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Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 227-265

Regional ocean governance in the United States: Concept and reality

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; OCEAN;

EID: 33745263950     PISSN: 10643958     EISSN: 10643958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (219)
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    • ROG has been a popular topic of discussion in the field of marine affairs for some time. In 2002, a workshop was held with national leaders to share definitions and lessons learned from ROG or other regional ocean coordination activities
    • ROG has been a popular topic of discussion in the field of marine affairs for some time. In 2002, a workshop was held with national leaders to share definitions and lessons learned from ROG or other regional ocean coordination activities. See BILIANA CICIN-SAIN & CHARLES EHLER, IMPROVING REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE IN THE UNITED STATES: WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS (2002).
    • (2002) Improving Regional Ocean Governance in the United States: Workshop Proceedings
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    • Pew Oceans Comm'n, [hereinafter PEW REPORT] (But it is unclear how this information would be used in any decisionmaking process)
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    • For a detailed discussion of the Pew concept of ROG, see Craig Russell, A Policy Context and Analytical Framework for Advancing Regional Ocean Governance in the United States 7 (2005) (unpublished Master's thesis) (on file with University of Washington Library).
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    • See also Antony S. Cheng & Steven E. Daniels, Examining the Interaction Between Geographic Scale and Ways of Knowing in Ecosystem Management: A Case Study of Place-based Collaborative Planning, 49 FOREST SCI. 841, 843 (2003). Cheng and Daniels delve into this topic further, discussing how the scale of place-based planning greatly affects the success of collaborative processes.
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    • 841, Cheng and Daniels delve into this topic further, discussing how the scale of place-based planning greatly affects the success of collaborative processes Local knowledge of place is smaller in scale than the scale of an ecosystem managed under EBM or ROG. Overcoming this disparity requires developing and building shared ways of knowing
    • Id. at 843-44. Local knowledge of place is smaller in scale than the scale of an ecosystem managed under EBM or ROG. Overcoming this disparity requires developing and building shared ways of knowing.
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    • Examining the Interaction Between Geographic Scale and Ways of Knowing in Ecosystem Management: A Case Study of Place-based Collaborative Planning
    • 841, Cheng and Daniels delve into this topic further, discussing how the scale of place-based planning greatly affects the success of collaborative processes Local knowledge of place is smaller in scale than the scale of an ecosystem managed under EBM or ROG. Overcoming this disparity requires developing and building shared ways of knowing
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    • See Large Marine Ecosystem of the World, http://www.edc.uri.edu/lme/ clickablemap.htm (last visited Apr. 7, 2007). The seven U.S. LMEs are: East Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, California Current, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Southeast U.S. Continental Shelf, and Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf.
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    • note
    • Some boundaries, such as the EEZ, cannot be ignored and do limit the scope of coverage, though it does not preclude international cooperation on shared or common issues.
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    • 1 Coastal Zone Management Programs are limited to state jurisdiction, do not extend into the ocean beyond three nautical miles in most cases, and in most cases do not extend upland into coastal watersheds
    • Coastal Zone Management Programs are limited to state jurisdiction, do not extend into the ocean beyond three nautical miles in most cases, and in most cases do not extend upland into coastal watersheds. supra note 98.
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    • See supra Section III.
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    • See supra Section II
    • See supra Section II.
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    • See supra notes 46-53 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 46-53 and accompanying text.
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    • See supra notes 81-84 and accompanying text.
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    • See supra notes 68-80 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 68-80 and accompanying text.
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    • note
    • This concept is, in our view, given insufficient attention in both the Pew and USCOP reports.
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    • See supra notes 54-67 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 54-67 and accompanying text.
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    • See supra notes 85-110 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 85-110 and accompanying text.
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    • (2004) Fed. Reg. , vol.69 , pp. 76591
  • 144
    • 33745269934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Statement, U.S. Comm'n on Ocean Policy, chairman of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Commends President Bush on Initial Step Toward a National Ocean Policy (Dec. 17) available at
    • See, e.g., Press Statement, U.S. Comm'n on Ocean Policy, chairman of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Commends President Bush on Initial Step Toward a National Ocean Policy (Dec. 17, 2004), available at http://www.oceancommission.gov/newsnotices/dec17_04.html;
    • (2004)
  • 145
    • 33745284708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long Awaited Presidential Response to U.S. Commission on Ocean Polic'y Report
    • News Release, Envtl. Def., (Dec. 17) available at
    • News Release, Envtl. Def., Long Awaited Presidential Response to U.S. Commission on Ocean Polic'y Report (Dec. 17, 2004), available at http://www.environmentaldefense.org/pressrelease.cfm?ContentID=4199;
    • (2004)
  • 146
    • 33745280391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advisor is a Positive Step
    • Press Release, The Ocean Conservancy, President's Oceans Committee, (Dec. 17) available at Others say it is nothing more than a restatement of mostly existing programs already constrained by tight budgets, and not a sign of additional funding
    • Press Release, The Ocean Conservancy, President's Oceans Committee, Advisor is a Positive Step (Dec. 17, 2004), available at http:// www.oceanconsevancy.org/site/PageServer? pagename=press release041217&autologin=true. Others say it is nothing more than a restatement of mostly existing programs already constrained by tight budgets, and not a sign of additional funding.
    • (2004)
  • 147
    • 33745276395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceana, Oceana Statement: Bush Response to U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Recommendations a Missed Opportunity
    • Press Release, (Dec. 20) available at The USOAP statement in support of EBM will likely garner a few more supporters though many are undoubtedly reserving their enthusiasm in wait of action. In all, the impact of the USOAP is uncertain and its supporters vary; yet it will continue to be the current administration's blueprint for ocean policy developments for the next three years
    • See, e.g., Press Release, Oceana, Oceana Statement: Bush Response to U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Recommendations a Missed Opportunity (Dec. 20, 2004), available at http://www.oceana.org/index.php?id=802. The USOAP statement in support of EBM will likely garner a few more supporters though many are undoubtedly reserving their enthusiasm in wait of action. In all, the impact of the USOAP is uncertain and its supporters vary; yet it will continue to be the current administration's blueprint for ocean policy developments for the next three years.
    • (2004)
  • 148
    • 33745243083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See infra notes 150-154 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 150-154 and accompanying text.
  • 151
    • 33745284100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See infra Section V
    • See infra Section V.
  • 152
    • 33745264082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presentation to State Marine Fisheries Directors Meeting: NOAA's Ecosystem Approaches to Management (Apr. 13)
    • John H. Dunnigan, Presentation to State Marine Fisheries Directors Meeting: NOAA's Ecosystem Approaches to Management (Apr. 13, 2005), http://www.ecosystems.noaa.gov/does/ EGT_state_Marine_Fisheries_Directors_04.13.05.ppt.
    • (2005)
    • Dunnigan, J.H.1
  • 153
    • 33745250818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EGT's prima goals are to improve ocean and coastal ecosystems for human benefit and develop an active and informed public. Note that these objectives reflect areas in which NOAA has legal authority. Other less resource oriented activities (for example, marine transportation, tourism, etc.) are absent
    • JAMES BURGESS ET AL., ECOSYSTEM GOAL TEAM, NOAA'S ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT (2005), http://ecossystems.noaa.gov/does/ EGT_Oceans_2005_Paper_070105.doc. The EGT's prima goals are to improve ocean and coastal ecosystems for human benefit and develop an active and informed public. Note that these objectives reflect areas in which NOAA has legal authority. Other less resource oriented activities (for example, marine transportation, tourism, etc.) are absent.
    • (2005) Ecosystem Goal Team, Noaa's Ecosystem Approach to Management
    • Burgess, J.1
  • 154
    • 33745250818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EGT's prima goals are to improve ocean and coastal ecosystems for human benefit and develop an active and informed public. Note that these objectives reflect areas in which NOAA has legal authority. Other less resource oriented activities (for example, marine transportation, tourism, etc.) are absent
    • Id.
    • (2005) Ecosystem Goal Team, Noaa's Ecosystem Approach to Management
    • Burgess, J.1
  • 157
    • 33745250818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advocates for the EGT approach are primarily expected to be federal managers and NOAA leadership. Since the EGT is not advocating new powers, existing authorities at the state level are also likely supporters. By adopting an EBM approach, the EGT also is likely to gain support from the environmental nongovernmental organization sector since they have been the primary advocates for EBM. The EGT's prima goals are to improve ocean and coastal ecosystems for human benefit and develop an active and informed public. Note that these objectives reflect areas in which NOAA has legal authority. Other less resource oriented activities (for example, marine transportation, tourism, etc.) are absent
    • Advocates for the EGT approach are primarily expected to be federal managers and NOAA leadership. Since the EGT is not advocating new powers, existing authorities at the state level are also likely supporters. By adopting an EBM approach, the EGT also is likely to gain support from the environmental nongovernmental organization sector since they have been the primary advocates for EBM. See BURGESS, supra note 125.
    • (2005) Ecosystem Goal Team, Noaa's Ecosystem Approach to Management
    • Burgess, J.1
  • 159
    • 33745262838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 U.S.C. § 1851 (2000).
    • (2000) U.S.C. , vol.16 , pp. 1851
  • 162
    • 33745262836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These and many other steps were laid out in an action plan for moving from single species essential fish habitat plans to fishery ecosystem plans. S. Atl. Fisheries Mgmt. Council, available at
    • These and many other steps were laid out in an action plan for moving from single species essential fish habitat plans to fishery ecosystem plans. See S. ATL. FISHERIES MGMT. COUNCIL, ACTION PLAN: ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT, EVOLUTION FROM THE HABITAT PLAN TO A FISHERY ECOSYSTEM PLAN 4-7 (2004), available at http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/ tnc_egtòup/FEP12_04.pdf.
    • (2004) Action Plan: Ecosystem-Based Management, Evolution From The Habitat Plan To A Fishery Ecosystem Plan , pp. 4-7
  • 164
    • 33745229804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorandum from Diana Evans & Bill Wilson on the Role of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council in the Development of an Ecosystem. Approach to Management for the Alaska Large Marine Ecosystems to the N. Pac. Fisheries Mgmt. Council
    • Memorandum from Diana Evans & Bill Wilson on the Role of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council in the Development of an Ecosystem. Approach to Management for the Alaska Large Marine Ecosystems to the N. Pac. Fisheries Mgmt. Council (2005), http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/ current_issues/ecosystem/EcoMgmt405.pdf
    • (2005)
  • 165
    • 33745287319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. Pac. Fishery Mgmt. Council, Ecosystem Committee Minutes (June 2) available at
    • N. Pac. Fishery Mgmt. Council, Ecosystem Committee Minutes (June 2, 2005), available at http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/NorthPacificFMC/ current_issues/ecosystem/605Minutes.pdf.
    • (2005)
  • 166
    • 33745226002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at Fisheries-centric ecosystem approaches to management may limit the equitable consideration of other ocean uses and bring with them existing political conflicts and perceptions. Holistic consideration of all interests should be integrated into a management and decisionmaking framework if new developments in fisheries management are to embody EBM. Tribal interests, other ocean-impacting resource oriented interests (for example, timber, minerals, offshore energy, etc.), and nonresource consumption interests already mentioned in the EGT discussion must also be recognized and included in the process. Proposed stakeholder workshops will help this objective and continue to guide FMCs toward EBM and ecosystem-based fisheries management
    • AMOS, supra note 41, at 32. Fisheries-centric ecosystem approaches to management may limit the equitable consideration of other ocean uses and bring with them existing political conflicts and perceptions. Holistic consideration of all interests should be integrated into a management and decisionmaking framework if new developments in fisheries management are to embody EBM. Tribal interests, other ocean-impacting resource oriented interests (for example, timber, minerals, offshore energy, etc.), and nonresource consumption interests already mentioned in the EGT discussion must also be recognized and included in the process. Proposed stakeholder workshops will help this objective and continue to guide FMCs toward EBM and ecosystem-based fisheries management.
    • (2005) Moving Forward: A Snapshot Of U.S. Activities In Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management, A Report To The Lenfest Ocean Program At The Pew Charitable Trusts , pp. 32
    • Amos, A.M.1
  • 167
    • 33745284707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USCOP REPORT, supra note 3. at 94-95. The USCOP suggested developing regional ocean information programs ("ROIPs") to fulfill many of these functions and support decision makers at all levels. ROIPs would be central clearinghouses for information and serve as focal points for information coordination, collection, and sharing with all levels of government, stakeholders, and the public. How the ROIPs form is up to each region to decide. Regions may wish to capitalize on existing resources or programs or develop new ones. However they are formed, the USCOP recommends staffing ROIPs with a variety of traditional information and data experts (for example, scientists, agency representatives, tribal representatives, and educators). So far, there is little public discourse on the topic of ROIPs, though it is expected that existing information programs are eyeing ways in which their programs could grow to support these needs. Among countless others that could play a role or become a part of a ROIP are newly developing information programs-integrated ocean observing system regional associations. The USCOP suggested developing regional ocean information programs ("ROIPs") to fulfill many of these functions and support decision makers at all levels. ROIPs would be central clearinghouses for information and serve as focal points for information coordination, collection, and sharing with all levels of government, stakeholders, and the public. How the ROIPs form is up to each region to decide. Regions may wish to capitalize on existing resources or programs or develop new ones. However they are formed, the USCOP recommends staffing ROIPs with a variety of traditional information and data experts (for example, scientists, agency representatives, tribal representatives, and educators). So far, there is little public discourse on the topic of ROIPs, though it is expected that existing information programs are eyeing ways in which their programs could grow to support these needs. Among countless others that could play a role or become a part of a ROIP are newly developing information programs-integra
    • (2004) U.S. Comm'non Ocean Policy, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century: Final Report of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy , pp. 94-95
  • 168
    • 33745250239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symposium, [hereinafter OCEAN.US Symposium] (summary available at)
    • See Symposium, Regional Ocean Observing Systems: An Ocean US SUMMIT (2003) [hereinafter OCEAN.US Symposium] (summary available at http://www.ocean.us/documents/docs/Summit-Synthesis-Finall.doc).
    • (2003) Regional Ocean Observing Systems: An Ocean US SUMMIT
  • 169
    • 33745238501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Federation of Regional Associations Home Page, last visited Mar. 27) While it is anticipated that RAs will continue to generate new data and meet management and user information needs in the oceans, existing and developing coastal information systems and networks will be required to provide coastal and upland information. Additional linkages must be made with state and local entities engaged in environmental and socioeconomic monitoring or regulation in coastal and upland areas
    • See National Federation of Regional Associations Home Page, http://www.usnfra.org/ last visited Mar. 27, 2006). While it is anticipated that RAs will continue to generate new data and meet management and user information needs in the oceans, existing and developing coastal information systems and networks will be required to provide coastal and upland information. Additional linkages must be made with state and local entities engaged in environmental and socioeconomic monitoring or regulation in coastal and upland areas.
    • (2006)
  • 172
    • 33745225721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also needed is a more direct connection with ROG activities. Proposed Regional Federal Working Groups for coordinating federal agencies involved with RAs may overlap with existing or proposed regional coordinating groups tackling a broader suite of issues for ROG. In addition, ROG initiatives are potential clients or customers of RAs and could help RAs determine regional priorities as regional plans are developed and a broader suite of issues are addressed. GCOOS-RA Board of Directors Meeting Minutes, app. 8, (last visited March 14)
    • Also needed is a more direct connection with ROG activities. Proposed Regional Federal Working Groups for coordinating federal agencies involved with RAs may overlap with existing or proposed regional coordinating groups tackling a broader suite of issues for ROG. In addition, ROG initiatives are potential clients or customers of RAs and could help RAs determine regional priorities as regional plans are developed and a broader suite of issues are addressed. GCOOS-RA Board of Directors Meeting Minutes, app. 8, http://www.ocean.tamu.edu/GCOOS/RA/ BOD-1_minutes.pdf (last visited March 14, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 174
    • 33745253220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 1123(a)
    • 33 U.S.C. § 1123(a) (2000).
    • (2000) U.S.C. , vol.33
  • 175
    • 33745237812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notice of Availability of Grant Funds, (Dec. 23)
    • Notice of Availability of Grant Funds, 70 Fed. Reg. 76,258 (Dec. 23, 2005).
    • (2005) Fed. Reg. , vol.70
  • 176
    • 33745237812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notice of Availability of Grant Funds, (Dec. 23)
    • See id.
    • (2005) Fed. Reg. , vol.70
  • 177
    • 33745237812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notice of Availability of Grant Funds, (Dec. 23)
    • See id.
    • (2005) Fed. Reg. , vol.70
  • 178
    • 33745279732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Overview of U.S. Regional Ocean Governance Initiatives
    • As part of the authors' 2005 National Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, Coastal Zone 2005 Conference in New Orleans, LA, a background paper was developed and representatives from each of these regions presented the major new developments in their region. (Univ. of Wash., Working Paper) available at (presenting the activities of various regions)
    • As part of the authors' 2005 National Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, Coastal Zone 2005 Conference in New Orleans, LA, a background paper was developed and representatives from each of these regions presented the major new developments in their region. See generally Craig Russell et. al., Preliminary Overview of U.S. Regional Ocean Governance Initiatives, (Univ. of Wash., Working Paper, 2005), available at http://courses.washington.edu/oceangov/czdocs/ USRegProfiles_Revl.pdf (presenting the activities of various regions).
    • (2005)
    • Russell, C.1
  • 179
    • 33745273685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Project of Ocean Governance, (last visited Apr. 7)
    • See generally Project of Ocean Governance, http://depts.washington.edu/ oceangov/cz05_workshop.html (last visited Apr. 7, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 180
    • 33745285151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment-About the Council Home Page, (last visited Feb. 7) The Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment is one of a handful of existing regional ocean governance initiatives in the U.S. and involves coordination with three U.S. states and two Canadian provinces in what is historically one of the world's most productive fishing grounds. Primary drivers of coordination are long-term sustainable management of coastal and marine resources, habitat restoration and conservation, information management, monitoring, and research to support a diverse group of users
    • Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment-About the Council Home Page, http://www.gulfofmaine.org/council/ (last visited Feb. 7, 2006). The Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment is one of a handful of existing regional ocean governance initiatives in the U.S. and involves coordination with three U.S. states and two Canadian provinces in what is historically one of the world's most productive fishing grounds. Primary drivers of coordination are long-term sustainable management of coastal and marine resources, habitat restoration and conservation, information management, monitoring, and research to support a diverse group of users.
    • (2006)
  • 181
    • 33745263560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment-About the Council Home Page, (last visited Feb. 7) The Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment is one of a handful of existing regional ocean governance initiatives in the U.S. and involves coordination with three U.S. states and two Canadian provinces in what is historically one of the world's most productive fishing grounds. Primary drivers of coordination are long-term sustainable management of coastal and marine resources, habitat restoration and conservation, information management, monitoring, and research to support a diverse group of users
    • See. id.
    • (2006)
  • 182
    • 33745279732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Overview of U.S. Regional Ocean Governance Initiatives
    • As part of the authors' 2005 National Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, Coastal Zone 2005 Conference in New Orleans, LA, a background paper was developed and representatives from each of these regions presented the major new developments in their region. (Univ. of Wash., Working Paper) available at (presenting the activities of various regions)
    • There are five major efforts underway to encourage regional collaboration in the Great Lakes regional: Great Lakes Regional Collaboration, International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Commission, Council of Great Lakes Governors, and Great Lakes Fishery Commission. These efforts range from improving water quality to promoting economic growth, and they are embodied within organizations that have been established by treaty, executive order, and negotiation. The network of governance structures in this region complicates management efforts as two nations, various states and provinces, tribes, and numerous municipal and local governments share oversight of the areas resources (for more detailed profiles of each of these see Russell et al., supra note 148). There are five major efforts underway to encourage regional collaboration in the Great Lakes regional: Great Lakes Regional Collaboration, International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Commission, Council of Great Lakes Governors, and Great Lakes Fishery Commission. These efforts range from improving water quality to promoting economic growth, and they are embodied within organizations that have been established by treaty, executive order, and negotiation. The network of governance structures in this region complicates management efforts as two nations, various states and provinces, tribes, and numerous municipal and local governments share oversight of the areas resources (for more detailed profiles of each of these
    • (2005)
    • Russell, C.1
  • 183
    • 33745257721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership ("SARP") covers the southeast United States. Thirteen states participate: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Agency partners are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, and the Gulf and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils. The partnership seeks to address issues in inland waters and watersheds, as well as coastal resources. Members "envision a southeastern United States with healthy and diverse aquatic ecosystems that support sustainable public use." Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership, SARP White Paper Nov. 2004, http://www.sarpaquatic.org/SARPWhitepaper1104.pdf. SARP is a true regional effort, intending to "develop State and Federal partnerships that will extend beyond traditional boundaries of fishery resource management agencies and will establish a commitment to truly work together for the benefit of the resource."
    • (2004)
  • 184
    • 33745238231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership ("SARP") covers the southeast United States. Thirteen states participate: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Agency partners are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, and the Gulf and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils. The partnership seeks to address issues in inland waters and watersheds, as well as coastal resources.
    • (2004)
  • 186
    • 33745248798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes 137-138 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 137-138 and accompanying text.
  • 187
    • 33745275986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alliance is a regional partnership among the five Gulf States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) and includes participation by the EPA's Gulf of Mexico Program, NOAA, and the Gulf of Mexico States Accord. Gulf of Mexico Alliance (last visited Mar. 27)
    • The Alliance is a regional partnership among the five Gulf States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) and includes participation by the EPA's Gulf of Mexico Program, NOAA, and the Gulf of Mexico States Accord. See Gulf of Mexico Alliance, http:// www.dep.state.fl.us/gulf/default.htm (last visited Mar. 27, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 188
    • 33745269013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alliance is still in its formative stage, having emerged from Florida Governor Jeb Bush's office in the spring of 2004. Workshop on Regional Governance, (July 20) As such, the Alliance is still in the process of exploring partnership opportunities
    • The Alliance is still in its formative stage, having emerged from Florida Governor Jeb Bush's office in the spring of 2004. Workshop on Regional Governance, Workshop Proceedings 4-5 (July 20, 2005), http:// courses.washington.edu/oceangov/czdocs/ROGWSProceedings.pdf. As such, the Alliance is still in the process of exploring partnership opportunities.
    • (2005) Workshop Proceedings , pp. 4-5
  • 189
    • 33745269013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alliance is still in its formative stage, having emerged from Florida Governor Jeb Bush's office in the spring of 2004. Workshop on Regional Governance, (July 20) As such, the Alliance is still in the process of exploring partnership opportunities Mexico is being considered as a potential international partner
    • See id. Mexico is being considered as a potential international partner.
    • (2005) Workshop Proceedings , pp. 4-5
  • 190
    • 33745269013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alliance is still in its formative stage, having emerged from Florida Governor Jeb Bush's office in the spring of 2004. Workshop on Regional Governance, (July 20) As such, the Alliance is still in the process of exploring partnership opportunities Mexico is being considered as a potential international partner
    • See id.
    • (2005) Workshop Proceedings , pp. 4-5
  • 191
    • 33745235673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy
    • (last visited Mar. 27)
    • See Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy, http://www.spc.int/piocean/ forum/New/forum.htm (last visited Mar. 27, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 192
    • 33745280236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Resolution 29-3 Resolution Concerning Oceans (Aug. 29)
    • Press Release, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Resolution 29-3 Resolution Concerning Oceans (Aug. 29, 2005), http://www.releasesgov.nl.ca/releases/2005/exec/resolutions/english/PDF/ oceans.pdf.
    • (2005)
  • 193
    • 33745235331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Dec. 12-13) (on file with author and available at) Three other activities are: a University of Washington Regional Ocean Governance Project, a Nature Conservancy Marine Initiative on Ecoregional Planning, and regional ocean observing systems (NANOOS & PACOOS)
    • See generally COMPASS 2005 Workshop, Implementing Marine Ecosystem-Based Management: Integrating Perspectives from Science and Management (Dec. 12-13, 2005) (on file with author and available at http:compassonline.org/?q=meetings_and_events/#ime). Three other activities are: a University of Washington Regional Ocean Governance Project, a Nature Conservancy Marine Initiative on Ecoregional Planning, and regional ocean observing systems (NANOOS & PACOOS).
    • (2005) COMPASS 2005 Workshop, Implementing Marine Ecosystem-Based Management: Integrating Perspectives from Science and Management
  • 194
    • 33745248221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are other regional collaboration or coordinating entities in the Pacific Northwest. Most of these are focused on single issues such as oil spill response, (last visited March 15)
    • There are other regional collaboration or coordinating entities in the Pacific Northwest. Most of these are focused on single issues such as oil spill response, see Oil Spill Task Force, http://www.oilspilltaskforce.org/ (last visited March 15, 2006);
    • (2006) Oil Spill Task Force
  • 195
    • 33745245183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • fisheries management, Pacific Fishery Management Council, (last visited Mar. 15)
    • fisheries management, see Pacific Fishery Management Council,
    • (2006)
  • 196
    • 33745262837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • salmon recovery, Shared Salmon Strategy, (last visited Mar. 15)
    • salmon recovery, see Shared Salmon Strategy, http://www.sharedsalmonstrategy.org/about.htm (last visited Mar. 15, 2006);
    • (2006)
  • 197
    • 33745265803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • water quality, Puget Sound Action Team (last visited Mar. 15)
    • water quality, see Puget Sound Action Team, http://www.psat.wa.gov/ Who_we_are/Actionteam.htm (last visited Mar. 15, 2006);
    • (2006)
  • 198
    • 33745246454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and sediment management, Lower Columbia Solutions Group, (last visited Mar. 15)
    • and sediment management, see Lower Columbia Solutions Group, http://www.orsolutions.org/northwest/lcsg.htm (last visited Mar. 15, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 199
    • 33745279732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Overview of U.S. Regional Ocean Governance Initiatives
    • As part of the authors' 2005 National Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, Coastal Zone 2005 Conference in New Orleans, LA, a background paper was developed and representatives from each of these regions presented the major new developments in their region. (Univ. of Wash., Working Paper) available at (presenting the activities of various regions) The regional ocean governance activities in the Mid-Atlantic Region include the Chesapeake Bay Program, the Delaware River Basin Commission, and the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association ("MACOORA"). In addition to the three regional activities mentioned above, two National Estuarine Research Reserves and the Coastal Zone Management offices from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia have begun regional meetings to discuss mutually beneficial projects to protect estuaries along the Delmarva Peninsula
    • The regional ocean governance activities in the Mid-Atlantic Region include the Chesapeake Bay Program, the Delaware River Basin Commission, and the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association ("MACOORA"). In addition to the three regional activities mentioned above, two National Estuarine Research Reserves and the Coastal Zone Management offices from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia have begun regional meetings to discuss mutually beneficial projects to protect estuaries along the Delmarva Peninsula. Supra note 150.
    • (2005)
    • Russell, C.1
  • 200
    • 33745279732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Overview of U.S. Regional Ocean Governance Initiatives
    • The regional ocean governance activities in the Southeast Atlantic are focused thus far on the region's ocean observing system, the South East Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System ("SEACOOS"), and its regional association, the South East Coastal Ocean Observations Regional Association ("SECOORA"). These activities provide ocean observation data and information to the Southeast region for weather prediction, satellite imagery,environmental modeling, and ocean data management. Overall, regional coordination beyond that of information resources is limited if not nonexistent (Univ. of Wash., Working Paper) available at (presenting the activities of various regions)
    • The regional ocean governance activities in the Southeast Atlantic are focused thus far on the region's ocean observing system, the South East Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System ("SEACOOS"), and its regional association, the South East Coastal Ocean Observations Regional Association ("SECOORA"). These activities provide ocean observation data and information to the Southeast region for weather prediction, satellite imagery,environmental modeling, and ocean data management. Overall, regional coordination beyond that of information resources is limited if not nonexistent. See Russell et al., supra note 150.
    • (2005)
    • Russell, C.1
  • 201
    • 33745246453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Crisis is Now-Sweeping Changes Called for in Coastal, Ocean Protection
    • Asbury Park Press, Oct. 7 available (discussing the Urban Coast Institute's symposium)
    • See Kirk Moore, The Crisis is Now-Sweeping Changes Called for in Coastal, Ocean Protection, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Oct. 7, 2005, available http://www.monmouth.edu/news/news§ory.asp?NewsID=3321&strBack=/ default.asp (discussing the Urban Coast Institute's symposium).
    • (2005)
    • Moore, K.1
  • 202
    • 33745279732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Overview of U.S. Regional Ocean Governance Initiatives
    • As part of the authors' 2005 National Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, Coastal Zone 2005 Conference in New Orleans, LA, a background paper was developed and representatives from each of these regions presented the major new developments in their region. (Univ. of Wash., Working Paper) available at (presenting the activities of various regions) For a more complete picture of regional activities
    • For a more complete picture of regional activities, see Russell et al., supra note 148.
    • (2005)
    • Russell, C.1
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    • Modified slightly from the Joint Ocean Comm'n Initiative, (Jan. 18)
    • Modified slightly from the JOINT OCEAN COMM'N INITIATIVE, REGIONAL OCEAN ACTIVITIES SUMMARY (Jan. 18, 2006)
    • (2006) Regional Ocean Activities Summary
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    • Hawaii Governor Lingle recently announced an effort to make the Council permanent. Press Release, Haw. Dep't of Land and Natural Res., Hawaii Ocean and Coastal Council Recommended for Formalization in State Statue (Feb. 2)
    • Hawaii Governor Lingle recently announced an effort to make the Council permanent. Press Release, Haw. Dep't of Land and Natural Res., Hawaii Ocean and Coastal Council Recommended for Formalization in State Statue (Feb. 2, 2006), http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/chair/pio/HtmINR/06-N017.htm.
    • (2006)
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    • The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: An Historical Overview (1997-2005)
    • (forthcoming Spring)
    • M. Hershman & J. Hansen, The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: An Historical Overview (1997-2005), 20 OCEAN YEARBOOK (forthcoming Spring 2006).
    • (2006) Ocean Yearbook , vol.20
    • Hershman, M.1    Hansen, J.2
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    • Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, (July 20) (providing a summary of the workshop)
    • See generally Workshop on Regional Ocean Governance, Workshop Proceedings (July 20, 2005), http://courses.washington.edu/oceangov/ czdocs/ROGWSProceedings.pdf (providing a summary of the workshop).
    • (2005) Workshop Proceedings
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    • The COMPASS meeting came to a similar conclusion. See infra note 171-173 and accompanying text
    • The COMPASS meeting came to a similar conclusion. See infra note 171-173 and accompanying text.
  • 209
    • 33745230294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes 126-131 and accompanying text. This approach is a strong step toward incorporating EBM thinking into ocean management. In the ROG context, there are other regional issues or needs that could be added, such as preventing oil spills, promoting marine transportation and port development, or sustainable economic activitics such as nonliving resource extraction, tourism, and new offshore energy (for example, wind farms and wave power), and many other non-NOAA issues (for example, national security). Since NOAA lacks the regulatory authority over many of those activities, it is necessary to integrate those interests and jurisdictions in any new ROG approach
    • See supra notes 126-131 and accompanying text. This approach is a strong step toward incorporating EBM thinking into ocean management. In the ROG context, there are other regional issues or needs that could be added, such as preventing oil spills, promoting marine transportation and port development, or sustainable economic activitics such as nonliving resource extraction, tourism, and new offshore energy (for example, wind farms and wave power), and many other non-NOAA issues (for example, national security). Since NOAA lacks the regulatory authority over many of those activities, it is necessary to integrate those interests and jurisdictions in any new ROG approach.
  • 210
    • 33745272384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes 132-139 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 132-139 and accompanying text.
  • 211
    • 33745281380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nat'l Oceanic & Atmospheric Agency Internal Ecosystem Research & Sci. Task Team, Framework for an External Review of NOAA's Ecosystem Research and Science Enterprise, available at (last visited Mar. 1)
    • Nat'l Oceanic & Atmospheric Agency Internal Ecosystem Research & Sci. Task Team, Framework for an External Review of NOAA's Ecosystem Research and Science Enterprise, available at http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Doc/ Ext_Rev_of_NOAAs_Ecosystem_Research_and_Science_Enteiprise_Framework.pdf (last visited Mar. 1, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 213
    • 33745233426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (July 20) (presentation on file with University of Washington), available at
    • Amanda Leland, Ocean Stewardship Through Effective Regional Governance (July 20, 2005) (presentation on file with University of Washington), available at http://courses.washinpton.edu/oceangov/czdocs/presentations/ 13_OPP_Leland.pdf.
    • (2005) Ocean Stewardship Through Effective Regional Governance
    • Leland, A.1
  • 215
    • 33745246972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from Governor Theodore Kulongoski to Senator Ron Wyden (Dec. 13) available at
    • Letter from Governor Theodore Kulongoski to Senator Ron Wyden (Dec. 13, 2005), available at http://governor.oregon.gov/Gov/pdf/letters/ 121305r̄ine.pdf.
    • (2005)
  • 217
    • 33745244377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes 135-136 and accompanying text. The North Pacific FMC is using the Aleutian Islands FEP as input into the Aleutian Islands Ecosystem Plan. See N. Pac. Fishery Mgmt. Council, Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Aleutian Islands (Revised Discussion Paper, Feb. 1)
    • See supra notes 135-136 and accompanying text. The North Pacific FMC is using the Aleutian Islands FEP as input into the Aleutian Islands Ecosystem Plan. See N. Pac. Fishery Mgmt. Council, Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Aleutian Islands (Revised Discussion Paper, Feb. 1, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 218
    • 33745275382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Examples include the work of NOAA's Coastal Services Center which provides training, tools, and communication to coastal managers, the COMPASS group, Coastal Zone conferences, The Coastal Society and Conferences, and the major environmental nongovernmental organizations tracking U.S. ocean policy, and others.
  • 219
    • 33745271987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alliance for Regional Stewardship, (last visited Mar. 17)
    • Alliance for Regional Stewardship, http://www.regionalstewardship.org/ (last visited Mar. 17, 2006).
    • (2006)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.