The role of Georgia's media - And Western aid - In the Rose Revolution

Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 7-43

  Anable, David ^a  

^a International Center for Journalists   (United States)

Author keywords

Development assistance; Independent media; Nonviolent revolution; Press freedom; Reform; Rose Revolution

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745436518     PISSN: 1081180X     EISSN: 1531328X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1081180X06289211     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Peter Baker and Susan Classer, "Push for Democracy Has Authoritarians Unnerved," Washington Post, Jan. 26, 2004.
2. James V. Wertsch, "Georgia as a Laboratory for Democracy," Demokratizatsiya:The Journal of Post-Soviet. Demoralization (forthcoming).
3. Thomas Carothers, "From Victory to Success: Why Dictators Aren't Dominoes," Foreign Policy 136 (July/August 2003): 59-60.
4. Michael McFaul, "Transitions from Postcommunism,"Journal of Democracy 16, no. 3 (July 2005): 5-19.
5. Marta Dyczok, "Point of View," Centerpoint, November 2005, www.wilsoncenter.org.
6. "Appeal of Georgian Journalists," text sent to Georgian Government, reprinted in Civil.GE Online Magazine, July 8, 2005.
7. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), U.S. Media Assistance in Serbia, July 1997-June 2002 (Washington, DC: USAID, November 2003).
8. U.S. Media Assistance in Serbia, Ibid. 2003.
9. Chris Braithwaite, telephone interview, 2005.
10. "Ukraine-A Murder in Kyiv. Interview: Olena Prytula," Frontline World, PBS Online, October 2005, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ ukraine404/prytula.html.
11. "Hellraiser: Olena Prytula Safeguarding Ukraine's Orange Revolution," interview with Sara Catania, Kobzar, October 21, 2005, http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_ archives/2005/10/21/1314113.html (November/December 2005 issue).
12. Catherine Fitzpatrick, "Analysis: Ukraine's Embattled Channel 5 Stays on the Air," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, http://www.rferl.org/ featuresarticleprint/2004.
13. Marta Dyczok, "Breaking through the Information Blockade: Election and Revolution in Ukraine 2004," Canadian Slavonic Papers 47, no. 3-4 (September-December 2005): 19.
14. Sebastian Usher, "Ukraine State TV in Revolt," BBC News, November 26, 2004.
15. Bringing Down a Dictator, producer/director Steve York, executive producer Peter Ackerman.
16. Hugh Pope, "Pro-West Leaders in Georgia Push Shevardnadze Out," Wall Street. Journal, November 24, 2003.
17. Interview in Tbilisi, January 4, 2004, in Enough, ed. Zurab Karumidze and James V. Wertsch (NewYork: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2005), 37.
18. Marta Dyczok, Democracy Assistance and NGO Strategies-Independent Media, Carnegie Paper no. 8 (NewYork: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2000), 36-37.
19. Joel Brinkley, "Dollars for Democracy? U.S. Aid to Ukraine Challenged," NewYork Times, Dec. 21, 2004.
20. Ghia Nodia, "The Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Georgia, 2003-2004," in International IDEA: Election Assessment in the South Caucasus (June 2004), 120.
21. Marc Behrench, telephone interview, Oct. 5, 2005.
22. Interview in Enough, ed. Karumiclze and Wertsch., p. 30.
23. James V. Wertsch, telephone interview.
24. McFaul, "Transitions from Postcommunism.
25. Richard Miles, telephone interview, Dec. 8, 2005.
26. Ghia Nodia, "Breaking the Mold of Powerlessness: The Meaning of Georgia's Latest Revolution," in Enough! The Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia 2003, ed. Zurab Karumidze and James V. Wertsch (NewYork: Nova Science, 2004), 3.
27. Center to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Attacks on the Press in 1999 Online Report, http://www.cpj.org/attacks99/europe00/Georgia.html.
28. Pope, "Pro-West Leaders in Georgia Push Shevardnadze Out.
29. Committee to Protect Journalists, "Central Europe and the Republics of the former Soviet Union: Georgia," Attacks on the Press in 1999 Online Report, http://www.cpj.org/attacks99/europe99/Georgia.html.
30. Laurence Broers, After the "Revolution": Civil Society and the Challenges of Consolidating Democracy in Georgia (London: University of London, December 2004).
31. Interview at Blair House, Washington, D.C., in Enough, ed. Karumidze and Wertsch, p. 25.
32. Mark Mullen, telephone interview, Oct. 7, 2005.
33. Nodia, "The Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Georgia, 2003-2004.
34. Behrendt interview.
35. Persephone Miel, e-mail interview, Dec. 20, 2005.
36. Behrendt interview.
37. Maggie Osdoby Katz, former official in U. S. Embassy in Tbilisi.
38. Pope, "Pro-West Leaders in Georgia Push Shevardnadze Out.
39. "Georgia: CPJ Condemns Government Raid on Independent TV Station," CPJ Advocacy, October 31, 2001, http://www.cpj.org/news/2001/ Georgia31oct01na.html.
40. "Shevardnadze Acts 'to Save Free Speech,'" The Weekend Australian, Tbilisi Correspondent, Nov. 3, 2001.
41. Timeline, Civil.GE. Online Magazine, August 2003.
42. Peter Ackerman, telephone interview, Dec. 19, 2005.
43. Peter Baker, "Tbilisi's 'Revolution of Roses' Mentored by Serbia Activists," Washington Post, Nov. 25, 2003.
44. Civil.GE Online Magazine, Nov. 14, 2003.
45. Cory Welt, "Georgia: Causes of the Rose Revolution and Lessons for Democracy Assistance" (Paper prepared for the USAID Workshop on Democratic Breakthroughs in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine, March 18, 2005), http://www.csis.org/index.php?option=com_csis_pubs&task=archive&curyear= 2005&type=1&sort=datedesc&progj_sort=290.
46. Cory Welt, "Georgia: Causes of the Rose Revolution and Lessons for Democracy Assistance" Ibid. 2005.
47. Miles interview.
48. Mark Mullen, e-mail interview, Dec. 16, 2005.
49. Mullen interview, Oct. 7, 2005.
50. Pope, "Pro-West Leaders in Georgia Push Shevardnadze Out.
51. David Ignatius, "Reality Check for the Neo-Wilsonians," Washington Post, Jan. 26, 2005.
52. MarinaVashakmadze, telephone interview, Oct. 21, 2005.
53. Behrendt interview.
54. "U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia," U.S. Department of State, January 2004, http://www.state.gov/p/ eur/rls/rpt/3764.5/htm.
55. "U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia," Ibid. 2004, http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rpt/3764.5/htm.
56. Adrian Karatnycky and Peter Ackerman, How Freedom Is Won: From Civic Resistance to Durable Democracy, Freedom House Study, 200.5, http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/specreports/civictrans/.
57. Thomas Carothers, "Democracy's Sobering State," Current History, December 2004, p. 416.
58. Mark Mullen, telephone interview, Dec. 4, 2005.
59. Miel interview.
60. Mullen interview, Dec. 16, 2005.
61. Dave Bloss, telephone interview, Dec. 8, 2005.
62. Margie Freaney, e-mail interview, Dec. 15, 2005.
63. International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) Web site, http://www.irex.org/.
64. IREX: International Research and Exchanges Board, "Supporting Independent Media in Georgia," Program Highlights, October 2003, http://www.irex.org/media/georgia/highlights/index.asp.
65. "Supporting Independent Media in Georgia: Program Highlights," October 2003, IREX, http://www.irex.org/media/georgia/highlights/03.asp.
66. Mark Whitehouse, e-mail interview, Dec. 19, 2005.
67. Peter Graves, telephone interview, Dec. 9, 2005.
68. Whitehouse interview.
69. Robert Ortega; e-mail interview. November 10, 2005.
70. Behrendt interview.
71. Bloss interview.
72. Ortega interview, Nov. 10, 2005.
73. "U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia," 2002 Report, U.S. Department of State, released January, 2003, http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rpt/23621/htm.
74. Ortega interview, Nov. 10, 2005.
75. Bloss interview.
76. Guy Chazan, "Russia's Putín Tries to Ease Fear Over Nonprofit Law? Wall Street. Journal, Nov. 25, 2005.
77. Guy Chazan, "Russia's Putín Tries to Ease Fear Over Nonprofit Law? Wall Street. Journal, Ibid., 2005.
78. Karatnycky and Ackerman, How Freedom Is Won.
79. Miles interview.
80. Wertsch, "Georgia as a Laboratory for Democracy.
81. Bloss interview.
82. Freaney interview.
83. Ibid.
84. Vashakmadze interview.
85. Behrendt interview.
86. Wertsch, "Georgia as a Laboratory for Democracy.
87. Zaal N. Anjaparidze, Eurasia Foundation, Georgia Office, Coordinator of Civil Society Programs, e-mail interview, Dec. 21, 2005.
88. Whitehouse interview.
89. Ortega interview, Nov. 10, 2005.
90. Eric Schmidt, "Military Admits Planting News in Iraq," NewYork Times, Dec. 2, 2005.
91. "U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Holds Hearing on the Future of Public Diplomacy," testimony by David Hoffman, in Political Transcripts, Federal Document Clearing House, June 11, 2002.
92. Graves interview.
93. Whitehouse interview.
94. Gordana Jankovic, telephone interview, Dec. 9, 2005.
95. Ibid.
96. "U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Holds Hearing on the Future of Public Diplomacy.
97. Bloss interview.
98. Jankovic interview.
99. Joseph Kahn, "China's Leader, Ex-Rival at Side, Solidifies Power," New York Times, Sep. 25, 2005.
100. Sophia Kishkovsky, "Russian News Anchor Barred from Studio," New York Times, Nov. 26, 2005.
101. Moscow Times, Nov. 28, 2005.
102. Kishkovsky, "Russian News Anchor Barred from Studio.
103. Moscow Times, Dec. 6, 2005.
104. Chazan, "Russia's Putin Tries to Ease Fear Over Nonprofit Law.
105. John Edwards and Jack Kemp. "Moscow's Empty Red Square," New York Times, Dec. 7, 2005.
106. Joel Brinkley, "Rice Criticizes Russia's Plan to Curb Private Rights Groups," New York Times, Dec. 8, 2005.
107. Robert Ortega, e-mail interview, Nov. 2, 2005.
108. Ortega interview, Nov. 10, 2005.
109. Steven Lee Myers, "World Briefing Europe: Belarus: Parliament Outlaws Criticism," New York Times, Dec. 3, 2005.
110. "Belarus' Upper House Approves Legal Amendments Rights Groups Assail," Associated Press, Dec. 8, 2005.
111. Belarus' Upper House Approves Legal Amendments Rights Groups Assail, Ibid. 2005.
112. CPJ Release, Dec. 7, 2005.
113. "Belarus' Upper House Approves Legal Amendments Rights Groups Assail.
114. C.J. Chivers, "Kazakh President Re-elected; Voting Flawed, Observers Say," New York Times, Dec. 6, 2005.
115. C.J. Chivers, "Kazakh President Re-elected; Voting Flawed, Observers Say," New York Times, Ibid., 2005.
116. Aldar Kusainov, "Kazakhstan: Bombshells and Pistol Shots," Transitions Online, Nov. 16, 2005.
117. "Waiting for the Other Shoe to Drop," The Economist, Nov. 5, 2005.
118. Stephen Blank, "Central Asia: A Tide Turns," Transitions Online, Dec. 12, 2005.
119. Internews Release, Sept. 9, 2005.
120. C.J. Chivers, "Police Break Up Peaceful Demonstration in Azerbaijan," New York Times, Nov. 27, 2005.
121. Craig S. Smith, "U.S. Helped to Prepare the Way for Kyrgyzstan's Uprising," New York Times, March 30, 2005.
122. Ethan Wilensky-Lanford, "Political Activism Begins to Take Hold in Kyrgyzstan," New York Times, Dec. 12, 2005.
123. Blank, "Central Asia: A Tide Turns.
124. Office of the Coordinator of U.S. Assistance to Europe and Eurasia, U.S. State Department, interview with anonymous source.
125. Eileen O'Connor and David Huffman, "Media in Iraq: The Fallacy of Psy-Ops," International Herald Tribune, Dec. 16, 2005.
126. Karatnycky and Ackerman, How Freedom Is Won.
127. Miles interview.
128. Freaney interview.
129. Robert Ortega, e-mail interview, Oct. 11, 2005.