The authoritarian executive? Horizontal and vertical accountability in Nicaragua

Latin American Politics and Society

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 141-169

  Anderson, Leslie E ^a  

^a Department of Political Science ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DEMOCRACY; DEMOCRATIZATION; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS;

CENTRAL AMERICA; NICARAGUA;

EID: 33745507805     PISSN: 1531426X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/lap.2006.0015     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Anderson, Leslie. 1992. Surprises and Secrets: Lessons from the 1990 Nicaraguan Election. Studies in Comparative International Development 27: 93-119.
2. Anderson, Leslie. 1993. Agrarian Politics and Revolution: Micro and State Perspectives on Structural Determinism. Journal of Theoretical Politics 5, 4: 495-522.
3. Anderson, Leslie. 1994a. The Political Ecology of the Modern Peasant: Calculation and Community. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4. Anderson, Leslie. 1994b. Neutrality and Bias in the 1990 Nicaraguan Preelection Polls: A Comment on Bischoping and Schuman. American Journal of Political Science 38: 486-94.
5. Anderson, Leslie. 1995. The Nicaraguan Legislature as a Reflection of Democracy. Legislative Studies Section Newsletter, Extension of Remarks. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association. July.
6. Anderson, Leslie. 2005. Idealism, Impatience, and Pessimism: Recent Studies of Democratization in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 40, 3 (October): 390-402.
7. Anderson, Leslie, and Lawrence C. Dodd. 2002a. Nicaragua Votes: The Elections of 2001. Journal of Democracy 13: 80-94.
8. Anderson, Leslie, and Lawrence C. Dodd. 2002b. Comportamiento electoral y democracia en Nicaragua: 1990-2001. America Latina Hoy (Salamanca) 30 (April): 205-30.
9. Anderson, Leslie, and Lawrence C. Dodd. 2004. Démocratie envers et contre tout: comportement électoral et démocratie au Nicaragua, 1990-2001. Révue Le Banquet (Paris) 21 (October): 293-323.
10. Anderson, Leslie, and Lawrence C. Dodd. 2005. Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990-2001. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11. Azicri, Max. 1982. A Cuban Perspective on the Nicaraguan Revolution. In Walker 1982. 345-73.
12. Barnes, William. 1990. Pre-Election Polling in Nicaragua. Interamerican Public Opinion Report. Washington, DC: Interamerican Foundation. January.
13. Barnes, William. 1992. Rereading the Nicaraguan Election Polls. In The 1990 Elections in Nicaragua and Their Aftermath, ed. Vanessa Castro and Gary Prevost. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
14. Berman, Sheri. 1997. Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic. World Politics. 49.
15. Booth, John A. 1985. The National Governmental System. In Walker 1985.
16. Booth, John A. 1991. Socioeconomic and Political Roots of National Revolts in Central America. Latin American Research Review 26, 1: 33-74.
17. Bravo, Ernesto. 1996. Sandinista legislative candidate. Author interview. Managua, May 22.
18. Castillo, Edmundo. 1995. Sectoral legislator, 1979-84; Conservative deputy, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, May 13.
19. Castillo, Edmundo. 2000. Assembly candidate, 2001 election. Author interview. Managua, November 10.
20. Cavarozzi, Marcelo. 1992. Beyond Transitions to Democracy in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies 24, 3: 665-84.
21. Chávez, Rebecca Bill. 2003. The Construction of the Rule of Law in Argentina: A Tale of Two Provinces. Comparative Politics 35, 3 (April): 417-37.
22. Colton, Timothy J., and Michael McFaul. 2003. Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
23. Cooper, Joseph, ed. 1999. Congress and the Decline of Public Trust. Boulder: Westview Press.
24. Cooper, Joseph, and David W. Brady. 1981. Toward a Diachronic Analysis of Change. American Political Science Review 75: 988-1006.
25. Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Dahl, Robert A. 2002. How Democratic Is the American Constitution? New Haven: Yale University Press.
27. Dodd, Lawrence C. 1976. Coalitions in Parliamentary Government Princeton: Princeton University Press.
28. Dodd, Lawrence C. 2001. Re-Envisioning Congress: Theoretical Perspectives on Congressional Change. In Congress Reconsidered, 7th edition, ed. Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press. 389-414.
29. Dodson, Michael, and Donald Jackson. 2004. Horizontal Accountability in Transitional Democracies: The Human Rights Ombudsman in El Salvador and Guatemala. Latin American Politics and Society 46, 4 (Winter): 1-27.
30. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.
31. Easter, Gerald M. 1997. Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia and the NIS. World Politics 49, 1 (January): 184-211.
32. Eckstein, Harry. 1992 [1975]. Case Study and Theory in Political Science. In Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change, ed. Eckstein. Berkeley: University of California Press.
33. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 2001. Social Panorama of Latin America, Statistical Abstract of Latin America. UCLA Latin America Center Publications 37. Los Angeles: UCLA.
34. Edmisten, Patricia Taylor. 1990. Nicaragua Divided: La Prensa and the Chamorro Legacy. Pensacola: University of West Florida Press.
35. Ehrmann, Henry W. 1983. Politics in France. Boston: Little, Brown.
36. Ewig, Christina. 1999. The Strengths and Limits of the NGO Women's Movement Model: Shaping Nicaragua's Democratic Institutions. Latin American Research Review 34, 3: 75-102.
37. Ferrey, Azucena. 2000. Christian Democratic deputy, National Assembly, 1990-96; Assembly candidate, 2001 election. Author interview. Managua, November 17.
38. Ferrey, Azucena. 2001. Author interview. Managua, November 22.
39. Genovese, Michael. 2001. The Power of the American Presidency, 1789-2000. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Gorman, Stephan M. 1982. The Role of the Revolutionary Armed Forces. In Walker 1982. 115-32.
41. Gould, Jeffrey L. 1990. To Lead As Equals: Rural Protest and Political Consciousness in Chinandega, Nicaragua, 1912-1979. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
42. Guzmán, Luis Humberto. 1995. Christian Democratic deputy and president, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, May 27.
43. Guzmán, Luis Humberto. 2000. Author interview. Managua, November 20.
44. Guzmán, Luis Humberto. 2002. Author interview. Managua, November 22.
45. Herrera, Leticia. 1995. Sectoral legislator, 1979-84; FSLN deputy, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, March.
46. Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 1997. What the Public Dislikes About Congress. In Congress Reconsidered, 6th edition, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press. 61-80.
47. Hooker, Ray. 1996. Sectoral legislator, Atlantic coast; FSLN deputy, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, May 18.
48. Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
49. Isbester, Katherine. 2001. Still Fighting: The Nicaraguan Women's Movement, 1977-2001. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
50. Ishiyama, John T. 1995. Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe. Comparative Politics 27, 2 (January): 147-66.
51. Kornblith, Miriam. 1991. Constitutions and Democracy in Venezuela. Journal of Latin American Studies 23, 1 (February): 61-90.
52. Kubicek, Paul. 1994. Delegative Democracy in Russia and Ukraine. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27 (4): 423-41.
53. Latin American Studies Association (LASA). 1984. Electoral Process in Nicaragua: Domestic and International Influences. Report of the LASA Delegation to Observe the Nicaraguan General Election of November 4, 1984. Austin: LASA.
54. Latin American Studies Association (LASA). 1990. Electoral Democracy Under International Pressure: Report of the Latin American Studies Association Delegation to Observe the 1990 Nicaraguan Elections. Pittsburgh: LASA.
55. Linz, Juan J. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy 1, 1 (Winter): 51-69.
56. Linz, Juan J. 1994. Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference? In The Crisis of Presidential Democracy: The Latin American Evidence, ed. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
57. Lowi, Theodore J. 1979. The End of Liberalism. New York: W. W. Norton.
58. Lynch, John. 1992. The Institutional Framework of Colonial Spanish America. Journal of Latin American Studies 24 (Quincentenary Supplement): 69-81.
59. Macaulay, Neil. 1985 [1967]. The Sandino Affair. Durham: Duke University Press.
60. Mainwaring, Scott, and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 1997a. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29, 4 (July): 449-71.
61. Mainwaring, Scott, and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 1997b. Conclusion: Presidentialism and the Party System. In Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, ed. Mainwaring and Shugart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Mainwaring, Scott, and Christopher Welna, eds. 2003. Democratic Accountability in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63. Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. McConnell, Shelley A. 1997. Institutional Development. In Walker 1997.
65. Millett, Richard. 1977. Guardians of the Dynasty. Maryknoll: Orbis Books.
66. Mommsen, Hans. 1996. The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy. Trans. Elborg Forster and Larry Eugene Jones. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
67. Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorsbip and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
68. Neuman, W. Russell, Marion Just, and Ann N. Crigler. 1992. Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69. O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy 5, 1: 55-69.
70. O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1995. Democracias y exclusión. Agora 1, 2: 165-72.
71. O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1999. Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. In The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, ed. Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
72. O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2001. Democracy, Law, and Comparative Politics. Studies in Comparative International Development 36, 1 (Spring): 7-36.
73. Ortega, Marvin. 2000. Sandinista adviser. Author interview. Managua.
74. O'Shaughnessy, Laura Nuzzi, and Michael Dodson. 1999. Political Bargaining and Democratic Transitions: A Comparison of Nicaragua and El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies 31, 1: 99-128.
75. Oxhorn, Philip. 2001. When Democracy Isn't All That Democratic: Social Exclusion and the Limits of the Public Sphere in Latin America. Working Paper 44. Coral Gables: North-South Center, University of Miami. April.
76. Pérez-Stable, Marifeli. 1982. The Working Class in the Nicaraguan Revolution. In Walker 1982. 133-46.
77. Peruzzotti, Enrique. 2001. The Nature of the New Argentine Democracy: The Delegative Democracy Argument Revisited. Journal of Latin American Studies 33, 1: 133-55.
78. Prevost, Gary, and Harry E. Vanden, eds. 1997. The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press.
79. Ramírez-Horton, Susan E. 1982. The Role of Women in the Nicaraguan Revolution. In Walker 1982. 147-60.
80. Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
81. Reding, Andrew A. 1991. The Evolution of Governmental Institutions. In Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua, ed. Thomas W. Walker. Boulder: Westview. 15-48.
82. Roberts, Kenneth. 1998. Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
83. Robinson, William I. 1992. A Faustian Bargain: U.S. Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections and American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. Boulder: Westview.
84. Ruchwarger, Gary. 1987. People in Power: Forging a Grassroots Democracy in Nicaragua. South Hadley: Bergin and Garvey.
85. Ryan, Jeffrey J. 1994. The Impact of Democratization on Revolutionary Movements. Comparative Politics 27, 1 (October): 27-44.
86. Sánchez, Luis. 1995. Sandinista deputy, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, May 19.
87. Schmidt, Gregory D. 2000. Delegative Democracy in Peru? Fujimori's 1995 Landslide and the Prospects for 2000. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, 1 (Spring): 99-132.
88. Schmitter, Philippe. 1999. The Limits of Horizontal Accountability. In The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, ed. Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. 59-62.
89. Seligson, Mitchell A. 2000. Auditoria de la democracia nicaragüense. Managua: Centro Nicaragüense de Desarrollo.
90. Serra, Luis Héctor. 1982. The Sandinista Mass Organizations. In Walker 1982. 95-114.
91. Serra, Luis Héctor. 1985. The Grassroots Organizations. In Walker 1985. 65-90.
92. Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and John M. Carey. 1992 [reprint 1995]. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
93. Spalding, Rose J. 1994. Capitalists and Revolution in Nicaragua: Opposition and Accommodation, 1979-1993. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
94. Stahler-Scholk, Richard. 1995. The Dog that Didn't Bark: Labor Autonomy and Economic Adjustment in Nicaragua Under the Sandinista and UNO Governments. Comparative Politics 28, 1 (October): 77-102.
95. Téfel, Reynaldo. 1995. Sandinista legislator; First Vice President, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, May 24.
96. Tichenor, P. J., G. A. Donohue, and C. N. Olien. 1970. Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge. Public Opinion Quarterly 34: 159-70.
97. Tijerino, Juan. 1995. Sectoral legislator, 1979-84. Author interview. Boaco, Nicaragua, May 4.
98. Tilly, Charles. 1995. Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
99. Vilas, Carlos M. 1985. El sujecto social de la insurrección popular: la revolución sandinista. Latin American Research Review 20, 1: 119-48.
100. Vilas, Carlos M. 1992. Family Affairs: Class, Lineage, and Politics in Contemporary Nicaragua. Journal of Latin American Studies 24, 2 (May): 309-42.
101. Walker, Thomas W. 1982. Introduction. In Walker 1982. 1-22.
102. Walker, Thomas W. 1997. Introduction: Historical Settings and Important Issues. In Walker 1997. 1-20.
103. Walker, Thomas W., ed. 1982. Nicaragua in Revolution. New York: Praeger.
104. Walker, Thomas W., ed. 1985. Nicaragua: The First Five Years. New York: Praeger.
105. Walker, Thomas W., ed. 1997. Nicaragua Without Illusions: Regime Transition and Structural Adjustment in the 1990s. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources.
106. Wilson, Woodrow. 1973 [1956, 1885]. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Gloucester: Peter Smith.
107. Young, James Sterling. 1966. Tbe Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York: Columbia University Press.
108. Zimmerman, Matilde. 2000. Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
109. Zuñiga, Heraldo. 1995. Conservative Party deputy, National Assembly, 1990-96. Author interview. Managua, May 7.