Detecting emotional faces and features in a visual search paradigm: Are faces special?

Emotion

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 246-256

  Schubö, Anna ^a   Gendolla, Guido H E ^b   Meinecke, Cristina ^c   Abele, Andrea E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Emotional expression; Threat perception; Visual search

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; SELF CONCEPT; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL MASKING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ATTENTION; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; EXPRESSED EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME; SIGNAL DETECTION (PSYCHOLOGY); VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 33745963813     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.246     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ahissar, M., & Hochstein, S. (1997). Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning. Nature, 387, 401-406.
2. Anger Elfenbein, H., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 203-235.
3. Breitmeyer, B. G. (1984). Visual masking: An integrative approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Brosch, T., & Sharma, D. (2005). The role of fear-relevant stimuli in visual search: A comparison of phylogenetic and ontogenetic stimuli. Emotion, 5, 360-364.
5. Bruce, V., & Young, A. W. (1998). In the eye of the beholder. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Carrasco, M., & Frieder, K. S. (1997). Cortical magnification neutralizes the eccentricity effect in visual search. Vision Research, 37, 63-82.
7. Carrasco, M., McLean, T. L., Katz, S. M., & Frieder, K. S. (1998). Feature asymmetries in visual search: Effects of display duration, target eccentricity, orientation and spatial frequency. Vision Research, 38, 347-374.
8. Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433-158.
9. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1982). Does the face provide accurate information? In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face (pp. 56-97). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
10. Feldman Barrett, L., & Niedenthal, P. (2004). Valence focus and the perception of facial affect. Emotion, 4, 266-274.
11. Fenske, M. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2003). Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: Evidence from flanker tasks. Emotion, 3, 327-343.
12. Flykt, A. (2005). Visual search with biological threat stimuli: Accuracy, reaction times, and heart rate changes. Emotion, 5, 349-353.
13. Foster, D. H., & Ward, P. A. (1991). Asymmetries in oriented-line detection indicate two orthogonal filters in early vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 243, 75-81.
14. Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial expression of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently? Cognition and Emotion, 14, 61-92.
15. Gasper, K., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Attending to the big picture: Mood ans global versus local processing of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 34-40.
16. Gendolla, G. H. E. (2000). On the impact of mood on behavior: An integrative theory and a review. Review of General Psychology, 4, 378-408.
17. Gendolla, G. H. E., Abele, A., Andrei, Spurk, & Richter, M. (2005). Negative mood, self- focused attention, and the experience of physical symptoms: The joint impact hypothesis. Emotion, 5, 131-144.
18. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
19. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917-924.
20. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
21. Lundqvist, D., Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (1999). The face of wrath: Critical features for conveying facial threat. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 691-711.
22. Lundqvist, D., Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (2004). The face of wrath: The role of features and configurations in conveying social threat. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 161-182.
23. Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. San Francisco: Freeman.
24. Meinecke, C., Kimchi, R., & Grandegger, C. (2002). A reversal in the direction of detection asymmetry: Effects of spatial density, spatial regularity, and retinal eccentricity. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 829-843.
25. Meyer, D. E., Osman, A. M., Irwin, D. E., & Yantis, S. (1988). Modern mental chronometry. Biological Psychology, 26, 3-67.
26. Niedenthal, P. M., & Halberstadt, J. B. (1995). The acquisition and structure of emotional response categories. In Douglas L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 33, pp. 23-64). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
27. Niedenthal, P. M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, A. H. (1999). Emotional response categorization. Psychological Review, 106, 337-361.
28. Nothdurft, H. C. (1991). Texture segmentation and pop-out from orientation contrast. Vision Research, 31, 1073-1078.
29. Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466-478.
30. Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotions (pp. 296-327). New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 381-396.
32. Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483-522.
33. Palmer, S. E. (1992). Common region: A new principle of perceptual grouping. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 436-447.
34. Palmer, S. E. (1999). Vision science: From photons to phenomenology. Cambrigde, MA: MIT Press.
35. Poirier, F. J. A. M., & Gurnsey, R. (1998). The effects of eccentricity and spatial frequency on the orientation discrimination asymmetry. Spatial Vision, 11, 349-366.
36. Sagi, D., & Julesz, B. (1987). Short-range limitation on detection of feature differences. Spatial Vision, 2, 39-49.
37. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92-120). New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
39. Schubö, A., Schlaghecken, F., & Meinecke, C. (2001). Learning to ignore the mask in texture segmentation tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 919-931.
40. Schupp, H. T., Öhman, A., Junghöver, M., Weike, A. I., Stockburger, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2004). The facilitated processing of threatening faces: An ERP analysis. Emotion, 4, 189-200.
41. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin, Handbook of personality (pp. 609-637). New York: Guilford Press.
42. Tipples, J., Atkinson, A. P., & Young, A. W. (2002). The eyebrow frown: A salient social signal. Emotion, 2, 288-296.
43. Treisman, A. M., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15-48.
44. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., Hermans, E., Putman, P., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., Verbaten, R., & van Doornen, L. (2001). A single administration of testosterone induces cardiac accelerative responses to angry faces in healthy young women. Behavioral Neuroscience, 238-242.
45. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30, 829-841.
46. Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., Kim, H., Plois, S., et al. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306, 2061.
47. Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
48. Wolfe, J. M. (1998). Visual search. In H. Pashler (Ed.). Attention (pp. 13-74). Hove, United Kingdom: Psychology Press.
49. Wolfe, J. M. (2001). Asymmetries in visual search: An introduction. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 381-389.
50. Wolfe, J. M., Friedman-Hill, S. R. Stewart, M. I., & O'Connell, K. M. (1992). The role of categorization in visual search for orientation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 34-49.
51. Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2004). What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it? Nature Review Neurosciences, 5, 1-7.