Dosimetric issues in radiation protection of radiotherapy patients

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

Volumn 118, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 205-212

  d'Errico, Francesco ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT;

AGING; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; DOSIMETRY; GENERAL PRACTICE; HUMAN; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; PATIENT CARE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION DOSE DISTRIBUTION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION PROTECTION; REVIEW; TELETHERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BRACHYTHERAPY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIOMETRY; RADIOTHERAPY; RADIOTHERAPY DOSAGE; RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; RADIOTHERAPY, CONFORMAL;

EID: 33745700243     PISSN: 01448420     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl034     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. United Nations, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. 2000 Report to the General Assembly, Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (New York: UN) (2000).
2. Shrimpton, P. C. The current uses of radiation in medicine. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Radiological Protection of Patients in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy, Málaga, Spain, 26-30 March 2001. IAEA Proceedings Series STI/PUB/1113 (Vienna: IAEA) pp. 109-118 (2001).
3. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Dose and volume specification for reporting intracavitary radiotherapy in gynaecology. ICRU Report 38 (Bethesda, MD: ICRU) (1985).
4. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy. ICRU Report 50 (Bethesda, MD: ICRU) (1993).
5. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy. ICRU Report 62 (Supplement to ICRU Report 50) (Bethesda, MD: ICRU) (1999).
6. Herring, D. F. The consequences of dose response curves for tumour control and normal tissue injury on the precision necessary in patient management. Laryngoscope 85, 1112-1118 (1975).
7. Fletcher, G. H. and Shukovsky, L. J. The interplay of radiocurability and tolerance in the irradiation of human cancer. J. Radiol. Electrol. Med. Nucl. 56, 383-400 (1975).
8. Withers, H. R., Mcbride, W. H. Biologic basis of radiation therapy. In: Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Perez, C. A. and Brady, L. W., Eds. (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven) pp. 79-118 (1998).
9. Perez, C. A., Brady, L. W. and Roti, J. L. Overview. In: Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Perez, C. A. and Brady, L. W., Eds. (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven) pp. 1-78 (1998).
10. Boice, J. D., Jr et al. Radiation dose and second cancer risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. Radiat. Res., 116(1), 3-55 (1988).
11. Curtis, R. E., Boice, J. D., Jr., Stovall, M., Bernstein, L., Greenberg, R. S., Flannery, J. T., Schwartz, A. G., Weyer, P., Moloney, W. C. and Hoover, R. N. Risk of leukemia after chemotherapy and radiation treatment for breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 326(26), 1745-1751 (1992).
12. Travis, L. B., Weeks, J., Curtis, R. E., Chaffey, J. T., Stovall M. Banks, P. M. and Boice, J. D., Jr Leukemia following low-dose total body irradiation and chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(2), 565-571 (1996).
13. Brenner, D. J., Curtis, R. E., Hall, E. J. and Ron, E. Second malignancies in prostate carcinoma patients after radiotherapy compared with surgery. Cancer. 88(2), 398-406 (2000).
14. Gilbert, E. S. et al. Lung cancer after treatment for Hodgkin's disease: focus on radiation effects. Radiat. Res. 159(2), 161-173 (2003).
15. Hill, D. A. et al. Breast cancer risk following radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: Modification by other risk factors. Blood 106(10), 3358-3365 (2005).
16. Kaplan, H. S. Experimental frontiers in radiation therapy of cancer Radiation Research. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Radiation Research. Tokyo, Japan, 13-19 May 1979. (Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Radiation Research Association) pp. 2-14 (1979).
17. Mackie, T. R. et al. Tomotherapy: A new concept for the delivery of dynamic conformal radiotherapy. Med. Phys. 20, 1709-1719 (1993).
18. Brahme, A. Optimization of radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 28, 785-787 (1994).
19. Yu, C. X. Intensity modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: An alternative to tomotherapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 1435-1449 (1995).
20. Sternick, E. S. Ed. The Theory and Practice of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (Madison, WI: Advanced Medical Publishing) (1997).
21. Webb, S. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy. (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing) (2000).
22. Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Collaborative Working Group. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy: Current status and issues of interest. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 51(4), 880-914 (2001).
23. Eisbruch, A., Kim, H. M., Terrell, J. E., Marsh, L. H., Dawson, L. A. and Ship, J. A. Xerostomia and its predictors following parotid-sparing irradiation of head and neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 50, 695-704 (2001).
24. Claus, F. et al. An implementation strategy for IMRT of ethmoid sinus cancer with bilateral sparing of the optic pathways. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 51(2), 318-331(2001).
25. Nutting, C. M., Convery, D. J., Cosgrove, V. P., Rowbottom, C., Padhani, A. R., Webb, S. and Dearnaley, D. P. Reduction of small and large bowel irradiation using an optimized intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy technique in patients with prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 48(3), 649-656 (2000).
26. Zelefsky, M. J., Fuks, Z., Hunt, M., Yamada, Y., Marion, O., Ling, C. C., Amols, H., Venkatraman, E. S. and Leibel, S. A. High-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: Early toxicity and biochemical outcome in 772 patients, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(5), 1111-1116 (2002).
27. Goffman, T. E. and Glatstein, E. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Radiat. Res. 158, 115-117 (2002).
28. Zelefsky, M. J., Crean, D., Mageras, G. S., Lyass, O., Happersett, L., Ling, C. C., Leibel, S. A., Fuks, Z., Bull, S. and. Kutcher, G. J. Quantification and predictors of prostate position variability in 50 patients evaluated with multiple CT scans during conformal radiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 50, 225-234 (1999).
29. Manning, M. A., Wu, Q., Cardinale, R. M., Mohan, R., Lauve, A. D., Kavanagh, B. D., Morris, M. M. and Schmidt-Ulrich, R. K. The effect of setup uncertainty on normal tissue sparing with IMRT for head-and-neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 51, 1400-1409 (2001).
30. Pollack, A., Zagars, G. K., Smith, L. G., Lee, J. J., von Eschenbach, A. C., Antolak, J. A., Starkschall, G. and Rosen, I. Preliminary results of a randomized radiotherapy dose-escalation study comparing 70 Gy with 78 Gy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 3904-3911 (2000).
31. Thilmann, C., Zabel, A., Grosser, K., Hoess, A., Wannenmacher, M. and Debus, J. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with an integrated boost to the macroscopic tumor volume in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Int. J. Cancer 96, 341-349 (2001).
32. Dörr, W. and Herrmann, T. Cancer induction by radiotherapy: Dose dependence and spatial relationship to irradiated volume. J. Radiol. Prot. 22, A117-A121 (2002).
33. Ron, E., Modan, B., Boice, J. D., Alfrandry, E., Stovall, M., Chetrie, A. and Katz, L. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 1033-1039 (1988).
34. Ron, E., Lubin, J. H., Shore, R. E., Mabuchi, K., Modan, B., Pottern, L. M., Schneider, A. B., Tucker, M. A. and Boice, J. D. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: A pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat. Res. 14, 259-277 (1995).
35. Hall, E. J. and Wuu, C. S. Radiation-induced second cancers: The impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(1), 83-88 (2003).
36. Kase, K. R., Svensson, G. K., Wolbarst, A. B. and Marks, M. A. Measurements of dose ftom secondary radiation outside a treatment field. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 9(8), 1177-1183 (1983).
37. Mutic, S. and Low, D. A. Whole-body dose from tomotherapy delivery. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 42, 229-232 (1998).
38. Verellen, D. and Vanhavere, F. Risk assessment of radiation-induced malignancies based on whole-body equivalent dose estimates for IMRT treatment in the head and neck region. Radiother. Oncol. 53, 199-203 (1999).
39. Meeks, S. L., Paulino, A. C., Pennington, E. C., Simon, J. H., Skwarchuk, M. W. and Buatti, J. M. In vivo determination of extra-target doses received from serial tomography. Radiother. Oncol. 63, 217-222 (2002).
40. Cadman, P., Bassalow, R., Sidhu, N. P. S., Ibbott, G. and Nelson, A. Dosimetric considerations for validation of a sequential IMRT process with a commercial treatment planning system. Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 3001-3010 (2002).
41. Martens, C., Reynaert, N., De Wager, C., Nilsson, P., Coghe, M., Palmans, H., Thierens, H. and De Neve, W. Underdosage of the upper-airway mucosa for small fields as used in intensity-modulated radiation therapy: A comparison between radiochromic film measurements, Monte Carlo simulations, and collapsed cone convolution calculations. Med. Phys. 29(7), 1528-1535 (2002).
42. Sohn, J. W., Dempsey, J. F., Suh, T. S. and Low, D. A. Analysis of various beamlet sizes for IMRT with 6 MV photons. Med. Phy. 30(9), 2432-2439 (2003).
43. Molineu, A., Followill, D. S., Balter, P. A., Hanson, W. F., Gillen, M. T., Huq, M. S., Eisbruch, A. and Ibbott, G. S. Design and implementation of an anthropomorphic quality assurance phantom for intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phy. 63(2), 577-583 (2005).
44. van der Giessen, P. H. Peridose, a software program to calculate the dose outside the primary beam in radiation therapy. Radiother. Oncol. 58, 209-213 (2001).
45. Laub, W. U. and Wong, T. The volume effect of detectors in the dosimetry of small fields used in IMRT. Med. Phy. 30(3), 341-347 (2003).
46. Low, D. A., Mutic, S., Dempsey, J. F., Gerber, R. L., Bosch, W. R., Perez, C. A. and Purdy, J. A. Quantitative dosimetric verification of an IMRT planning and delivery system. Radiother. Oncol. 49, 305-316 (1998).
47. Griessbach, I., Lapp, M., Bohsung, J., Gademann, G. and Harder, D. Dosimetric characteristics of a new unshielded silicon diode and its application in clinical photon and electron beams. Med. Phys. 32(12), 3750-3754 (2005).
48. Piermattei, A. et al. Verification of computed portal doses by a linear array of liquid ion-chambers. Physica. Medica. 20(3), 111-119 (2004).
49. Spezi, E., Angelini, A. L., Romani, F. and Ferri, A. Characterization of a 2D ion chamber array for the verification of radiotherapy treatments. Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), 3361-3373 (2005).
50. Jursinic, P. A. and Nelms, B. E. A 2-D diode array and analysis software for verification of intensity modulated radiation therapy delivery. Med. Phys. 30(5), 870-879 (2003).
51. Letourneau, D., Gulam, M., Yan, D., Oldham, M. and Wong, J. W. Evaluation of a 2D diode array for IMRT quality assurance. Radiother. Oncol. 70(2), 199-206 (2004).
52. Kron, T. Applications of thermoluminescence dosimetry in medicine. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 85(1-4), 333-340 (1999).
53. Waligórski, M. P. R. What can solid state detectors do for clinical dosimetry in modern radiotherapy? Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 85(1-4), 361-366 (1999).
54. Waligórski, M. P. R., Lesiak, J., Bubula, E., Byrski, E., Ryba, E., Olko, P. and Bilski, P. Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF:MG, Ti (MTS-N) Detectors in Clinical Dosimetry. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 85(1-4), 377-380 (1999).
55. Tsai, J.-S., Wazer, D. E., Ling, M. N., Wu, J. K., Fagundes, M., DiPetrillo, T., Kramer, B., Koistinen, M. and Engler, M. J. Dosimetric verification of the dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy of 92 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40, 1213-1230 (1998).
56. Kry, S. F., Salehpour, M., Followill, D. S., Stovall, M., Kuban, D. A., White, R. A. and Rosen, I. I. Out-of-field photon and neutron dose equivalents from step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 62(4), 1204-1216 (2005).
57. Howell, R. M., Hertel, N. E., Wang, Z., Hutchinson, J. and Fullerton, G. D. Calculation of effective dose from measurements of secondary neutron spectra and scattered photon dose from dynamic MLC IMRT for 6 MV, 15 MV, and 18 MV beam energies. Med. Phys. 33(2), 360-368 (2006).
58. Olko, P., Marczewska, B., Czopyk, L., Czermak, A. and Waligórski, M. New 2-D dosimetry techniques for radiotherapy. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. XXX-XXX (2006) (this issue).
59. McKeever, S. W. S. Optically stimulated Luminescence dosimetry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 184, 29-54 (2001).
60. Idri, K., Santoro, L., Charpiot, E., Herault, J., Costa, A., Aillères, N., Delard, R., Vaillé, J. R., Fesquet, J. and Dusseau L. Quality control of intensity modulated radiation therapy with optically stimulated luminescent films. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51(6), 3638-3641 (2004).
61. Soares, C. G. New developments in radiochromic film dosimetry. In: Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. XXX-XXX (2006) (this issue).
62. Mack, A. Mack, G. Weitz, D. Scheib, S. G. Bottcher, H. D. and Seifert, V. High precision film dosimetry with Gafchromic® films for quality assurance especially when using small fields. Med. Phys. 30(9), 2399-2409 (2003).
63. Tangboonduangjit, P. Metcalfe, P. Butson, M. Quach, K. Y. and Rosenfeld, A. Matchline dosimetry in step and shoot IMRT fields: A film study. Phys. Med. Biol. 9(17), N287-N292 (2004).
64. Olch, A. J. Dosimetric performance of an enhanced dose range radiographic film for intensity-modulated radiation therapy quality assurance. Med. Phys. 29(9), 2159-2168 (2002).
65. Chiu-Tsao, S.-T., Ho, Y., Shankar, R., Wang, L. and Harrison, L. B. Energy dependence of response of new high sensitivity radiochromic films for megavoltage and kilovoltage radiation energies. Med. Phys. 32(11), 3350-3354 (2005).
66. Ali, I., Costescu, C., Vicic, M., Dempsey, J. F. and Williamson, J. F. Dependence of radiochromic film optical density post-exposure kinetics on dose and dose fractionation. Med. Phys. 30(8), 1958-1967 (2003).
67. Niroomand-Rad, A., Blackwell, C. R., Coursey, B. M., Gall, K. P., McLaughlin, W. L., Meigooni, A. S., Nath, R., Rodgers, J. E. and Soares, C. G. Radiochromic dosimetry: Recommendations of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 55. Med. Phys. 25, 2093-2115 (1998).
68. Gore, J. C., Kang, Y. S. and Schulz, R. J. Measurement of radiation dose distributions by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 29, 1189-97 (1984).
69. Maryanski, M. J., Gore, J. C., Kennan, R. P. and Schulz, R. J. NMR relaxation enhancement in gels polymerized and cross-linked by ionizing radiation: A new approach to 3D dosimetry by MRI. Magn. Reson. Imaging 11, 253-258 (1993).
70. Fong, P. M., Keil, D. K, Does, M. D. and Gore, J.C. Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere. Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 3105-3113 (2001).
71. De Deene, Y. Vergote, K. Claeys, C. and De Wager, C. The fundamental radiation properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: A comparison between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels. Phys. Med. Biol., 51(3), 653-673 (2006).
72. MacDougall, N. D., Pitchford, W. G. and Smith, M. A. A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol. 47, R107-R121 (2002).
73. Maryanski, M. J., Zastavker, Y. Z. and Gore, J. C. Radiation dose distributions in three dimensions from tomographic optical density scanning of polymer gels: II. Optical properties of the BANG polymer gel. Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 2705-2717 (1996).
74. d'Errico, F., Nath, R., Tana, L., Curzio, G. and Alberts, W. G. In-phantom dosimetry and spectrometry of photoneutrons from an 18 MV X-ray accelerator. Med. Phys. 25(9), 1717-1724 (1998).
75. Roy, S. C. and Sandison, G. A. Shielding for neutron scattered dose to the fetus in patients treated with 18 MV X ray beams. Med. Phys. 27(8), 1800-1803 (2000).
76. Bourgois, L., Delacroix, D. and Ostrowsky, A. Use of bubble detectors to measure neutron contamination of a medical accelerator photon beam. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 71(4), 239-246 (1997).
77. Waligórski, M. P. R. and Lesiak, J. Radiological protection of the radiotherapy patient? In: Radiological Protection of Patients in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy, Contributed Papers, C P (Vienna: IAEA) pp. 561-569 (2001).
78. Mothersill, C. and Seymour, C. Radiation-induced bystander effects: Past history and future directions. Radiat. Res. 155, 759-767 (2001).