute Over Koguryo Deepens," Korea Times, August 7, 2004.
19. Austin Ramzy, "Rewriting History: China and the Koreas feud over the ancient kingdom of Koguryo," Time Magazine, Vol. 164, No. 8 (August 23, 2004).
20. James Brooke, "Seeking Peace in a Once and Future Kingdom," The New York Times, August 25, 2004, p. 3.
21. James Brooke, "Reviving a Korean kingdom," The International Herald Tribune, August 25, 2004, p. 1.
22. In 1981 Henri Tajfel defined social identity as "that part of an individual's self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership in a social group ... together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership." See Henri Tajfel, Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 255.
23. The following draws from chapters two and three of Peter Hays Gries, China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 2004).
24. Nyla R. Branscombe and Daniel L. Wann, "Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial," European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 6 (1994): 641-657.
25. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1993 [1983]);
26. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
27. See Dan P. McAdams, The Stories We Live by: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Guilford Press, 1996);
28. Jefferson A. Singer and Peter Salovey, The Remembered Self: Emotion and Memory in Personality (New York: Free Press, 1993).
29. Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), p. 5.
30. Margaret R. Somers, "The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach," Theory and Society 23 (1994), p. 618.
31. See Jeffrey Olick and Joyce Robbins, "Social Memory Studies: From 'Collective Memory' to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices," Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998), p. 122.
32. Chua Sok Peng, "Tussle over ancient kingdom; Beijing removes mention of Koguryo in Korean history, sparking protests by Seoul," The Straits Times (Singapore), August 7, 2004.
33. "Koguryo or Goguryeo?" The Korea Herald, September 1, 2004.
34. Lee Chi-dong, "Korean, Chinese Academics Debate Claims To Koguryo Kingdom," Yonhap, September 16, 2004.
35. Alexander Woodside, "Territorial order and collective-identity tensions in Confucian Asia: China, Vietnam, Korea," Daedalus, Summer 1998.
36. David Pollack, The Fracture of Meaning: Japan's Synthesis of China from the Eighth through the Eighteenth Centuries (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).
37. Michael Edson Robinson, Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea, 1920-1925 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), p. 16.
38. Andre Schmid, "Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea," The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 56, No. 1 (1997), pp. 26-46.
39. Park Chung Hee, Our Nation's Path: Ideology of Social Reconstruction (Seoul: Hollym Corp, 1970 [1962]), pp. viii, 28.
40. Park Chung Hee, Our Nation's Path, p. 79.
41. Park Chung Hee, Our Nation's Path, pp. 50, 95.
42. Sheila Miyoshi Jager, "Monumental Histories: Manliness, the Military, and the War Memorial," Public Culture, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2002): 387-409.
43. J. M. Barbalet, Emotion, social theory, and social structure: a macrosociological approach (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 87.
44. "Seoul Gets Tough Over Koguryo Dispute," Korea Times, July 17, 2004.
45. Khang Hyun-sung, "China's historical bid unites Koreans," South China Morning Post, March 2, 2004, p. 8.
46. "NK Slams China for Koguryo Distortion," Korea Times, September 15, 2004.
47. James Brooke, "Seeking Peace in a Once and Future Kingdom," The New York Times, August 25, 2004, p. 3.
48. See Erica Strecker Downs and Philip C. Saunders, "Legitimacy and the limits of nationalism," International Security, Vol. 23 Issue 3 (Winter 98/99), pp. 114-147.
49. A search of Qinghua University's "Chinese Core Newspapers" online database revealed only five articles even mentioning "Gaogouli," and all were passing references. My thanks to Shen Zhijia for her assistance with this search.
50. See Xiao Gongqing, "Cong minzuzhuyi zhong jiequ guojia ningjuli de xinziyuan" (Deriving from Nationalism a New Resource that Congeals the State), Zhanlue yu guanli (Strategy and Management) 1994. 4.
51. Guo Yingjie, "Barking up the wrong tree: The liberal-nationalist debate on democracy and identity," in Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China, edited by Leong H. Liew and Shaoguang Wang (London & New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), p. 35.
52. Jin Hui, Tongwen cangzang: Rijun qinHua baoxing beiwanglu (Wailing at the Heavens: the Violence of the Japanese Invasion of China) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenyi chubanshe, 1995).
53. Lu Benlong, "Xin Zhongguo guoji shenfen dingwei de lishi yanjin: dui Xin Zhingguo waijiao de yizhong xin de renshi kuangjia" (Evolution of New China's Definition of International Identity: A New Frame to Understand New China's Foreign Policy), International Review (Guoji wenti luntan) (Shanghai), Volume 35 (Summer 2004), pp. 186-87.
54. Li Fang, "Chongnianshi de Meiguo xingxiang" (Childhood images of America), Zhongguo ruhe shuobu (How China Should Say No), special issue of Zuojia tiandi (Writer's World), 1996, p. 23.
55. Ye Zicheng, "Dui Zhongguo duojihua zhanlue de lishi yu lilun fansi" (Rethinking the History and Theory of China's Multipolar Strategy), International Review (Guoji wenti luntan) (Shanghai), Volume 34 (Spring 2004), pp. 4-23.
56. Xia Liping, "Lun Zhongguo guoji zhanlue xin linian zhong de xin anchuan guan" (The New Security Concept in China's New Thinking of International Strategy), International Review (Guoji wenti luntan) (Shanghai), Volume 34 (Spring 2004), pp. 24-38.
57. For instance, such hierarchical thinking was evident in China's late 1970s decision to invade Vietnam. In November 1978 Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union. A month later they invaded Cambodia, a Chinese ally. Outraged that "little brother" Vietnam had betrayed "big brother" China, Deng Xiaoping launched a disastrous war in February 1979 to "teach 'Little Brother' a lesson."
58. Richard Lloyd Parry, "South Korea and China argue over Camelot kingdom," The Times (London), August 24, 2004.
59. Andrew Ward, "Ancient history haunts new ties," Financial Times (London, England), September 1, 2004, p. 10.
60. "China Looks Down on Korea," Chosun Ilbo, August 6,2004. Available at http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200408/ 200408060047.html. Accessed 1 March 2005.
61. Lee Chi-dong, "Korean, Chinese Academics Debate Claims to Koguryo Kingdom," Yonhap, September 16, 2004.
62. Herbert C. Kelman, "The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflicts," Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 55, No. 3 (1999), pp. 588, 591.