메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 129-141

The concept of overgrazing and its role in management of large herbivores

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Conservation; Herbivory; Moose; Red deer; Reindeer; Roe deer

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; CERVIDAE;

EID: 33745850417     PISSN: 09096396     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[129:TCOOAI]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (202)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 0028180761 scopus 로고
    • Height of white-flowered trillium (Trilliurn grandiflorum) as an index of deer browsing intensity
    • Anderson, R.C. 1994: Height of white-flowered trillium (Trilliurn grandiflorum) as an index of deer browsing intensity. - Ecological Applications 4: 104-109.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 104-109
    • Anderson, R.C.1
  • 2
    • 0031667986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of white-tailed deer on populations of an understory forb in fragmented deciduous forests
    • Augustine, D.J. & Frelich, L.E. 1998: Effects of white-tailed deer on populations of an understory forb in fragmented deciduous forests. - Conservation Biology 12: 995-1004.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 995-1004
    • Augustine, D.J.1    Frelich, L.E.2
  • 3
    • 0031786775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: Herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance
    • Augustine, D.J. & McNaughton, S.J. 1998: Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance. - Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 1165-1183.
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , pp. 1165-1183
    • Augustine, D.J.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 4
    • 0035707728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant species diversity and grazing in the Scandinavian mountains - Patterns and processes at different spatial scales
    • Austrheim, G. & Eriksson, O. 2001: Plant species diversity and grazing in the Scandinavian mountains - patterns and processes at different spatial scales. - Ecography 24: 683-695.
    • (2001) Ecography , vol.24 , pp. 683-695
    • Austrheim, G.1    Eriksson, O.2
  • 5
    • 0002709574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of grazing on plant communities
    • WallisDeVries, M.F., Bakker, J.P. & Van Wieren, S.E. (Eds.); Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
    • Bakker, J.P. 1998: The impact of grazing on plant communities. - In: WallisDeVries, M.F., Bakker, J.P. & Van Wieren, S.E. (Eds.); Grazing and conservation management. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 137-184.
    • (1998) Grazing and Conservation Management , pp. 137-184
    • Bakker, J.P.1
  • 6
    • 0037195022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The numerical response: Rate of increase and food limitation in herbivores and predators
    • Bayliss, P. & Choquenot, D. 2002: The numerical response: rate of increase and food limitation in herbivores and predators. - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 357: 1233-1248.
    • (2002) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , vol.357 , pp. 1233-1248
    • Bayliss, P.1    Choquenot, D.2
  • 9
    • 0003065401 scopus 로고
    • A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti
    • Bell, R.H.V. 1971: A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. - Scientific American 225: 86-89.
    • (1971) Scientific American , vol.225 , pp. 86-89
    • Bell, R.H.V.1
  • 10
    • 0008208666 scopus 로고
    • Beiteundersøkelser på skogsmark
    • In Norwegian with an English abstract
    • Bjor, K. & Graffer, H. 1963: Beiteundersøkelser på skogsmark. - Forskning og forsøk i landbruket 14: 121-365. (In Norwegian with an English abstract).
    • (1963) Forskning Og Forsøk I Landbruket , vol.14 , pp. 121-365
    • Bjor, K.1    Graffer, H.2
  • 11
    • 0034863370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of management regime and altitude on the population structure of Succisa pratensis: Implications for vegetation monitoring
    • Bühler, C. & Schmid, B. 2001: The influence of management regime and altitude on the population structure of Succisa pratensis: implications for vegetation monitoring. - Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 689-698.
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 689-698
    • Bühler, C.1    Schmid, B.2
  • 13
    • 0002160765 scopus 로고
    • What is this thing called carrying capacity?
    • Boyce, M.S. & Hayden-Wing, L.D. (Eds.); The University of Wyoming, Laramie
    • Caughley, G. 1979: What is this thing called carrying capacity? - In: Boyce, M.S. & Hayden-Wing, L.D. (Eds.); North American Elk: ecology, behavior and management. The University of Wyoming, Laramie, pp. 2-8.
    • (1979) North American Elk: Ecology, Behavior and Management , pp. 2-8
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 15
    • 0026082388 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent growth, body condition, and demography in feral donkeys: Testing the food hypothesis
    • Choquenot, D. 1991: Density-dependent growth, body condition, and demography in feral donkeys: testing the food hypothesis. - Ecology 72: 805-813.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 805-813
    • Choquenot, D.1
  • 16
    • 0034494663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas
    • Clary, W.P. & Leininger, W.C. 2000: Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas. - Journal of Range Management 53: 562-573.
    • (2000) Journal of Range Management , vol.53 , pp. 562-573
    • Clary, W.P.1    Leininger, W.C.2
  • 20
    • 0017806329 scopus 로고
    • Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs
    • Connell, J.H. 1978: Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. - Science 199: 1302-1310.
    • (1978) Science , vol.199 , pp. 1302-1310
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 21
    • 0041739267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer
    • Coomes, D.A., Allen, R.B., Forsyth, D.M. & Lee, W.G. 2003: Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. - Conservation Biology 17: 450-459.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 450-459
    • Coomes, D.A.1    Allen, R.B.2    Forsyth, D.M.3    Lee, W.G.4
  • 22
    • 0000538744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept of overgrazing and its application to Yellowstone's northern range
    • Keiter, R.B. & Boyce, M.S. (Eds.); Yale University Press, New Haven and London
    • Coughenour, M.B. & Singer, F.J. 2000: The concept of overgrazing and its application to Yellowstone's northern range. - In: Keiter, R.B. & Boyce, M.S. (Eds.); The Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, pp. 209-230.
    • (2000) The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Redefining America's Wilderness Heritage , pp. 209-230
    • Coughenour, M.B.1    Singer, F.J.2
  • 23
    • 0030776281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative deer density and sustainability: A conceptual framework for integrating deer management with ecosystem management
    • deCalesta, D.S. & Stout, S.L. 1997: Relative deer density and sustainability: a conceptual framework for integrating deer management with ecosystem management. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 252-258.
    • (1997) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 252-258
    • DeCalesta, D.S.1    Stout, S.L.2
  • 24
    • 0022194567 scopus 로고
    • A nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores
    • Demment, M.W. & Van Soest, P.J. 1985: A nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. - American Naturalist 125: 641-672.
    • (1985) American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 641-672
    • Demment, M.W.1    Van Soest, P.J.2
  • 25
    • 0034943031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can grazing response of herbaceous plants be predicted from simple vegetative traits?
    • Díaz, S., Noy-Meir, I. & Cabido, M. 2001: Can grazing response of herbaceous plants be predicted from simple vegetative traits? - Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 497-508.
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 497-508
    • Díaz, S.1    Noy-Meir, I.2    Cabido, M.3
  • 26
    • 4243914296 scopus 로고
    • Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, Trondheim, In Norwegian
    • Direktoratet for naturforvaltning 1995: Forvaltning av hjortevilt mot år 2000. - Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, Trondheim, 79 pp. (In Norwegian).
    • (1995) Forvaltning Av Hjortevilt Mot År 2000
  • 27
    • 0038420697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates
    • Eberhardt, L.L. 2002: A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates. - Ecology 83: 2841-2854.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2841-2854
    • Eberhardt, L.L.1
  • 28
    • 0002114299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some impacts of overgrazing by reindeer in Finnmark, Norway
    • Evans, R. 1996: Some impacts of overgrazing by reindeer in Finnmark, Norway. - Rangifer 16: 3-19.
    • (1996) Rangifer , vol.16 , pp. 3-19
    • Evans, R.1
  • 29
    • 0000438728 scopus 로고
    • A review of density dependence in populations of large mammals
    • Genoways, H.H. (Ed.); Plenum Press, New York and London
    • Fowler, C.W. 1987: A review of density dependence in populations of large mammals. - In: Genoways, H.H. (Ed.); Current mammalogy. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 401-441.
    • (1987) Current Mammalogy , pp. 401-441
    • Fowler, C.W.1
  • 30
    • 0025232084 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of herbivore carrying capacity: Plants, nutrients, and Equus asinus in northern Australia
    • Freeland, W.J. & Choquenot, D. 1990: Determinants of herbivore carrying capacity: plants, nutrients, and Equus asinus in northern Australia. - Ecology 71: 589-597.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 589-597
    • Freeland, W.J.1    Choquenot, D.2
  • 31
  • 34
    • 0003903590 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring the status of European and North American cervids
    • United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi
    • Gill, R. 1990: Monitoring the status of European and North American cervids. - The Global Environment Monitoring System Information Series No. 8, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 277 pp.
    • (1990) The Global Environment Monitoring System Information Series No. 8
    • Gill, R.1
  • 35
    • 0026062766 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation monitoring
    • Goldsmith, B. (Ed.); Chapman and Hall, London
    • Goldsmith, B. 1991: Vegetation monitoring. - In: Goldsmith, B. (Ed.); Monitoring for conservation and ecology. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 77-86.
    • (1991) Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology , pp. 77-86
    • Goldsmith, B.1
  • 36
    • 36949060119 scopus 로고
    • Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation
    • Grime, J.P. 1973: Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. - Nature 242: 344-347.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.242 , pp. 344-347
    • Grime, J.P.1
  • 37
    • 33745843407 scopus 로고
    • Grazing intensity and balancing animal numbers with forage resources: Sheep responses under subarctic conditions
    • Gudmundsson, O. (Ed.); Plenum Press, New York and London
    • Gudmundsson, O. & Bement, R.E. 1986: Grazing intensity and balancing animal numbers with forage resources: sheep responses under subarctic conditions. - In: Gudmundsson, O. (Ed.); Grazing research at northern latitudes. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 311-322.
    • (1986) Grazing Research at Northern Latitudes , pp. 311-322
    • Gudmundsson, O.1    Bement, R.E.2
  • 38
    • 0031805839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of moose Alces alces collision: A predictive logistic model for moose-train accidents
    • Gundersen, H. & Andreassen, H.P. 1998: The risk of moose Alces alces collision: A predictive logistic model for moose-train accidents. - Wildlife Biology 4: 103-110.
    • (1998) Wildlife Biology , vol.4 , pp. 103-110
    • Gundersen, H.1    Andreassen, H.P.2
  • 40
    • 0030390371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nutritional view of understanding and complexity in the problem for diet selection by deer (Cervidae)
    • Hanley, T.A. 1997: A nutritional view of understanding and complexity in the problem for diet selection by deer (Cervidae). - Oikos 79: 209-218.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.79 , pp. 209-218
    • Hanley, T.A.1
  • 41
    • 4244064003 scopus 로고
    • Snøhettastammen - Villreinforvaltning frem til 1970
    • In Norwegian
    • Hansen, I. 1987: Snøhettastammen - villreinforvaltning frem til 1970. - Villreinen 1: 39-40. (In Norwegian).
    • (1987) Villreinen , vol.1 , pp. 39-40
    • Hansen, I.1
  • 42
    • 0033937514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying spatial heterogeneity in herbage mass and consumption in pastures
    • Hirata, M. 2000: Quantifying spatial heterogeneity in herbage mass and consumption in pastures. - Journal of Range Management 53: 315-321.
    • (2000) Journal of Range Management , vol.53 , pp. 315-321
    • Hirata, M.1
  • 43
    • 0030417343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modification of ecosystems by ungulates
    • Hobbs, N.T. 1996: Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. - Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 695-713.
    • (1996) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.60 , pp. 695-713
    • Hobbs, N.T.1
  • 44
    • 0027047592 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, diversity and invasion: Implications for conservation
    • Hobbs, R.J. & Huenneke, L.F. 1992: Disturbance, diversity and invasion: Implications for conservation. - Conservation Biology 6: 324-337.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 324-337
    • Hobbs, R.J.1    Huenneke, L.F.2
  • 47
    • 0026003506 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring plant populations: Census as an aid to conservation
    • Goldsmith, B. (Ed.); Chapman and Hall, London
    • Hutchings, M.J. 1991: Monitoring plant populations: census as an aid to conservation. - In: Goldsmith, B. (Ed.); Monitoring for conservation and ecology. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 62-76.
    • (1991) Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology , pp. 62-76
    • Hutchings, M.J.1
  • 48
    • 84966002657 scopus 로고
    • The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology
    • Jarman, P.J. 1974: The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology. - Behaviour 48: 215-266.
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.48 , pp. 215-266
    • Jarman, P.J.1
  • 49
    • 0028163349 scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate herbivores and northern plant communities: Reciprocal influences and responses
    • Jefferies, R.L., Klein, D.R. & Shaver, G.R. 1994: Vertebrate herbivores and northern plant communities: reciprocal influences and responses. - Oikos 71: 193-206.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.71 , pp. 193-206
    • Jefferies, R.L.1    Klein, D.R.2    Shaver, G.R.3
  • 50
    • 0001698452 scopus 로고
    • The introduction, increase, and crash of reindeer on St. Matthew Island
    • Klein, D.R. 1968: The introduction, increase, and crash of reindeer on St. Matthew Island. - Journal of Wildlife Management 32: 350-367.
    • (1968) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.32 , pp. 350-367
    • Klein, D.R.1
  • 51
    • 0033407496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of harvesting on age structure, sex ratio and population dynamics of red deer Cervus elaphus in central Norway
    • Langvatn, R. & Loison, A. 1999: Consequences of harvesting on age structure, sex ratio and population dynamics of red deer Cervus elaphus in central Norway. - Wildlife Biology 5: 213-223.
    • (1999) Wildlife Biology , vol.5 , pp. 213-223
    • Langvatn, R.1    Loison, A.2
  • 52
    • 0031425520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant functional classifications: From general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance
    • Lavorel, S., McIntyre, S., Landsberg, J. & Forbes, T.D.A. 1997: Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. - Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 474-478.
    • (1997) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 474-478
    • Lavorel, S.1    McIntyre, S.2    Landsberg, J.3    Forbes, T.D.A.4
  • 54
    • 0001194455 scopus 로고
    • Overgrazing overstated
    • Mace, R. 1991: Overgrazing overstated. - Nature 349: 280-281.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.349 , pp. 280-281
    • Mace, R.1
  • 55
    • 0022224191 scopus 로고
    • Carrying capacity and related slippery shibboleths
    • MacNab, J. 1985: Carrying capacity and related slippery shibboleths. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 13: 403-410.
    • (1985) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.13 , pp. 403-410
    • MacNab, J.1
  • 56
    • 33745865273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elgstammen kan kollapse
    • juli, In Norwegian
    • Mathismoen, O. 2002: Elgstammen kan kollapse. - Aftenposten 19. juli, p. 4. (In Norwegian).
    • (2002) Aftenposten , vol.19 , pp. 4
    • Mathismoen, O.1
  • 57
    • 0001048827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence and life-history strategies of ungulates
    • McCullough, D.R. 1999: Density dependence and life-history strategies of ungulates. - Journal of Mammalogy 80: 1130-1146.
    • (1999) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.80 , pp. 1130-1146
    • McCullough, D.R.1
  • 58
    • 0035025680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livestock grazing in subtropical pastures: Steps in the analysis of attribute response and plant functional types
    • McIntyre, S. & Lavorel, S. 2001: Livestock grazing in subtropical pastures: steps in the analysis of attribute response and plant functional types. - Journal of Ecology 89: 209-226.
    • (2001) Journal of Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 209-226
    • McIntyre, S.1    Lavorel, S.2
  • 59
    • 0030617608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the concept of carrying capacity useful in variable environments?
    • McLeod, S.R. 1997: Is the concept of carrying capacity useful in variable environments? - Oikos 79: 529-542.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.79 , pp. 529-542
    • McLeod, S.R.1
  • 60
    • 0000533876 scopus 로고
    • Grazing as an optimization process: Grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti
    • McNaughton, S.J. 1979: Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. - American Naturalist 113: 691-703.
    • (1979) American Naturalist , vol.113 , pp. 691-703
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 62
    • 0345698732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of the alpine gentian Gentiana nivalis L. to protection from grazing by sheep
    • Miller, G.R., Geddes, C. & Mardon, D.K. 1999: Response of the alpine gentian Gentiana nivalis L. to protection from grazing by sheep. - Biological Conservation 87: 311-318.
    • (1999) Biological Conservation , vol.87 , pp. 311-318
    • Miller, G.R.1    Geddes, C.2    Mardon, D.K.3
  • 63
    • 0005856837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carrying capacity
    • Demarais, S. & Krausman, P.R. (Eds.); Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
    • Miller, K.V. & Wentworth, J.M. 2000: Carrying capacity. - In: Demarais, S. & Krausman, P.R. (Eds.); Ecology and management of large mammals in North America. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, pp. 140-155.
    • (2000) Ecology and Management of Large Mammals in North America , pp. 140-155
    • Miller, K.V.1    Wentworth, J.M.2
  • 66
    • 33745865628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ikke mat nok til alle eigene: Må bestandene halveres?
    • In Norwegian
    • Moen, T.O. 2004: Ikke mat nok til alle eigene: Må bestandene halveres? - Villmarksliv 32 (1): 18-22. (In Norwegian).
    • (2004) Villmarksliv , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-22
    • Moen, T.O.1
  • 67
    • 0036339440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale habitat variability, delayed density effects and red deer populations in Norway
    • Mysterud, A., Langvatn, R., Yoccoz, N.G. & Stenseth, N.C. 2002: Large-scale habitat variability, delayed density effects and red deer populations in Norway. - Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 569-580.
    • (2002) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 569-580
    • Mysterud, A.1    Langvatn, R.2    Yoccoz, N.G.3    Stenseth, N.C.4
  • 68
    • 0029173883 scopus 로고
    • Roe deer Capreolus capreolus feeding on yew Taxus baccata in relation to bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus density and snow depth
    • Mysterud, A. & Østbye, E. 1995: Roe deer Capreolus capreolus feeding on yew Taxus baccata in relation to bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus density and snow depth. - Wildlife Biology 1: 249-253.
    • (1995) Wildlife Biology , vol.1 , pp. 249-253
    • Mysterud, A.1    Østbye, E.2
  • 69
    • 7944229618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure affect yew (Taxus baccata) recruitment within nature reserves in Norway
    • Mysterud, A. & Østbye, E. 2004: Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure affect yew (Taxus baccata) recruitment within nature reserves in Norway. - Biological Conservation 120: 545-548.
    • (2004) Biological Conservation , vol.120 , pp. 545-548
    • Mysterud, A.1    Østbye, E.2
  • 70
    • 33749543650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of climate and density on individual and population growth of roe deer Capreolus capreolus at northern latitudes - The Lier Valley, Norway
    • in press
    • Mysterud, A. & Østbye, E. in press: The effect of climate and density on individual and population growth of roe deer Capreolus capreolus at northern latitudes - the Lier Valley, Norway. - Wildlife Biology.
    • Wildlife Biology
    • Mysterud, A.1    Østbye, E.2
  • 71
  • 72
    • 0001489341 scopus 로고
    • Stability of grazing systems: An application of predator-prey graphs
    • Noy-Meir, I. 1975: Stability of grazing systems: an application of predator-prey graphs. - Journal of Ecology 63: 459-481.
    • (1975) Journal of Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 459-481
    • Noy-Meir, I.1
  • 73
    • 0035037390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top down or bottom up? Comparing the impacts of introduced arboreal possums and 'terrestrial' ruminants on native forests in New Zealand
    • Nugent, G., Fraser, W. & Sweetapple, P. 2001: Top down or bottom up? Comparing the impacts of introduced arboreal possums and 'terrestrial' ruminants on native forests in New Zealand. - Biological Conservation 99: 65-79.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.99 , pp. 65-79
    • Nugent, G.1    Fraser, W.2    Sweetapple, P.3
  • 74
    • 0026615312 scopus 로고
    • Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore-carrying capacity at a regional scale
    • Oesterheld, M., Sala, O.E. & McNaughton, S.J. 1992: Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore-carrying capacity at a regional scale. - Nature 356: 234-236.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 234-236
    • Oesterheld, M.1    Sala, O.E.2    McNaughton, S.J.3
  • 76
    • 0031764669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of grazing in Mediterranean rangeland ecosystems. Inversion of a paradigm
    • Perevolotsky, A. & Seligman, N.G. 1998: Role of grazing in Mediterranean rangeland ecosystems. Inversion of a paradigm. - BioScience 48: 1007-1017.
    • (1998) BioScience , vol.48 , pp. 1007-1017
    • Perevolotsky, A.1    Seligman, N.G.2
  • 77
    • 0032406571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor vs. nutrient-rich ecosystems
    • Proulx, M. & Mazumder, A. 1998: Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor vs. nutrient-rich ecosystems. - Ecology 79: 2581-2592.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2581-2592
    • Proulx, M.1    Mazumder, A.2
  • 78
    • 0030845710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Site-specific properties and irreversible vegetation changes in semi-arid grazing systems
    • Rietkerk, M., van der Bosch, R. & van de Koppel, J. 1997: Site-specific properties and irreversible vegetation changes in semi-arid grazing systems. - Oikos 80: 241-252.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.80 , pp. 241-252
    • Rietkerk, M.1    Van Der Bosch, R.2    Van De Koppel, J.3
  • 80
    • 0035027415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antler length of yearling red deer is determined by population density, weather and early life history
    • Schmidt, K.T., Stien, A., Albon, S.D. & Guinness, F.E. 2001: Antler length of yearling red deer is determined by population density, weather and early life history. - Oecologia 127: 191-197.
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.127 , pp. 191-197
    • Schmidt, K.T.1    Stien, A.2    Albon, S.D.3    Guinness, F.E.4
  • 81
    • 0020903763 scopus 로고
    • The effects of density dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer
    • Skogland, T. 1983: The effects of density dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer. - Oecologia 60: 156-168.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.60 , pp. 156-168
    • Skogland, T.1
  • 82
    • 0022242371 scopus 로고
    • The effects of density-dependent resource limitations on the demography of wild reindeer
    • Skogland, T. 1985: The effects of density-dependent resource limitations on the demography of wild reindeer. - Journal of Animal Ecology 54: 359-374.
    • (1985) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 359-374
    • Skogland, T.1
  • 85
    • 33745817150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skogbrukets Kursinstitutt, Honne, Biri, In Norwegian
    • Solbraa, K. 2002: Veiledning i elgbeitetaksering. - Skogbrukets Kursinstitutt, Honne, Biri, 28 pp. (In Norwegian).
    • (2002) Veiledning I Elgbeitetaksering
    • Solbraa, K.1
  • 86
    • 33745841442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Høstjakt: For mange elg i norske skoger
    • oktober, In Norwegian
    • Solbraa, K. 2003: Høstjakt: For mange elg i norske skoger. - Aftenposten 20. oktober, p. 8. (In Norwegian).
    • (2003) Aftenposten , vol.20 , pp. 8
    • Solbraa, K.1
  • 87
    • 0002880606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of rangelands: Paradigms at their limits
    • Hodgson, J. & Illius, A.W. (Eds.); CAB International, New York
    • Stafford Smith, M. 1996: Management of rangelands: paradigms at their limits. - In: Hodgson, J. & Illius, A.W. (Eds.); The ecology and management of grazing systems. CAB International, New York, pp. 325-358.
    • (1996) The Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems , pp. 325-358
    • Stafford Smith, M.1
  • 88
    • 0033135234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology and evolution of plant tolerance to herbivory
    • Strauss, S.Y. & Agrawal, A.A. 1999: The ecology and evolution of plant tolerance to herbivory. - Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14: 179-185.
    • (1999) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.14 , pp. 179-185
    • Strauss, S.Y.1    Agrawal, A.A.2
  • 89
    • 0002403450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity and stability in grazing systems
    • Hodgson, J. & Illius, A.W. (Eds.); CAB International, New York
    • Tainton, N.M., Morris, C.D. & Hardy, M.B. 1996: Complexity and stability in grazing systems. - In: Hodgson, J. & Illius, A.W. (Eds.); The ecology and management of grazing systems. CAB International, New York, pp. 275-300.
    • (1996) The Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems , pp. 275-300
    • Tainton, N.M.1    Morris, C.D.2    Hardy, M.B.3
  • 91
    • 0036320683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal
    • Valone, T.J., Meyer, M., Brown, J.H. & Chew, R.B. 2002: Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal. - Conservation Biology 16: 995-1002.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 995-1002
    • Valone, T.J.1    Meyer, M.2    Brown, J.H.3    Chew, R.B.4
  • 92
    • 0033849744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivore regulation and irreversible vegetation change in semi-arid grazing systems
    • van de Koppel, J. & Rietkerk, M. 2000: Herbivore regulation and irreversible vegetation change in semi-arid grazing systems. - Oikos 90: 253-260.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 253-260
    • Van De Koppel, J.1    Rietkerk, M.2
  • 93
    • 0031285083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems
    • van de Koppel, J., Rietkerk, M. & Weissing, F.J. 1999: Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems. - Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 352-356.
    • (1999) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 352-356
    • Van De Koppel, J.1    Rietkerk, M.2    Weissing, F.J.3
  • 95
    • 0034775326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting plant species' responses to grazing
    • Vesk, P.A. & Westoby, M. 2002: Predicting plant species' responses to grazing. - Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 909
    • (2002) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 909
    • Vesk, P.A.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 97
    • 0033958088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.) and other herbaceous plants to assess intensity of white-tailed deer browsing on Allegheny Plateau riparian forests, USA
    • Williams, C.E., Mosbacher, E.V. & Moriarity, W.J. 2000: Use of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.) and other herbaceous plants to assess intensity of white-tailed deer browsing on Allegheny Plateau riparian forests, USA. - Biological Conservation 92: 207-215.
    • (2000) Biological Conservation , vol.92 , pp. 207-215
    • Williams, C.E.1    Mosbacher, E.V.2    Moriarity, W.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.