Sucrose substitutes and their role in caries prevention

International Dental Journal

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 119-130

  Matsukubo, Takashi ^a,b   Takazoe, Ichiro ^a  

^a Tokyo Dental College ^*

^b TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Caries prevention; Low cariogenicity; Sucrose substitutes

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745489127     PISSN: 00206539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2006.tb00083.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Gustafsson BE, Quensel CE, Lankel S et al. The Vipeholm dental study. The effect of different levels of carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436 individuals observed for five years. Acta Odont Scand 1954 11: 232-364.
2. Marthaler T. Epidemiological and clinical dental findings in relation to intake of carbohydrates. Caries Res 1967 1: 22-238.
3. Scheinin A, Mäkinen KK. Turku sugar studies I-XXI. Acta Odontl Scand 1975 33: Suppl 70: 1-349.
4. Kandelman D, Gagnon G. A 24-month clinical of the incidence and progression of dental caries in relation to consumption of chewing gum containing xylitol in school preventive programs. J Dent Res 1990 69: 1771-1775.
5. Mäkinen KK, Mäkinen PL, Pape H R et al. Conclusion and review of the 'Michigan Xylitol Programme' (1986-1995) for the prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J 1996 46: 22-34.
6. Newbrun E. Cariology. Second edition. 1983. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore/London.
7. König KG, Schmid P, Schmid R. An apparatus for frequency-controlled feeding of small rodents and its use in dental caries experiments. Archs Oral Biol 1968 13: 13-26.
8. Stephan RM. Effect of different types of human foods on dental health in experimental animals. J Dent Res 1966 45: 1551-1561.
9. Fitzgerald RJ, Keyes PH. Demonstration of etiologic role of streptococci in experimental caries in the hamster. JADA 1960 11: 473-476.
10. Graf H, Muhlemann HR. Telemetry of plaque pH from interdental area. Helv odont Acta 1966 10: 94-101.
11. Imfeld NT. Identification of low caries risk dietary component. Monographs in Oral Science 1983: Vol.11 Karger.
12. Downer MC. Caries prevalence in the United Kingdom. Int Dent J 1994 44: 365-370.
13. von der Fehr FR. Caries prevalence in the Nordic countries. Int Dent J 1994 44: 371-378.
14. Truin GJ, König KG, Bronkhorst EM. Caries prevalence in Belgium and the Netherlands. Int Dent J 1994 44: 379-385.
15. O'Mullane D, Whelton H. Caries prevalence in the Republic of Ireland. Int Dent J 1994 44: 387-391.
16. Marthaler TM, Steiner M, Menghini G et al. Caries prevalence in Switzerland. Int Dent J 1994 44: 393-401.
17. Burt BA. Caries prevalence in North America. Int Dent J 1994 44: 403-413.
18. Spencer AJ, Davies M, Slade G et al. Caries prevalence in Australia. Int Dent J 1994 44: 415-423.
19. Nunn J, Morris J, Pine C et al. The condition of teeth in the UK in 1998 and implications for the future. Br Dent J 2000 23: 639-644.
20. Nordstrom G, Bergman B, Borg K et al. A 9-year longitudinal study of reported oral problems and dental and periodontal status in 70- and 79-year-old city cohorts in northern Sweden. Acta Odontol Scand 1998 56: 76-84.
21. Makinen KK, Makinen PL, Pape H R Jr et al. Stabilisation of rampant caries: polyol gums and arrest of dentine caries in two long-term cohort studies in young subjects. Int Dent J 1995 45: 93-107.
22. Birkhed D. Automatic titration method for determination of acid production from sugars and sugar alcohol in small samples of dental plaque materials. Caries Res 1978 12: 256-263.
23. Matsukubo T, Newbrun E, Maki Y et al. Evaluation of cariogenicity of foods based on a combination of four variables. Foods, Nutrition Dental Health 1984 5: 91-100.
24. Güggenheim B, König KG, Herzog E et al. The cariogenicity of different dietary carbohydrates tested on rats in relative gnotobiosis with a Streptococcus producing extracellular polysaccharide. Helv Odontol Acta 1966 10: 101-113.
25. Ishii T, König KG, Muhlemann HR. The cariogenicity of different between-meal snacks in Osborne-Mendel rats. Helv Odontol Acta 1968 12: 41-47.
26. Bowen WH, Amsbaugh SM, Monell-Torrens S et al. A method to assess cariogenic potential of foodstuffs. J Am Dent Assoc 1980 100: 677-681.
27. Ooshima T, Izumitani A, Sobue S et al. Non-cariogenicity of the disaccharide palatinose in experimental caries of rats. Infect Immun 1983 39: 43-49.
28. Tsunehiro J, Matsukubo T, Shiota M et al. Caries-inducing activity of the hydrogenated derivative of an isomaltooligosaccharide mixture in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1997 61: 1317-1322.
29. Igarashi K, Kamiyama K, Yamada T. Measurement of pH in human dental plaque in vivo with an ion-sensitive transistor electrode. Arch Oral Biol 1981 26: 203-207.
30. Imfeld T. Cariogenicity tests. Adv Dent Res 1994 8: 225-228.
31. Kaneko T, Matsukubo T, Yatake T et al. Evaluation of acidogenicity of commercial isomaltooligosaccharides mixture and its hydrogenated derivative by measurement of pH response under human dental plaque. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1995 59: 372-377.
32. Koulourides T, Chien MC. The ICT in situ experimental model in dental research. J Dent Res 1992 71 (Spec No): 822-827.
33. Iijima Y, Takagi O, Ruben J et al. In vitro remineralization of in vivo and in vitro formed enamel lesions. Caries Res 1999 33: 206-213.
34. Loomis T A, Hayes A W. Loomis's essentials of toxicology. 1996 Academic Press San Diego.
35. Kawai K, Yoshikawa H, Murayama Y et al. Usefulness of palatinose as a caloric sweetener for diabetic patients. Horm Metab Res 1989 21: 338-340.
36. Ohta K, Takazoe I. Effect of isomaltulose on acid production and insoluble glucan synthesis by Streptococus mutans. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1983 24: 1-11.
37. Maki Y, Ohta K, Takazoe I, Matsukubo T et al. Acid production from isomaltulose, sucrose, sorbitol, and xylitol in suspensions of human dental plaque. Caries Res 1983 17: 335-339.
38. Takazoe I. New trends on sweeteners in Japan. Int Dent J 1985 35: 58-65.
39. Sasaki N, Topitsoglou V, Takazoe I et al. Cariogenicity of isomaltulose (palatinose), sucrose and mixture of these sugars in rats infected with Streptococcus mutans E-49. Swed Dent J 1985 9: 149-155.
40. Topitsoglou V, Sasaki N, Takazoe I et al. Effect of frequent rinses with isomaltulose (Palatinose) solution on acid production in human dental plaque. Caries Res 1984 18: 47-51.
41. Takazoe I. Palatinose - An isomeric alternative to sucrose. In Grenby TH. Ed. Progress in Sweeteners pp143-168. Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1989.
42. Edwardsson S, Birkhed D, Majore B. Acid production from lycasin, maltitol, sorbitol and xylitol by oral streptococci and lactobacilli. Acta Odont Scand 1977 35: 257-263.
43. Yamamoto H, Shintani Y, Maki Y et al. Evaluation of acidogenicity of various sugars and sugar substitutes using resting cell suspensions of Streptococcus mutans. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1988 29: 175-180.
44. Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD. Effect of sugar alcohols on the composition and metabolism of a mixed culture of oral bacteria grown in a chemostat. Caries Res 1994 28: 251-256.
45. Leach SA, Green RM. Effect of xylitol-supplemented diet on the progression and regression of fissure caries in the alabino rat. Caries Res 1980 14: 16-23.
46. Leach SA, Green RM. Reversal of fissure caries in the albino rat sweetened agents. Caries Res 1981 14: 508-511.
47. Mäkinen KK, Söderling E. Solubility of calcium salts, enamel, and hydroxyapatite in aqueous solution of simple carbohydrate. Calcif Tissue Int 1984 36: 64-71.
48. Smits MT, Arends J. Influence of xylitol- and/or fluoride-containing toothpastes on the remineralization of surface softened enamel defects in vivo. Caries Res 1985 19: 528-535.
49. Leach SA, Lee GT, Edgar WM. Remineralization of artificial caries-like lesions in human enamel in situ by chewing sorbitol gum. J Dent Res 1989 68: 1064-1068.
50. Arends J, Smith M, Ruben JL et al. Combined effect of xylitol and fluoride on enamel demineralization in vitro. Caries Res 1991 24: 256-257.
51. Manning RH, Edgar WM, Agalamanyi EA. Effects of chewing gums sweetened with sorbitol or a sorbitol/xylitol mixture on the remineralization of human enamel lesions in situ. Caries Res 1992 26: 104-109.
52. Bowen WH, Pearson SK. The effects of sucralose, xylitol, and sorbitol on remineralization of caries lesions in rats. J Dent Res 1992 71: 1166-1168.
53. Creanor SL, Strang R, Gilmour WH et al. The effect of chewing gum use on in situ enamel lesion remineralization. J Dent Res 1992 71: 1895-1900.
54. Manning RH, Edgar WH, Agalamanyi EA. Effects of chewing gums sweetened with sorbitol or sorbitol/xylitol mixture on the remineralization of human enamel lesions in situ. Caries Res 1992 26: 104-109.
55. Kawanabe J, Hirasawa M, Takeuchi T et al. Non-cariogenicity of erythritol as a substrate. Caries Res 1992 26: 358-362.
56. Hayes ML, Roberts KR. The breakdown of glucose, xylitol and other sugar alcohol by human dental plaque bacteria. Archs Oral Biol 1978 23: 445-451.
57. Waaler SM, Rølla G. Effect of xylitol on dental plaque in vivo during carbohydrate challenge. Scand J Dent Res 1983 91: 256-259.
58. Vadeboncoeur C, Trahan L, Mouton C et al. Effect of xylitol on the growth and glycolysis of acidogenic oral bacteria. J Dent Res 62: 882-884.
59. Assev S, Rølla G. Further studies on the growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans OMZ176 by xylitol. Acta Pathol. Microbiol Scand 1986 94: 97-107.
60. Assev S, Rølla G. Evidence for presence of a xylitol phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176. Acta Patho. Microbiol Scand 1986 92: 89-92.
61. Hausman SZ, Thompson J, London J. Futile xylitol cycle in Lactobacillus casei. J Bacteriol 1984 160: 211-215.
62. Trahan L, Bareil M, Gauthier L et al. Transport and phosphorylation of xylitol by a fructose phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 1985 19: 53-63.
63. Assev S, Vegarud G, Rølla G. Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans strain OMZ 176 by xylitol. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1980 88: 61-63.
64. Topitsoglou V, Birkhed D, Larsson LA et al. Effect of chewing gum containing xylitol, sorbitol or mixture of xylitol and sorbitol on plaque formation, pH changes and acid production in human dental plaque. Caries Res 1983 17: 369-378.
65. Söderling E, Mäkinen KK, Chen CY et al. Effect of sorbitol, xylitol and xylitol/sorbitol chewing gums on dental plaque. Caries Res 1989 23: 378-384.
66. Birkhed D, Edwardsson S, Wikesjo U et al. Effect of 4 days consumption of chewing gum containing sorbitol or a mixture of sorbitol and xylitol on dental plaque and saliva. Caries Res 1983 17: 76-88.
67. Wennerholm K, Arends J, Birkhed D et al. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol in chewing gums on mutans streptococci, plaque pH and mineral loss of enamel. Caries Res 1994 28: 48-54.
68. Isokangas P, Söderling E, Pienihakkinen K et al. Occurrence of dental decay in children after material consumption of xylitol chewing gum, a follow-up from 0 to 5 years of age. J Dent Res 2000 79: 1885-1889.
69. Soderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihakkinen K et al. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants. J Dent Res 2000 79: 882-887.
70. Soderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihakkinen K et al. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on mother-child transmission of mutans streptococci: 6-year follow-up. Caries Res 2001 35: 173-177.
71. Mäkinen KK, Söderling E, Hurttia H et al. Biochemical, microbiologic, and clinical comparison between two dentifrices that contain different mixtures of sugar alcohols. JADA 1985 111: 745-751.
72. Svanberg M, Birkhed D. Effect of dentifrices containing either xylitol and glycerol or sorbitol on mutans streptococci in saliva. Caries Res 1991 25: 449-453.
73. Gauthier L, Vandeeboncoeur C, Mayrand D. Loss of sensitivity to xylitol by Streptococcus mutans LG-1. Caries Res 1984 18: 289-295.
74. Trahan L, Derling ES, Drean MF et al. Effect of xylitol consumption on the plaque-saliva distribution of mutans streptococci and the occurrence and long-term survival of xylitol resistant strain. J Dent Res 1992 71: 1785-1791.
75. Drean MF, Trahan L. A new method for the detection and enumeration of xylitol-resistant (fructose-PTS-) strains of Streptococcus mutans from pure cultures and human saliva. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1990 3: 113-120.
76. Trahan L, Neron S, Bareil M. Intracellular xylitol-phosphate hydrolysis and efflux of xylitol-phosphate hydrolysis and efflux of xylitol in Streptococcus sobrinus. Oral Microbiol Immnunol 1991 6: 41-50.
77. Takazoe I. Basic knowledge of xylitol. J Japan Dent Assoc 1997 50: 859-867. (In Japanese).
78. Birkhed D, Edwardsson S, Kalfas S et al. Cariogenicity of sorbitol. Swed Dent J 1984 8: 147-154.
79. Hogg SD, Rugg-Gunn, AJ. Can the oral flora adapt to sorbitol? J Dent 1991 19: 263-271.
80. Imfeld TN. Clinical caries studies with polyalcohols. A literature review. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1994 104: 941-945.
81. Rundegren J, Koulourides T, Ericson T. Contribution of maltitol and lycasin to experimental enamel demineralization in the human mouth. Caries Res 1980 14: 67-74.
82. Ooshima T, Izumitani A, Minami T et al. Non-cariogenicity of maltitol in specific pathogen-free rats infected with mutans streptococci. Caries Res 1992 26: 33-37.
83. Grenby TH, Phillips A, Mistry M. Studies of the dental properties of lactitol compared with five other bulk sweeteners in vitro. Caries Res 1989 23: 315-319.
84. van der Hoeven JS. Cariogenicity of lactitol in program fed rats. Caries Res 1986 20: 441-443.
85. Grenby TH, Phillips A. Dental and metabolic effects of lactitol in the diet of laboratory rats. Br J Nutr 1989 61: 17-24.
86. Grenby TH. Latest state of research on lactitol and dental caries. Int Dent J 1989 39: 25-32.
87. Karle EJ, Gehring F. Palatinose-a new sugar substitute and its caries prophylactic evaluation- Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1978 33: 189-191.
88. Karle EJ, Gehring F. Palatinit and xylitol in a gnotobiotic rat experiment Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1981 36: 673-678.
89. Grenby TH. High-potency sweeteners and dental health. Ohio Dent J 1990 64: 15-16, 18-19, 72-76.
90. Das S, Das AK, Murphy RA et al. Evaluation of the cariogenic potential of the intense natural sweeteners stevioside and rebaudioside A. Caries Res 1992 26: 363-366.
91. Kinghorn AD, Kaneda N, Back N I et al. Non-cariogenic intense natural sweeteners. Med Res Rev 1998 18: 347-360.
92. Lout RK, Messer LB, Soberay A et al. Cariogenicity of frequent aspartame and sorbitol rinsing in laboratory rats. Caries Res 1988 22: 237-241.
93. Bowen WH, Pearson SK, Falany JL. Influence of sweetening agents in solution on dental caries in desalivated rats. Arch Oral Biol 1990 35: 839-844.
94. Das S, Das AK, Murphy RA et al. Aspartame and dental caries in the rat. Pediatr Dent 1991 13: 217-220.
95. Das S, Das AK, Murphy RA et al. Cariostatic effect of aspartame in rats. Caries Res 1997 31: 78-83.
96. Ikeda T. Sugar substitutes: reasons and indications for their use. Int Dent J 1982 32: 33-43.
97. Jacobsson-Hunt U, Hammond BF, Cagan RH. Effect of the sweet-tasting protein monellin on growth of a cariogenic bacterium: a microbiological study, J Am Dent Assoc 1979 98: 719-721.
98. Jenner MR. Sucralose, unveiling its properties and applications, In Grenby TH (ed) Progress in sweeteners. pp121-141. Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1989.
99. Bowen WH, Young DA, Pearson SK. The effects of sucralose on coronal and root-surface caries. J Dent Res 1990 69: 1485-1487.
100. Birkhed D. Cariologic aspects of xylitol and its use in chewing gum: A review, Acta odont Scand 1994 52: 116-127.
101. Scheie AAa, Fejerskov OB. Xylitol in caries prevention: what is the evidence for clinical efficacy? Oral Disease 1998 4: 268-278.
102. Imfeld T. Chewing gum - Facts and fiction: A review of gum-chewing and oral health. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1999 10: 405-419.
103. Giertsen E, Emberland H, Scheie AA. Effects of mouth rinses with xylitol and fluoride on dental plaque and saliva. Caries Res 1999 33: 23-31.
104. Machiulskiene V, Nyva B, Baelum V. Caries preventive effect of sugar-substituted chewing gum. Community Dent Oral Epidemiology 2001 29: 278-288.
105. Van Loveren C. Sugar alcohols: what is the evidence for caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic effects? Caries Res. 2004 38: 286-293.
106. Reynolds EC, Cain CJ, Webber FL et al. Anticariogenicity of calcium phosphate complexes of tryptic casein phosphopeptides in the rat. J Dent Res 1995 74: 1272-1279.
107. Reynolds EC. Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by casein phosphopeptide-stabilized calcium phosphate solutions. J Dent Res 1997 76: 1587-1595.
108. Reynolds EC. Anticariogenic complexes of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptides: a review. Spec Care Dentist 1998 18: 8-16.
109. Shen P, Cai F, Nowicki A et al. Remineralization of enamel subsurfacelesions by sugar-free chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Dent Res 2001 80: 2066-2070.
110. Saeki Y. Effect of seaweed extracts on Streptococcus sobrinus adsorption to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Bull Tokyo Dent Col 1994 35: 9-15.
111. Saeki Y, Kato T, Naito Y et al. Inhibitory effects of funoran on the adherence and colonization of mutans streptococci. Caries Res 1996 30: 119-125.
112. Sato S, Yoshinuma N, Ito K et al. The inhibitory effect of funoran and eucalyptus extract-containing chewing gum on plaque formation. J Oral Sci 1998 40: 115-117.
113. Takazoe I. Evaluation of food cariogenicity by authorizing organization in Japan. J Dent Res 1996 76: 1169 (Abstract).
114. The latest market reports of functional sweeteners, Food Processing and Ingredients, 2001 Vol.36 (10) CMP Japan.