Genes and antisocial behavior: Perceived versus real threats to jurisprudence

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 342-351

  Carey, Gregory ^a   Gottesman, Irving I ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; BEHAVIOR GENETICS; CONFERENCE PAPER; CRIME; FORECASTING; GENETIC MARKER; GENETICS; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOPATHY; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; RACE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

AGGRESSION; ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CRIME; FORECASTING; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETICS, BEHAVIORAL; HUMANS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT, HERITABLE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 33745305094     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2006.00039.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (33)

1. Some of the numerous reviews in the field are : G. Carey Genetics and Violence in A. J. Reiss Jr.. K. A. Miczek J. A. Roth, eds., Understanding and Preventing Violence, vol. 2 : Bio behavioral Influences ( Washington, DC : National Academy Press, 1994 21 58 G. Carey, "Human Genetics for the Social Sciences," (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005): at 431-457; L. F. DiLalla and I. I. Gottesman, "Heterogeneity of Causes for Delinquency and Criminality: Lifespan Perspectives," Development and Psychopathology 1 (1989): 339-349; D. R. Miles and G. Carey, "Genetic and Environmental Architecture on Human Aggression," Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 72 (1997): 207-217; T. E. Moffitt, "The New Look of Behavioral Genetics in Developmental Psycho-pathology: Gene-Environment Interplay in Antisocial Behaviors," Psychological Bulletin 131 (2005): 533-554; S. H. Rhee and I. D. Waldman, "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of Twin and Adoption Studies," Psychological Bulletin 128 (2002): 490-529; G. R. Bock and J. A. Goode, Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour (Chichester: Wiley, 1996); C. J. Patrick, Handbook of Psychopathy (New York: Guilford Press, 2005).
2. A. Anastasi Heredity, Environment, and the Question 'How¿' Psychological Review 65 ( 1958 197 208.
3. Carey, supra note 1 (2005), at 1 6 J. C. Loehlin and R. C. Nichols, Heredity, Environment, and Personality ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1976 E. Turkheimer and I. I. Gottesman, "Individual Differences and the Canalization of Human Behavior," Developmental Psychology 27 (1991): 18-22;E. Turkheimer, "Three Laws of Behavioral Genetics and what they Mean," Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 (2000): 160-164.
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5. An endophenotype is an observed trait that is closer to gene action than the phenotype that is under study. See I.I. Gottesman and T. D. Gould The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions American Journal of Psychiatry 160 ( 2003 636 645. An example of an endophenotype for ASB would be resting heart rate. See A. Raine, "Biosocial Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior in Children and Adults: a Review," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30 (2002): 311-326; I. D. Waldman, "Statistical Approaches to Complex Phenotypes: Evaluating Neuropsychological Endophenotypes for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder," Biological Psychiatry 57 (2005: 1347-1356.
6. For non-technical introductions for how genes in the brain respond to stress, see Carey, supra note 1 (2005), at 57-60, and for how genes are involved in memory, see R. D. Fields Making Memories Stick Scientific American ( 2005).
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8. The heritability is the square of the correlation between genotypic values-read "genetic risk index"-and phenotypic values. Hence, the square root of heritability provides an estimate of the correlation. This of course, is an approximation, but science can arrive at very satisfactory approximations. Has anyone ever directly measured the distance between the earth and the moon directly with a tape measure Carey, supra note 1 (2005), at 70-74. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG), among many others provide current information about prenatal, neonatal, and postnatal genetic testing. Advances in these fields are so rapid that the web sites of these organizations should be consulted to be abreast of current knowledge.
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10. This mechanism is part of what is often termed "passive GE correlation." See R. Plomin J. C. DeFries and J. C. Loehlin Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation in the Analysis of Human Behavior Psychological Bulletin 84 ( 1978 309 322.
11. This mechanism is part of what is often termed "active GE correlation." See Plomin, et al., supra note 11, and S. Scarr and K. McCartney, "How People Make their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Child Development 54 ( 1983 424 435.
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21. The pedigree is reproduced in Denno, supra note 20, 252-253. The inconsistency was pointed out at the conference in which this pedigree was presented. See Denno, supra note 20, at 256.
22. Brunner, supra note 17 at 161.
23. See Brunner, supra 17, at 156-158 for a description of the affected phenotype in this pedigree. For reviews of the literature on intelligence, mental retardation and ASB, see J. Q. Wilson and R. J. Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature ( New York : Simon and Schuster, 1985 at 148 172 R. J. Herrnstein C. Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994):at 369-388.
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25. Lindon Eaves (personal communication).
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31. J. C. Loehlin Should we do Research on Race Differences in Intelligence Intelligence 16 ( 1992 1 4. For a viewpoint on presenting results on genetics and race differences as applied to IQ. We are unaware of any similar published views on presenting research on genes, race, and ASB.
32. Carey, supra note 1 ( 2005 at 435.
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