The idea of European international law

European Journal of International Law

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 315-347

  Orakhelashvili, Alexander ^a,b  

^a LLM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745805243     PISSN: 09385428     EISSN: 14643596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chl004     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. Koskenniemi, 'International Law in Europe: Between Tradition and Renewal', 16 EJIL (2005) 113.
2. E. Nys, Les origines du droit international (1894), at 8-9
3. A. Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations (1954), at 86.
4. Nys, supra note 2, at 151-159.
5. Vitoria, 'De Indis', in F. Vitoria, Political Writings (1991), at 233
6. Nussbaum, supra note 2, at 80-81.
7. C. von Wolff, The Law of Nations Treated According to a Scientific Method (1934), at 11-15, 224.
8. E. de Vattel, The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law Applied to the Conduct and to the Affairs of Nations and of Sovereigns (1916), at paras 10-12, at 4-6.
9. Alexandrowicz, 'Treaty and Diplomatic Relations between European and South Asian Powers in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries' [1960] II RdC 285.
10. W. Grewe, Epochen der Völkerrechtsgeschichte (1988), at 23, 47-49.
11. Alexandrowicz, 'The Afro-Asian World and the Law of Nations (Historical Aspects)' [1968] I RdC 123-125.
12. C.H. Alexandrowicz, European-African Confrontation. A Study in Treaty Making (1973), at 6, 21
13. Alexandrowicz, supra note 9, at 125, 164
14. A. Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (2005), at 52ff.
15. H. Wheaton, Elements of International Law (1866), at 17-18.
16. Ibid., at 18.
17. J. Lorimer, The Institutes of the Law of Nations (1883), i, at 4.
18. Ibid., at 20.
19. Ibid., at 12-13.
20. Ibid., at 101-102.
21. Ibid., at 216-217.
22. Ibid., at 161.
23. Ibid., ii, at 28.
24. Ibid., i, at 216, 239-240.
25. Ibid., at 218-219.
26. J. Westlake, International Law (1904),Pt. 1, at 40.
27. J. Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of International Law (1890), at 78.
28. Westlake, supra note 22, at 40.
29. Westlake, supra note 23, at 101-102.
30. Westlake, supra note 21, at 41
31. Westlake, supra note 23, at 82.
32. Westlake, supra note 22, at 104-107.
33. Ibid., at 121.
34. L. Oppenheim, International Law (1905), i, at 147-149.
35. W.E. Hall, International Law (8th ed., 1924), at 150-151.
36. G.-F. von Martens, Précis du droit des gens moderne de l'Europe (1831), at 40.
37. Ibid., at 42-44.
38. Ibid., at 49-50.
39. J.-C. Bluntschli, Das moderne Völkerrecht der civilisierten Staaten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt (1868), at 1.
40. Ibid., at 15-17, 55-56.
41. Ibid., at 55.
42. Ibid., at 103.
43. Ibid., at 56-57.
44. Ibid., at 66.
45. Ibid., at 86.
46. W.-A. Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart (1844), at 1-2.
47. Ibid., at 11-12
48. the similar approach is maintained in later editions of Heffter's treatise: See Heffter (2nd edn., 1848), at 14
49. Heffter (3rd edn., 1855), at 13-14
50. Heffter (6th edn. by H. Geffcken, 1882), at 19-20
51. Heffter (7th edn. by H. Geffcken, 1888), at 22-23.
52. Heffter (1882), supra note 42, at 20
53. Heffter (1888), supra note 42, at 23.
54. Added in Heffter (1882), supra note 42, at 2.
55. Heffter, supra note 41, at 14.
56. Heffter (1848), supra note 42, at 15.
57. F. von Holtzendortf, Handbuch des Völkerrechts (1885), i, at 11.
58. Ibid., at 12-13.
59. Ibid., at 14-17.
60. H. Bonfils, Manuel de droit international public (1894), at 5-6.
61. Ibid., at 20.
62. Ibid., at 20-22.
63. A. Rivier, Principes du droit des gens (1896), at 8-9, 13-14.
64. Ibid., at 10-11.
65. E. Nys, Le droit international. Les principes, les theories, les faits (1904), at 1-3.
66. Supra note 20.
67. Westlake, supra note 23, at 143.
68. Alexandrowicz, supra note 7, at 286.
69. Westlake, supra note 23, at 137-139
70. see also Anghie, supra note 10, at 92-93.
71. Westlake, supra note 23, at 144-145, 149-150
72. Westlake, supra note 22, at 121.
73. Westlake's attitude anticipated the Privy Council's holdings that the conquest of a territory in Africa, even if it had previously been recognized by Britain as sovereign, practically entitled the annexing power to acquire the property title to land, because native land rights were uncertain. The case concerned a territory annexed pursuant to British economic interests: In re Southern Rhodesia [1919] AC 211, analysed in Alexandrowicz, supra note 9, at 202-205.
74. Hall, supra note 30, at 143.
75. E. Vattel, The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law applied to the Conduct and to the Affairs of Nations and of Sovereigns (1811), at 168.
76. Nussbaum, supra note 2, at 239.
77. A. Verdross, Völkerrecht (1964), at 79
78. A. Wegner, Geschichte des Völkerrechts (1936), at 6
79. C.H. Alexandrowicz, An Introduction of the Law of Nations in the East Indies (1967), at 62.
80. Verdross, supra note 65, at 65.
81. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 10.
82. For instance, Heffter (1888), supra note 42, at 13ff.
83. D. Bederman, International Law in Antiquity (2001), at 23.
84. Wegner, supra note 65, at 2
85. K. Ziegler, Völkerrechtsgeschichte (1994), at 15
86. Bederman, supra note 69, at 139-140.
87. Wegner, supra note 65, at 2
88. Bederman, supra note 69, at 145.
89. Wegner, supra note 65, at 3.
90. Bederman, supra note 69, at 27.
91. Wegner, supra note 65, at 4-5
92. Verdross, supra note 65, at 35
93. for a detailed analysis see Bederman, supra note 69, at 28, 146-150.
94. W. Preisner, Frühe Vökerrechtliche Ordnungen der Aussereuropäischen Welt (1976), at 175-178.
95. Ibid., at 178-182.
96. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 91-92
97. P. Jackson and L. Lockhart (eds), The Cambridge History of Iran (1986), vi, at 252, 266.
98. Nys, supra note 2, at 150
99. Alexandrowcz, supra note 65, at 84, 94-95.
100. See ibid., 88 on similar attitudes regarding the alliance between Sweden and Turkey.
101. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 89-92, 236
102. Nys, supra note 2, at 161-162.
103. Ibid., at 163.
104. Alexandrowicz, supra note 9, at 11.
105. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 89, 99, 110-119.
106. Ibid., at 119-124, 127-128.
107. Alexandrowicz, supra note 10, at 20-22, 27, 59, 83.
108. Ibid., 49-50.
109. For a list of hundreds of European-African agreements see ibid., at 129-140.
110. Alexandrowicz, supra note 10, at 22
111. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 121.
112. Alexandrowicz, supra note 9, at 157.
113. [1958] ICJ Rep 41.
114. Ibid., at 37-38. The Court noted that the Marathas regarded the Treaty as valid and binding and gave effect to its provisions through their domestic acts.
115. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 21-22, 77-78.
116. Guggenheim, 'Das jus publicum europeum und Europa', 3 Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart (1954) 1, at 2-3.
117. Grewe, supra note 8, at 520, 528, 540.
118. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 2, 10
119. Alexandrowicz, supra note 10, at 6, 117.
120. Grewe, supra note 8, at 545-546.
121. Alexandrowicz, supra note 65, at 8-9.
122. [1958] ICJ Rep 37.
123. A.W. Ward and G.P. Gooch, The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783-1919(1923),ii,at l80.
124. Alexandrowicz, supra note 10, at 32.
125. Ward and Gooch, supra note 97, at 218-219.
126. Vattel emphasizes that 'every State has the right to forbid the importation of foreign goods; and the Nation which is thus prohibited has no right to complain, as if it had been refused an office of humanity. The complaint would be ridiculous': Vattel, supra note 6, at 40
127. on equality see ibid., at 7.
128. Grewe, supra note 8, at 339-341.
129. Nussbaum, supra note 2, at 139
130. Ziegler, supra note 70, at 195.
131. H. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning (1925), at 464-467
132. J. Goebel, The Struggle for the Falkland Islands (1927), at 120-173.
133. Alexandrowicz, supra note 9, at 194-195
134. Alexandrowicz, supra note 10, at 22, 109.
135. Nussbaum, supra note 2, at 191.
136. Guggenheim, supra note 91, at 3-5.
137. See generally Vagts and Vagts, 'The Balance of Powers in International Law: A History of An Idea', 73 AJIL (1979) 555
138. Ziegler, supra note 70, at 146, 177
139. Temperley, supra note 103, at 465-467
140. M. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (1977), at 76-80.
141. For an overview see Nys, supra note 2, at 171-172
142. Vagts and Vagts, supra note 107, at 559-562.
143. Puffendorf, 'The Law of Nature and Nations', in Scott, supra note 5, Bk. 8,Chap. 6, at 1296.
144. Wolff, supra note 5, at paras 646, 651, at 332, 335.
145. Vattel, supra note 6, at 244.
146. Grewe, supra note 8, at 397.
147. Ibid., at 328, 393.
148. Heffter, supra note 41, 3-4.
149. Heffter (1848), supra note 42, at 7.
150. Heffter, supra note 41, at 16-17
151. Heffter (1848), supra note 42, at 18.
152. A. Bulmerincq, Praxis, Theorie und Codification des Vökerrechts (1874), at 40-44.
153. Goebel, supra note 103, at 172, also denotes the balance of power as a purely political matter.
154. Austria v Italy (1961) 4 YB ECHR 140.
155. Ireland v. UK, 58 ILR 188, at 291.
156. Cyprus v. Turkey, App. No. 8007/77, 13 DR 145, at 147
157. P. Van Dijk and G.J.H. Van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (1998), at 40-41.
158. [1951] ICJ Rep 23.
159. General Comment 24(52) 2 IHRR (1995) 10, at para. 17.
160. Effect of Reservations, 67 ILR 568, at para. 27.
161. Kuprsekic, Judgment of 14 Jan. 2000, at para. 518.
162. General Comment 24(52), supra note 122.
163. Rawle Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago, Communication No 845/1999, CCPR/C/ 67/D/845/1999.
164. The ILC has considered that if incompatible reservations are void they invalidate the entire acceptance, but this principle is 'without prejudice to the practices and rules developed by monitoring bodies within regional contexts': [1997] II YbILC, Part Two, at 44.
165. See also the Commission's discussion: [1997] I YbILC 177.
166. Loizidou, Preliminary Objections, ECHR Series A-310 (1995)b 20 EHRR 99, at para. 85 (emphasis added).
167. Ibid., at para. 84.
168. Rawle Kennedy, supra note 26, at paras 6.5ff
169. and more generally, General Comment No. 24(52), supra note 122, at para. 6.
170. Temeltasch (1983) 5 EHRR 417, at 423ff, at paras 32ff., 431ff., 68ff.
171. Chrysostomos (1991) 12 HRLJ 119, at 120-121, at paras 12, 23.
172. Belilos, Series A, 132, at 21ff. para. 42
173. Loizidou, supra note 129, at 27, paras 72ff.
174. Van Dijk and Van Hoof, supra note 122, at 776, emphasize that the outcome of severability in Loizidou was dictated by the need for compatibility with the object and purpose under Art. 19 VCLT(1969), 1155 UNTS 331.
175. The Court inferred its own power to sever reservations from the two other circumstances: The interplay between the respondent's intention and the jurisdictional requirements contained in Arts 25 and 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights (at para. 95) and the fact that the examination of the respondent's declaration allowed the separation of impugned clauses from the remainder of acceptance (at para. 97): Supra note 129, at 31-32.
176. Guggenheim, supra note 91, at 10-11.
177. Ibid., at 13.
178. T.C. Hartley, European Union Law in a Global Context (2004), at 135.
179. Ibid., at 133
180. Hartley, 'International Law and the Law of the European Union - A Reassessment' [2003] BYIL 3.
181. Hartley, supra note 136, at 1-2.
182. Casse 26/62, [1963] ECR 12.
183. Case 6/64, [1964] ECR 585.
184. Second Report [1957] II YbILC 54
185. Third Report [1958] II YbILC 44.
186. Commentary to Art. 42 [2001] ILC Rep 297, at paras 6-14.
187. Wimbledon, PCIJ Series A, No.1, 15.
188. It seems that Van Gend en Loos was misinterpreted in the Opinion of Jacobs AG in Case C-316/93, Vaneetveld [1994] ECR I-763, asserting a difference between the Community legal order and international law by reference to conferral under the former of the rights to individuals as against private bodies. The ECJ has never subscribed to this attitude.
189. Bethlehem, 'International Law, European Community Law, National Law: Three Systems in Search of a Framework', in M. Koskenniemi (ed.), International Law Aspects of the European Union (1998), at 169, 181-182.
190. Brunner, Case No 2134 & 2159/92, 98 ILR 196, at 227-231
191. Carlsen v. Rasmussen [1999] 3 CMLR 854.
192. On this see T.C. Hartley, The Foundations of European Community Law (1998), at 233-257.
193. Case 4/73, Nold [1974] ECR 491, at para. 13.
194. For the overview and analysis see Bethlehem, supra note 145, at 190-191.
195. & Co v. FRG, App. No. 13258/87, 33 YB ECHR (1990), at 51-52
196. Matthews v. UK, App. No. 24833/94, (1999) 28 EHRR 361, at paras 26-35.
197. For an analysis see Hartley, supra note 137, at 26-35.
198. Lowe, 'Can the European Community Bind the Member States on Questions of Customary International Law?', in Koskenniemi, supra note 145, at 149.
199. Ibid., at 160-161.
200. Case C-161/96, [1998] ECR I-3655.
201. Ibid., at paras 24, 42, 46-58.
202. Guggenheim, supra note 91, at 14.