West Africa versus the United States on cotton subsidies: How, why and what next?

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 251-274

  Heinisch, Elinor Lynn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COTTON; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; TRADE POLICY; TRADE RELATIONS; WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION;

AFRICA; BENIN [WEST AFRICA]; BURKINA FASO; MALI; NORTH AMERICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; UNITED STATES; WEST AFRICA;

GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM;

EID: 33745084195     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: 14697777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X06001625     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. African Development Bank (ADB) & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2004. African Economic Outlook-2003/2004, Country Studies: Burkina Faso. Paris: OECD.
2. Annan, K. 2002. Implementation of the United Nations Millenium Declaration. Report of the Secretary-General, 31 July. New York: United Nations.
3. Annan, K. 2003. Secretary-General's message to the Fifth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, Cancun, Mexico, 10.9.2003. New York: United Nations.
4. Baden, S. 2004. White Gold Turns to Dust: Which way forward for cotton in West Africa? Oxfam Briefing Paper No. 58, March. Washington, DC: Oxfam International.
5. Badiane, O., G. Dhaneshwar, L. Goreux & P. Masson. 2002. Cotton Sector Strategies in West and Central Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2867. July.
6. Baffes, J. 2004. Cotton: Market setting, trade policies, and issues. Washington, DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3218. February.
7. Balaam, D. & M. Veseth, eds., 1996. Introduction to International Political Economy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Bassett, T. 2001. The Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa: Goote d'Ivoire, 1880-1995. Cambridge University Press.
9. Bates, R. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10. Baxter, J. 2003. 'Cotton subsidies squeeze Mali', www.bbc.co.uk, 19.5.2003.
11. Becker, E. 2003a. 'Western farmers fear third-world challenge to subsidies', New York Times 8.9.2003.
12. Becker, E. 2003b. 'African nations press for an end to cotton subsidies in the west', New York Times, 12.9.2003.
13. Becker, E. 2004. 'Brazil's road to victory over US cotton', New York Times, 12.5.2004.
14. Beierle, T. 2002. 'Agricultural trade liberalization - Uruguay, Doha, and beyond', Journal of World Trade 36, 2: 1089-1110.
15. Bingen, R. J. 1998. 'Cotton, democracy and development in Mali', Journal of Modern African Studies 36, 2: 265-85.
16. Borger, J. 2002. 'What protectionism fails to protect', The Guardian, 15.5.2002.
17. Boudon, L. 1997. 'Burkina Faso: The "rectification" of the revolution', in J. Clark & D. Gardinier, eds. Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview: 127-44.
18. Callaghy, T. 1990. 'Lost between state and market: The politics of economic adjustment in Ghana, Zambia, and Nigeria', in J. Nelson, ed. Economic Crisis and Policy Choice: The politics of adjustment in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 257-319.
19. Center for International Development (CID), Harvard University, Global Trade Negotiations Home Page. 2003. WTO Public Symposium 2003: Developing Countries and the WTO; the case of West African cotton. http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/geneva/cotton.html. June.
20. Cobb, C. 2003a. 'Iraq war adds to gloom for Africa at World Bank/IMF meetings', www.allafrica.com, 10.4.2003.
21. Cobb, C. 2003b. 'Development is being destroyed by subsidies, Mali president tells Congressional committee', www.allafrica.com, 25.6.2003.
22. Cobb, C. 2003c. 'Africans head for WTO with low expectations', www.allafrica.com, 8.9.2003.
23. Coughlin, C., K. Chrystal & G. Wood. 1991. 'Protectionist trade policies: A survey of theory, evidence and rationale', in J. Frieden & D. Lake, eds. International Political Economy: Perspectives on global power and wealth. New York: St. Martin's Press: 18-33.
24. de Lima-Campos, A. 2002. 'Causes and consequences of low prices in the cotton sector', Economic Advisor, Embassy of Brazil, Delegate of Brazil to the ICAC, speech at Conference on Cotton and Global Trade Negotiations, Washington, DC, 9.7.2002.
25. Decalo, S. 1997. 'Benin: First of the new democracies', in J. Clark & D. Gardinier, eds. Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview: 43-61.
26. Delcros, F. 2002. 'The legal status of agriculture in the World Trade Organization: State of play at the start of negotiations', Journal of World Trade 36, 2: 219-53.
27. Dow Jones Newswire. 2005. 'Uruguay to contest US rice subsidies', 26.7.2005.
28. Economist, The. 2003. 'The WTO under fire: The Doha Round', 20.9.2003.
29. Effland, A. 2000. 'US farm policy: The first 200 years', in Agricultural Outlook, Economic Research Service/USDA, March.
30. Estur, G. 2003. 'Le coton africain dans le marché mondial', Statistician, ICAC. Speech to the Association of African Cotton Producers, Bamako, 3.3.2003.
31. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). 1996. 'The state of food and agriculture', Part II, Regional Review. Rome: FAO.
32. FAO. 2004. 'Cotton: Impact of support policies on developing countries - why do the numbers vary?' Trade Policy Brief No. 1. Rome: FAO.
33. Garrett, G. & J. M. Smith. 2002. 'The politics of WTO dispute settlement', unpublished paper, UCLA and George Washington University.
34. Gilbert, C. & P. Varangis. 2003. 'Globalization and international commodity trade with specific reference to the West African cocoa producers'. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April.
35. Gillson, I., C. Poulton, K. Balcombe & S. Page. 2004. 'Understanding the impact of cotton subsidies on developing countries', London: Overseas Development Institute, working paper, May.
36. Good, K. 2004. 'WTO ruling', Delta Farm Press, 18.6.2004.
37. Goldstein, J. & L. L. Martin. 2000. 'Legalization, trade liberalization, and domestic politics: A cautionary note', International Organization 54, 3: 603-32.
38. Goreux, L. 2004. 'Cotton after Cancun', unpublished draft discussion paper prepared for an initiative of the Sahel and West African Club (OECD). March.
39. Goreux, L. & J. Macrae. 2003. 'Reforming the cotton sector in Sub-Saharan Africa', Washington, DC: World Bank, Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 47, March.
40. Haggard, S. 1995. Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration. Washington, DC: Brookings.
41. Harsch, E. 2000. 'Privatization shifts gears in Africa', Africa Recovery 14, 1: 8-17.
42. Heinisch, E. L. 2005. 'West Africa versus the US on cotton subsidies: why, how and what next?' Master's Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
43. Hoekman, B. & M. Kostecki. 2001. The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and beyond. Oxford University Press.
44. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP). 2004. 'Brazil's challenge of US cotton program at the WTO: What's at stake?', Minneapolis, April.
45. Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN). 2004. 'Burkina Faso: European banks lend money to boost cotton sector', United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 4.2.2004.
46. International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC). 2002. 'Production and trade policies affecting the cotton industry', Report by the ICAC Secretariat, Washington, DC, July.
47. International Monetary Fund (IMF). 1998. 'Benin: Enhanced structural adjustment facility policy framework paper, 1998-2001', Washington, DC: IMF, 22.12.1998.
48. IMF. 2002. 'World Economic Outlook September 2002, Trade and Finance', Washington, DC: IMF. September.
49. IMF & World Bank. 2002. 'Market access for developing country exports - selected issues', Washington, DC: IMF & World Bank, 27.9.2002.
50. Joseph, R. 2003. 'Facing Africa's predicament: Academe needs to play a stronger role', Chronicle of Higher Education, 7.3.2003.
51. Kniazkov, M. 2003. 'African leaders demand US taste own medicine, with true free trade', Agence France-Presse, 11.7.2003.
52. Krasner, S. 1981. 'Transforming international regimes: What the third world wants and why', International Studies Quarterly 25, 1: 119-48.
53. Lake, D. 1987. 'Power and the third world: Toward a realist political economy of north-south relations', International Studies Quarterly 31, 2: 217-34.
54. Lange, M. 2002. 'Government roles, private actions and the US and world cotton market', Chief Economist, National Cotton Council (NCC), presentation at Conference on Cotton and Global Trade Negotiations. Washington, DC, 8.7.2002.
55. Laws, F. 2004. 'WTO framework agreement singles out US cotton', Delta Farm Press, 6.8.2004.
56. Legrain, P. 2002. 'Free trade in chains', The Economist: The World in 2003.
57. Levin, A. 1999. 'Developments and outlook for cotton in francophone West Africa', paper presented at the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Orlando, FL, January.
58. Lind, M. 2003. 'The Cancún delusion', New York Times, 12.9.2003.
59. Mail & Guardian. 2004. 'Crop subsidies could be scrapped', 6-12.8.2004.
60. Mosley, P., J. Harrigan & J. Toye. 1991. Aid and Power: The World Bank and policy-based lending, Vol. 1, Analysis and Policy Proposals. London: Routledge.
61. Munyuki, E. 2005. 'Brazil vs. USA: Whither Africa?', SEATINI Bulletin 8, 4: 3-7.
62. Mutume, G. 2003. 'Mounting opposition to Northern farm subsidies: African cotton farmers battling to survive', Africa Recovery 17, 1: 18.
63. New York Times. 2003. 'Harvesting poverty: The unkept promise', 30.12.2003.
64. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2004. Sahel and West Africa Club, 'Addressing the cotton crisis in West Africa: Key issues to inform debate and action', presented to the WTO meeting, Cotonou, March.
65. Pant, M. 2002. 'The millennium round of trade negotiations: A developing country perspective', International Studies 39, 3: 215-26.
66. Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) /Knowledge Networks. 2004. 'Americans on globalization, trade, and farm subsidies' poll, Washington, DC: PIPA, 22.1.2004.
67. Ray, E. 1991. 'Changing patterns of protectionism: The fall in tariffs and the rise in non-tariff barriers', in J. Frieden & D. Lake, eds. International Political Economy: Perspectives on global power and wealth. New York: St. Martin's Press, 338-52.
68. Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et des Producteurs de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (ROPPA). 2004. 'Initiative paysanne en faveur du développement de la filiére coton en Afrique', Ouagadougou: ROPPA, March.
69. Rodrik, D. 2001. 'The global governance of trade as if development really mattered', unpublished paper prepared for the United Nations Development Programme.
70. Seager, A. 2004. 'WTO rules American cotton subsidy illegal', The Guardian, 28.4.2004.
71. Stern, N. 2002. 'Remove these trade barriers', International Herald Tribune, 19.12.2002.
72. Thurow, R. & S. Kilman. 2002. 'How a cotton glut bred by US hurts poor African farmers', Wall Street Journal, 26.6.2002.
73. Touré, A. & B. Compaoré. 2003. 'Your farm subsidies are strangling us', New York Times, 11.7.2003.
74. Townsend, T. 2003. 'Subsidies beyond 2006', presentation by the executive director of the ICAC to the Liverpool Cotton Association, Liverpool, 2.10.2003.
75. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2003. 'Economic development in Africa: Issues in Africa's trade performance', UNCTAD, TD/B/50/6, 28.7.2003.
76. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2005a. 'USDA announces changes to export credit guarantee programs to comply with WTO findings', press release, 30.6.2005.
77. USDA. 2005b. 'USDA proposes legislative changes to cotton and export credit programs to comply with WTO findings', press release, 5.7.2005.
78. US House of Representatives (USHR). 2003. Subcommittee on Africa hearing on 'Boosting Africa's agricultural trade', Serial No. 108-30, 24.6.2003.
79. Vallely, P. 2003. 'How the world is getting hungrier each year', The Independent, 26.11.2003.
80. van den Broek, N. 2003. 'Power paradoxes in enforcement and implementation of World Trade Organization dispute settlement reports: interdisciplinary approaches and new proposals', Journal of World Trade 37, 1: 127-62.
81. Wall Street Journal. 2004. 'The cotton club', 28.4.2004.
82. Washington Post. 2004. 'Topsy-turvy trade politics', 3.5.2004.
83. Watkins, K. 2002. 'Cultivating poverty: The impact of US cotton subsidies on Africa', Washington, DC: Oxfam Briefing Paper No. 30.
84. Watkins, K. 2003. 'Cultivating poverty: US cotton subsidies and Africa', speech at WTO Public Symposium, 'Challenges ahead on the road to Cancun', 16-18.6.2003.
85. Williams, D. 2003. 'World Bank chides industrialized countries', Agence France-Presse, 15.4.2003.
86. World Bank. 2000. Cotton Policy Brief. Washington, DC: World Bank, June.
87. World Bank. 2002a. Cotton Policy Brief. Washington, DC: World Bank, July.
88. World Bank. 2002b. 'World Bank chief economist urges cuts in rich country agricultural subsidies', press release. Washington, DC: World Bank, 19.11.2002.
89. World Trade Organisation (WTO). 2001. WTO African Group: Joint Proposal on the Negotiations on Agriculture G/AG/NG/W/142, Committee on Agriculture Special Session, WTO, 23 March.
90. WTO. 2002. 'United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton', WT/DS267, WTO, 27.9.2002.
91. WTO. 2003a. WTO Negotiations on Agriculture. Poverty Reduction: Sectoral initiative in favour of cotton, Joint Proposal by Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali, TN/AG/GEN/4, WTO, 16.5.2003.
92. WTO. 2003b. Can Negotiations on Agriculture Deliver Pro-Development Reforms? The case of West African cotton, Joint ICTSD, OXFAM and IDEAS Centre Dialogue. Geneva 17.6.2003. http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ dda_e/sympo3_cotton.doc
93. WTO. 2004a. Trade Policy Review: Benin, WT/TPR/S/131, Geneva: WTO, 30.6.2004.
94. WTO. 2004b. Trade Policy Review: Burkina Faso, WT/TPR/S/132, Geneva: WTO, 30.6.2004.
95. WTO. 2004c. Trade Policy Review: Mali, WT/TPR/S/133, Geneva: WTO, 24.5.2004.
96. WTO. 2004d. News Summary of meeting, 31 July, and text of the 'July package' - the General Council's post-Cancun decision, WT/L/579, WTO, 1.8.2004.
97. Zoundi, J. 2004. Case Study on Agricultural Innovation and the Cotton Sub-sector in Mali. Paris: Sahel & West Africa Club, June.