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Battison C, Andrews PJ, Graham C, Petty T. Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6% dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Crit Care Med 2005;33:196-202. A randomized study comparing mannitol and hypertonic saline/dextran for efficacy in intracranial pressure (ICP) control, in which the latter demonstrated greater efficacy and duration of effect.
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Bellner J, Romner B, Reinstrup P, et al. Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP). Surg Neurol 2004;62:45-51. Shows strong positive correlation between pulsatility index and ICP.
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Is keeping cool still hot? An update on hypothermia in brain injury
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Clifton GL. Is keeping cool still hot? An update on hypothermia in brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004;10:116-119. A thorough review of the current understanding regarding hypothermia and brain injury.
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Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Hypothermia on admission in patients with severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2002;19:293-301. This paper explains the post hoc analysis of the data from the Clifton and colleagues (2001) study, in which hypothermia appeared to benefit a subgroup of the study population.
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Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 2001;344:556-563. A multicenter randomized trial of hypothermia in brain injury showing no benefit to its use.
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Coles JP, Minhas PS, Fryer TD, et al. Effect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: clinical relevance and monitoring correlates. Crit Care Med 2002;30:1950-1959. A positron emission tomography study on both healthy volunteers and head-injured patients that demonstrated a reduction in ICP and improvement in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) with hyperventilation but also showed an increase in the volume of hypoperfused injured brain from hyperventilation.
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Contant CF, Valadka AB, Gopinath SP, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a complication of induced hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2001;95:560-568. This paper is a follow-up to the one above, addressing the issue of a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the cerebral blood flow (CBF)-targeted group.
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Contant, C.F.1
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Curry WT Jr, Sethi MK, Ogilvy CS, Carter BS. Factors associated with outcome after hemicraniectomy for large middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Neurosurgery 2005;56:681-692. A retrospective review of outcome in patients who have had a hemicraniectomy for a middle cerebral artery stroke.
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Curry Jr., W.T.1
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Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, et al. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1988;69:15-23. This randomized trial of pentobarbital for control of ICP in head injury showed better outcome in patients who respond to barbiturate therapy.
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Fan JY. Effect of backrest position on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in individuals with brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurosci Nurs 2004;36:278-288. A review article looking at the issues surrounding head-up position in patients with traumatic brain injury.
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Gosling RG, King DH. Arterial assessment by Doppler-shift ultrasound. Proc R Soc Med 1974;67:447-449. Initial description of the pulsatility index.
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Hassler W, Steinmetz H, Pirschel J. Transcranial Doppler study of intracranial circulatory arrest. J Neurosurg 1989;71:195-201. This paper describes the correlation between transcranial Doppler evaluation of CBF in brain death with four-vessel angiography.
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Hutchinson PJ, Kirkpatrick PJ. Decompressive craniectomy in head injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004;10:101-104. A review article looking specifically at the role of decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury.
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Jiang J, Yu M, Zhu C. Effect of long-term mild hypothermia therapy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: 1-year follow-up review of 87 cases. J Neurosurg 2000;93:546-549. This study presents 1-year outcome data on head-injured patients with intracranial hypertension randomized to either normothermia or hypothermia.
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Klingelhofer J, Conrad B, Benecke R, Sander D. Intracranial flow patterns at increasing intracranial pressure. Klin Wochenschr 1987;65:542-545. Classical description of transcranial Doppler flow velocity waveform morphology changes with increasing ICP.
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Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice
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Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1960;36(suppl 149):1-193. The classic paper describing Lundberg waves.
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Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity changes
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Muizelaar JP, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Becker DP. Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity changes. J Neurosurg 1983;59:822-828. This study used the cranial window technique to demonstrate a decrease in pial arteriolar diameter in cats coincident with the decrease in blood viscosity after administration of mannitol.
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Narayan RK, Kishore PR, Becker DP, et al. Intracranial pressure: to monitor or not to monitor? A review of our experience with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1982;56:650-659. Describes the patient population that is likely to have intracranial hypertension from traumatic brain injury.
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Newell DW, Aaslid R, Stooss R, Reulen HJ. The relationship of blood flow velocity fluctuations to intracranial pressure B waves. J Neurosurg 1992;76:415-421. This study in head-injured patients suggests that Lundberg B waves are generated by vasomotion, where CBF fluctuations become amplified in the ICP tracing.
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Newell, D.W.1
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Nortje J, Menon DK. Traumatic brain injury: physiology, mechanisms, and outcome. Curr Opin Neurol 2004;17:711-718. Another review article on brain injury, also mentioning the uncertain role of decompressive craniectomy.
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Nortje, J.1
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Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality - Part 2: Practical aspects and side effects
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Polderman KH. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality - part 2: practical aspects and side effects. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:757-769. A review of hypothermia with respect to potential complications.
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Roberts PA, Pollay M, Engles C, et al. Effect on intracranial pressure of furosemide combined with varying doses and administration rates of mannitol. J Neurosurg 1987;66:440-446. An animal study demonstrating greatest reduction in ICP with longest duration when mannitol is administered 15 minutes prior to furosemide.
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Robertson CS, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, et al. Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury. Crit Care Med 1999;27:2086-2095. This study is a prospective randomized trial of patients with traumatic brain injury comparing ICP-targeted therapy versus CBF-targeted therapy. No significant difference was demonstrated at 3 or 6 months, but the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome was higher in the CBF-targeted group.
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Robertson, C.S.1
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Rosner MJ, Becker DP. Origin and evolution of plateau waves. Experimental observations and a theoretical model. J Neurosurg 1984;60:312-324. This paper describes the way in which plateau waves occur in a patient with elevated ICP, intact cerebrovascular autoregulation, and a fluctuating CPP.
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Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH. Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg 1995;83:949-962. This paper reports a large prospective study showing the outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury using a CPP goal of 70 mm Hg.
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Schachtrupp A, Wrigge H, Busch T, et al. Influence of intra-aortic balloon pumping on cerebral blood flow pattern in patients after cardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005;22:165-170. This paper demonstrates diastolic flow reversal on transcranial Doppler in some patients with intra-aortic balloon pump.
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Schmidt EA, Czosnyka M, Gooskens I, et al. Preliminary experience of the estimation of cerebral perfusion pressure using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:198-204. This paper presents a noninvasive method for estimating CPP using transcranial Doppler.
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Shapiro S, Bowman R, Callahan J, Wolfla C. The fiberoptic intraparenchymal cerebral pressure monitor in 244 patients. Surg Neurol 1996;45:278-282. This paper discusses the risks of intraparenchymal ICP monitors.
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Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:1417-1425. An in-depth look at the rare but devastating complication of prolonged propofol infusion.
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Wise BL, Chater N. The value of hypertonic mannitol solution in decreasing brain mass and lowering cerebro-spinal-fluid pressure. J Neurosurg 1962;19:1038-1043. An early description of mannitol's ability to decrease brain intracellular water.
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