Fiscal versus social responsibility: How Philip Morris shaped the public funds divestment debate

Tobacco Control

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 231-241

  Wander, Nathaniel ^a   Malone, R E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ECONOMICS; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; INVESTMENT; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STANDARD; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; UNITED STATES; UNIVERSITY;

CONFLICT OF INTEREST; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENT; HUMANS; INVESTMENTS; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; UNITED STATES; UNIVERSITIES;

EID: 33745037010     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2005.015321     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Cogan D, ed. Tobacco divestment and fiduciary responsibility: a legal and financial analysis. Washington, DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center, 2000.
2. Wander N, Malone RE. Selling off or selling out? Medical schools and ethical leadership in tobacco stock divestment. Acad Med 2004;79:1017-26.
3. Krevor B. Tobacco Divestment Project origins and aims. Personal communication to N. Wander. 15 Nov.
4. Blum A, Daynard RA. A Review of divestment by medical organizations and academic institutions of shareholdings in tobacco companies. In: Slama K, ed. Tobacco and health. New York: Plenum, 1995:1005-6.
5. [Doctors Ought to Care]. DOC efforts spark major universities to divest tobacco holdings. Jul 1991/DP. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2047375692/5706. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yfp72e00 (Accessed 10 Jan 2003).
6. Krevor BS, Saynard[Daynard] RA. Tobacco Diversment[Divestment] Project. N327[Letter to Colorado Treasurer Schoettler raising issue of reliability and propriety of state's investments in tobacco]. 9 Dec 1994. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2045687577. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vws57d00 (Accessed 28 Apr 2004).
7. Krevor BS. Tobacco Diverstment[Divestment] Project. N327[Letter to Colorado Attorney General Norton raising issue of reliability and propriety of state's investments in tobacco]. 9 Dec 1994. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2045687576. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uws57d00 (Accessed 28 Apr 2004).
8. Entman RM. Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication 1993;43:51-9.
9. Petruck MRL. Frame Semantics. In: Verschueren JJ-OÖJBaCB, ed. Handbook of pragmatics. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1996.
10. Lakoff GP. A Cognitive Scientist Looks at Daubert. Am J Public Health 2005;95(suppl 1):S114-120.
11. Knight MG. Getting past the impasse: framing as a tool for public relations. Public Relations Review 1999;25:381-98.
12. Fillmore CJ. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica 1985;6:222-54.
13. Advocacy Institute. Smoking Control Advocacy Resource Center (SCARC) action alert issue: Shaming the shareholders: An appeal for investor responsibility. 11 May 1990. Advocacy Institute, Bates No. 2025862132/2135. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mkm61d00 (Accessed 10 Jan 2003).
14. [Philip Morris]. Cigarette excise taxes. 24 Sep 1993. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2040714381/4405. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pri72e00 (Accessed 16 Dec 2002).
15. [Dunham J]. Issues Management Divestment Action Plan. 8 Jul 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078279058/9068. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fir75c00 (Accessed 13 May 2004).
16. Dorfman L, Woodruff K, Chavez V, et al. Youth and violence on local television news in California. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1311-16.
17. The State of Minnesota, by Hubert H. Humphrey III, its Attorney General, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota, Plaintiffs, vs. Philip Morris Incorporated, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, B.A.T. Industries P.L.C., British-American Tobacco Company Limited, Bat (U.K. & Export) Limited, Lorillard Tobacco Company, The American Tobacco Company, Liggett Group, Inc., The Council For Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc., and The Tobacco Institute, Inc., Defendants. In: United States District Court, State of Minnesota, 1998.
18. National Association of Attorneys General. Master Settlement Agreement: NAAG; 1998. http://www.naag.org/upload/1032468605_cigmsa.pdf (Accessed 6 Aug 2004).
19. Malone RE, Balbach ED. Tobacco industry documents: treasure trove or quagmire? Tob Control 2000;9:334-8.
20. MacKenzie R, Collin J, Lee K. The tobacco industry documents: An introductory handbook and resource guide for researchers, web page: Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2003. http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/cgch/tobacco/Handbook%2030.06.pdf (Accessed 21 Jul 2005).
21. Kluger R. Ashes to ashes: America's hundred-year cigarette war, the public health and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Vintage Books, 1997.
22. [Williams I]. [How they do it at Philip Morris]. Jul 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2072810726/0729. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tas95c00 (Accessed 11 May 2004).
23. Holsenbeck GP. Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders to Be Held Thursday, 970424. 10 Mar 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2084331907/1944. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vlr80c00 (Accessed 27 Oct 2005).
24. Murray RW. Memorandum between Philip Morris employees memorializing legal strategy regarding stock divestiture. 31 May 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024672801/2804. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hlo12a00 (Accessed 6 Nov 2002).
25. Cramer MT. North Dakota divestiture. 20 Aug 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024672806/2808. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/plx36e00 (Accessed 6 Nov 2002).
26. Rabin RL. The third wave of tobacco tort litigation. In: Rabin RL, Sugarman SD, eds. Regulating tobacco. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001:176-206.
27. [Dunham J]. Divestment Meeting Thursday, 960523 10:00 A.M. Conference Room 14e a Concept Proposal for a Public Information Campaign to Mitigate Calls for Divestment. 23 May 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077235301/5304. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qck62c00 (Accessed 9 May 2004).
28. Smith EA, Malone RE. Thinking the 'unthinkable': why Philip Morris considered quitting. Tob Control 2003;12:208-13.
29. [Dunham J]. Philip Morris Divestment Issue Task Force Full Task Force 970328 3:00 - 4:30 Pm 120 Park Avenue, 14th Floor. 28 Mar 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078830830. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ycy67c00 (Accessed 25 May 2004).
30. [Philip Morris Companies Inc]. Philip Morris Companies Inc. Position Paper on Divestment and Exclusion of Tobacco Stocks. 6 Aug 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024672693/2722. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bds61f00 (Accessed 6 Nov 2002).
31. Cannon F. "Tobacco project" divestment statement draft. Oct 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024672510/2519. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/ins24e00 (Accessed 6 Nov 2002).
32. Langbein JH. Langbein revision draft. 16 Jan 1991. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2023225133/5150. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zad78e00 (Accessed 23 Oct 2002).
33. Heath RL. Corporate issues management: theoretical underpinnings and research foundation. In: Grunig LA, Grunig JE, eds. Public relations research annual, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1990:29-64.
34. [Investment Management Institute]. Investment Management Institute Presents the Social Investing Conference 901206-901207[Program]. 6 Dec 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024303017/3022. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ qtf34e00 (Accessed 9 Feb 2004).
35. [Investment Management Institute]. Investment Management Institute Presents the Social Investing Conference 901206 - 901207[Roster of Attendees]. 6 Dec 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024303013/3016. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/ptf34e00 (Accessed 9 Feb 2004).
36. Fried D. Social Investing: Tobacco Divestment Project. 14 Dec 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024303011/3012. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ xgu88e00 (Accessed 9 Feb 2004).
37. [D. F. King & Company]. Philip Morris Listing of Public Sector Positions[Bible annotations]. May 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073730124/0126. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/caz85c00 (Accessed 7 May 2004).
38. [D. F. King & Company]. Philip Morris Listing of Public Sector Positions[Bring annotations]. May 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073923629/3631. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xzl85c00 (Accessed 7 May 2004).
39. Holsenbeck GP. Public Pension Fund Ownership of Philip Morris [Bible annotations]. 10 May 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073730122/0123. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ozt42c00 (Accessed 7 May 2004).
40. [D. F. King & Company]. Philip Morris Companies Weekly Report 960329. 2 Apr 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073730148. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/gaz85c00 (Accessed 06 May 2004).
41. [CDA/Equity Intelligence]. [D. F. King & Company]. Top 100 Institutional Holding Update for Philip Morris Cos. Jul 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2072810736/0737. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uas95c00 (Accessed 11 May 2004).
42. [Dunham J]. N344 [A Concept Proposal for a Public Information Campaign to Mitigate Calls for Divestment Presentation Draft], 19 Aug 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070141007/1012. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fng47d00 (Accessed 10 May 2004).
43. [Philip Morris]. Tobacco Issues and Answers. 1992. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2040714260/4294. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vwq74e00 (Accessed 20 Apr 2004).
44. Lemperes J. Update Ma & Nj. 26 Sep 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2065372663A. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/maa53a00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
45. R JG[Ramsay J], [Walls T]. Twalls[T Walls] Opening Remarks to Gad Consultant Conference, 961000. Review of 960000 and Overview of Conference. 25 Sep 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2080368260/8270. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/egd75c00 (Accessed 15 May 2004).
46. Bailm SD, Beversdorf CA, Bhide G, et al. ABYSSINIAN BAPTIST CHURCH, AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY, AMERICAN HEART ASSN, AMERICAN LUNG ASSN, AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN, ASSN OF STATE + TERRITORIAL HEALTH OFFIC, et al. N327[Letter to NYS Comptroller Carl McCall urging that public retirement funds not be invested in tobacco stocks]. 7 Mar 1995. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2045935424/5424A. http://Iegacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lgr57d00 (Accessed 3 May 2004).
47. [Philip Morris]. Generic Letters to the Editor Divestment: Divestment (4 Letters) (Narrative & Images). 3 Jan 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2062199686/9689. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uou67e00 (Accessed 21 May 2004).
48. [Philip Morris Companies Inc.]. Philip Morris' response to divestment proposals. Feb 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984814/4820. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lfd66c00 (Accessed 11 Dec 2002).
49. [Philip Morris]. Divestment of Tobacco Company Stocks Is Not a Sound Financial Decision[California]. 11 Mar 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078174155/4161. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jyg72c00 (Accessed 31 May 2004).
50. Holsenbeck GP. N327[Recent contact with institutional shareholders]. 31 Oct 1995. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2048768693/8694. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/xka57d00 (Accessed 8 Nov 2002).
51. Bring MH. [Letter to Alliance Capital Management's Vice Chair Alfred Harrison]. 11 Sep 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073730084/0085. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/szy85c00 (Accessed 14 May 2004).
52. Merksamer S. Facsimile Transmission. 28 Jan 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2063757470. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jky48d00 (Accessed 31 May 2004).
53. [Tobacco Institute]. The Tobacco Institute 980000 Budget State Activities Division. 21 Aug 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2065493381/3425. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ufz63c00 (Accessed 23 Jul 2004).
54. Koppes RH. [Contact information on twelve public pension fund directors in seven states]. 10 Dec 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984794/4795. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hgr37c00 (Accessed 31 Oct, 2003).
55. Turner WG. Cal Tax Opposition to Ab 2717, as Amended 000324, Senate Revenue and Taxation Committee. 30 Mar 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2063758124. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nly48d00 (Accessed 31 May 2004).
56. [Philip Morris Companies Inc.]. Philip Morris' Response to Divestment Proposals. 28 Jun 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2062398513/8522. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lvf19e00 (Accessed 6 Jan 2004).
57. [Philip Morris]. In Opposition to Divestment of Tobacco Company Stocks[Florida Final 4/18/97]. 18 Apr 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073464834/4840. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/knb37d00 (Accessed 21 May 2004).
58. [Philip Morris]. N344[In Opposition To Divestment Of Tobacco Company Stocks-Massachusetts final]. 19 Jul 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070140992/0996. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dng47d00 (Accessed 20 May 2004).
59. [Smoking Control Advocacy Resource Center], [Philip Morris Management Corporation]. In Favor of Divestment of Tobacco Holdings in Opposition to Divestment of Tobacco Company Stocks News Flash: Florida Pension Staff Urges Keeping of Tobacco Stock 961029. Nov 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421553/1560. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nuv37d00 (Accessed 18 May 2004).
60. Holsenbeck GP. The Case against Divestment of Tobacco Holdings by Fiduciary Investors[Published version]. Mar 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984740/4746. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rcp80c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
61. Dunham J. N804 [October Divestment Status Report]. 11 Nov 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2062404822/4826. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kqt47d00 (Accessed 10 May 2004).
62. [Ciazza AB], Carroll V, Clazza AB. Mayor's Stock Divestment Proposal Appears to Be Pure Political Pandering. 19 Nov 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2071770238. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zxh08d00 (Accessed 19 May 2004).
63. Algee D, Xx D, [Blount D]. Smoking in Colorado Smoking Cough up to Cut Insurance Costs Some Investors Snuff Tobacco Stocks from Portfolios. 21 Nov 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2071770239/0240. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/ayh08d00 (Accessed 19 May 2004).
64. [Hall LD], C MH, LD. City Should Keep Money In Tobacco. 13 Dec 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421617. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iw37d00 (Accessed 19 Nov 2004).
65. [Philip Morris]. Government Affairs Weekly Report [970131]. 31 Jan 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074096783/6789. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ zhc76c00 (Accessed 9 Jun 2004).
66. [Washington State Legislature], 980000 Washington State Legislative Report. 4 March 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2063744110/4115. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jem97d00 (Accessed 31 May 2004).
67. [Philip Morris]. State Government Affairs - Weekly Report [980123]. 23 Jan 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2064808300/8310. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/mrl93c00 (Accessed 9 Jun 2004).
68. [Philip Morris]. State Government Affairs Weekly Report [980403], 3 Apr 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2065328787/8805. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/bjp63c00 (Accessed 2 Jun 2004).
69. Greider W. The New Colossus. The Nation, 2005 28 Feb.
70. California Public Employees' Retirement System. Facts at a Glance: Investments, web site: California Public Employees' Retirement System; 2005 14 Mar 2005). http://www.calpers.ca.gov/eip-docs/about/facts/investme.pdf (Accessed 22 Mar 2005).
71. California State Teachers' Retirement System. Current Investment Portfolio, web site: California State Teachers' Retirement System, 2005 2005). http://www.calstrs.com/Investments/Invport.aspx (Accessed 22 Mar 2005).
72. [Philip Morris], Divestment tracking chart (900703). 3 Jul 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024258583/8585. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/efl98e00 (Accessed 1 Nov 2002).
73. Hanson DM. Divestiture from Tobacco Companies. 13 Feb 1991. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2041348170/8171. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ryf05e00 (Accessed 28 Jan 2004).
74. [Philip Morris]. Divestment 920309. 9 Mar 1992. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2045749265/9270. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fcx45d00 (Accessed 6 Apr 2004).
75. Glantz SA, Balbach ED. Tobacco war: inside the California battles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
76. D'Arelli MJ. AB 3445 Analysis, website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1996. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/95-96/bill/asm/ab_3401-3450/ ab_3445_cfa_960430_164317_asm_comm.html (Accessed 6 Jul 2004).
77. Morain D. N100 [Bill to Divest State Tobacco Stocks Dies]. 15 Apr 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070090550/0551. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ wsj47d00 (Accessed 14 May 2004).
78. [Philip Morris]. Government Affairs Weekly Report [960426]. 26 Apr 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2065518969/8971. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ wie73c00 (Accessed 9 Jun 2004).
79. Knox W. [Letter to CalPERS James Burton requesting attendance at legislative committee hearing]. Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449107. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tlo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
80. Knox W. [Letter to Geoffrey Bible requesting PM participation at a legislative committee hearing]. 3 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449108. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/slo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
81. Gillan KJ. Fax Transmittal. 5 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449286. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jxo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
82. Aguallo R. Phone Memo. 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449282. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nxo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
83. Aguallo R. Facsimile Transmittal Cover Sheet. 5 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449283. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mxo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
84. Holsenbeck GP, Schulman R. [Faxcover to Michael Carpenter]. 5 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449285. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kxo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
85. Holsenbeck GP. [Draft of a letter to California Assemblyman Knox declining PM participation at his committee hearing]. 10 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077449105. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vlo67c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
86. Huntley JD, Vanhulzen CD. California Legislature Assembly Committee on Public Employees, Retirement and Social Security "Hearing on State Pension Fund Exposure to Risk Associated with Tobacco Investments, Particularly in Light of the Pending Settlement." 19 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077459806/9815. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iqn62c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
87. Xx J. Hearing for the Assembly Committee on Public Employees, Retirement and Social Security. 19 Sep 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077459804. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kqn62c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
88. Legislative Counsel State of California. AB 1079 Assembly Bill - History, website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1998. http://www.leginfo.ca. gov/pub/97-98/bill/asm/ab_651-1700/ab_1679_bill_9981130_history.html (Accessed 6 Jul 2004).
89. Legislative Counsel State of California. AB 1744 Assembly Bill - History, website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1998. http://www.leginfo.ca. gov/pub/97-98/bill/asm/ab_1701-1750/ab_1744_bill_9981130_history.html (Accessed 6 Jul 2004).
90. Legislative Counsel State of California. SB 1433 Senate Bill - History, website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1998. http://www.leginfo.ca. gov/pub/97-98/bill/sen/sb_1401-1450/sb_1433_bill_19981130_history.html (Accessed 6 Jul 2004).
91. Green K. AB 1744 Analysis [Assembly 4/1/98]. website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1998. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/97-98/bill/asm/ab_701- 1750/ab_1744_cfa_19980401_16504l_asm_comm.html (Accessed 6 Jul 2004).
92. Dowd PM. DOWD RELATIONS. Ab 1744 (Knox) Position: Oppose Hearing: Assembly Pers Committee 980401. 26 Mar 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2063757595/7596. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tv197d00 (Accessed 31 May 2004).
93. Holsenbeck GP. Calstrs - Divestment. 18 Dec 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073952786. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hzs45c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
94. Gillan KJ. California "RAID" History, web site: California Public Employees' Retirement System; 2004) http://www.calpers-governance.org/ viewpoint/speeches/gillan.asp (Accessed 31 Jan 2005).
95. [The Public Retirement Journal]. Proposition 162 - Five Years Later. Oct 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073952787/2791. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/izs45c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
96. Legislative Counsel State of California. California Constitution Article 16 Public Finance, website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1992. http://www.leginto.ca.gov/.const/.article_16 (Accessed 31 Jan 2005).
97. Green K. SB 1433 Analysis[Assembly 6/17/98]. website: Legislative Counsel State of California; 1998. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/97-98/bill/sen/ sb_1401-1450/sb_1433_cfa_19980415_081034_sen_comm.html (Accessed 6 Jul 2004).
98. Schnitt P. Calpers Inches Closer to Selling Tobacco Stock. 20 Jun 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2083542679/2680. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ vbz35c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
99. Palmeri C. Calpers May Not Do as Well by Doing Good. 19 Jun 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2081590454. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ixq65c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
100. Council For Responsible Public Investment. Public funds with restrictions on tobacco investments, Oakland, CA Council For Responsible Public Investment, 2000.
101. [Schwartz R]. Phone Call [from the Office of the California Treasurer]. 16 Feb 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984821. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/mfd66c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
102. Holsenbeck GP. [Faxcover to California Treasurer's Office], 16 Feb 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984822. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lcp80c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
103. Holsenbeck P. Calstrs. 6 Apr 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078168141. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tle72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
104. Laufer D. Fw: Calstrs. 6 Apr 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078168140. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ule72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
105. Holsenbeck P. Re: Calstrs. 6 Apr 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078168139. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vle72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
106. Laufer D. Fw: Calstrs. 6 Apr 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078168138. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wle72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
107. Carpenter M. Re: Calstrs. 11 Apr 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078168137. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xle72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
108. Dunham J. California Divestment. 8 Jun 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078168083. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pne72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
109. California Public Employees' Retirement System. CalPERS Votes To Sell Tobacco Stocks, web site: California Public Employees' Retirement System, 2000 25 Mar 2004. http://www.calpers.ca.gov/index.jsp?bc=/about/press/archived/pr- 2000/oct/tobacco.xml (Accessed 22 Mar 2005).
110. Welle JR, Ibrahim JK, Glantz S. Tobacco control policy making in North Dakota: a tradition in activism. San Francisco: University of California San Francisco, 2004.
111. Cramer MT, Nelson JR. Ads. 10 Oct 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073528239. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lzb37d00 (Accessed 16 Sep 2004).
112. [Anhauser-Busch]. Are You Drinking North Dakota Barley? Oct 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2073528240/8241. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mzb37d00 (Accessed 16 Sep 2004).
113. Crawford DL. Divestment Overview - 920000. 24 Feb 1992. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2023919104/9112. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bpx45d00 (Accessed 6 Apr 2004).
114. [Philip Morris Companies Inc.]. State Overview: North Dakota. 1 Sep 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No.2063393122. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kyg53a00 (Accessed 20 Sep 2004).
115. North Dakota Legislative Council. Uniform Prudent Investor Act. web site: State of North Dakota; 1997. http://www.state.nd.us/lr/assembly/55-1997/ranch/ SLTTRSTS.pdf (Accessed 26 Jan 2005).
116. Legislative Counsel State of North Dakota. Measure Actions HB 1092 Versions, web site: State of North Dakota; 1997. http://www.state.nd.us/lr/ assembly/55-1997/bill-actions/BA1092.html (Accessed 1 Feb 2005).
117. [Philip Morris]. Divestment tracking chart (900816). 16 Aug 1990. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2024672811/2813. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uns24e00 (Accessed 6 Nov 2002).
118. Stern D. Wilshire 5000 excluding tobacco stocks. 23 Aug 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984698/4699. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lqd66c00 (Accessed 21 Oct, 2003.
119. [Advocacy Institute]. ADVOCACY INST, SCARCNET DAILY BULLETIN, SMOKING CONTROL ADVOCACY RESOURCE CENTER. Lott, Gingrich Comment on Settlement Talks California Bill Will Free State to Sue Tobacco Industry Class Action Status Denied to Castano Spin Off Suit in Pennsylvania Wa State Pension Committee Urges Tobacco Stock Divestment New Hampshire Files Medicaid Suit. 5 Jun 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078824390A/4392. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ucx67c00 (Accessed 28 May 2004).
120. Burton K, Prager G. Quitting Profitable Tobacco Stocks Is Hard for Pension Funds. 10 Jun 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421622. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lvv37d00 (Accessed 28 May 2004).
121. Pemberton-Butler L, Prager G. State Will Stick with Tobacco Stock, Rejecting Divestment as 'Political'. 17 Jun 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421623. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mvv37d00 (Accessed 28 May 2004).
122. [Philip Morris]. Divestment Activity Report: 970829. 29 Aug 1997/E. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984808/4810. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ jfdooc00 (Accessed 28 Oct 2002).
123. Limbacher PB. Tobacco Bans Miss Plans Despite Pressure, State Funds Hanging Tight With Stock. 14 Nov 1994. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421520/1522. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/buv37d00 (Accessed 28 Apr 2004).
124. Diebert D. Conversation with Washington State Code Advisor concerning history of divestment in state legislature. Personal communication to N. Wander. San Francisco. 17 Sep 2003.
125. Sandison T. Testimony Of Trevor Sandison Representing Philip Morris Before The Washington Senate Financial Institutions And Housing Committee. 1995 (est.). Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078840964/0967. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/ybe36c00 (Accessed 30 Apr 2004).
126. [Philip Morris]. In Opposition to Divestment of Tobacco Company Stocks[Washington Draft 2]. 6 Jun 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078302253/2258. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xyo75c00 (Accessed 27 May 2004).
127. Legislature WS. Certification of Enrollment Senate Bill 6192 Chapter 14, Laws of 1998. web site: Washington State Legislature; 1998. http://www.leg.wa. gov/pub/billinfo/1997-98/senate/6175-6199/6192_sl_031298.txt (Accessed 22 Mar 2005).
128. Legislature WS. SB 6192 Digest, web site: Washington State Legislature; 1998. http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1997-98/senate/6175-6199/ 6192_dig_033198.txt (Accessed 22 Mar 2005).
129. Moore C. Conversation with National Council on Teacher Retirement National Counsel. Personal communication to Wander N. San Francisco. 10 Jun 2004.
130. Legislature WS. House Bill Report SB 6192. web site: Washington State Legislature; 1998. http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1997-98/senate/6175-6199/ 6192_011398.txt (Accessed 22 Mar 2005).
131. Legislative Counsel State of North Dakota. Legislative Council Report: Judiciary. Bismark State of North Dakota, 1997.
132. Wellman RV, Gravel CA, Langbein JH, Stein RA. Uniform Prudent Investor Act: National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws; 1994. http://www.state.nd.us/lr/assembly/55-1997/bill-actions/BA1092.html (Accessed 2 Feb 2005).
133. Langbein JH, Schotfond RA, Blaustein AP. Disinvestment. Is it legal? Is it moral? Is it productive?: an analysis of politicizing investment decision. Washington, DC: National Legal Center for the Public Interest, 1985.
134. Langbein JH. [Cover letter to revised Philip Morris' Response to Divestment Proposals]. 30 May 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2077235270. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uck62c00 (Accessed 6 Jan 2004).
135. Legislature WS. An act relating to prohibiting investment of public pension and retirement funds in business firms manufacturing tobacco products: State of Washington; 2000. http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1999-00/house/ 2725-2749/2743.pdf (Accessed 28 Jan 2005).
136. Vargas C. Wa - Divestment. 20 Jan 2000. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078170848. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xuf72c00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
137. Legislature WS. History of HB 2743. web site: State of Washington; 2000. http://www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1999-00/house/2725-2749/2743_history.txt (Accessed 28 Jan 2005).
138. Legislature WS. Bill Information, web site: State of Washington, 2005) http://www.leg.wa.gov/wsladm/billinfo1/bills.cfm (Accessed 28 January 2005).
139. Sims J. Investment Officer, Denver Employees Retirement Plan. Personal communication to Wander N. San Francisco. 25 Jan.
140. [Philip Morris]. Government Affairs Weekly Report [970627]. 27 Jun 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2078294341/4344. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ odq75c00 (Accessed 9 Jun 2004).
141. [Philip Morris]. State Government Affairs Weekly Report [981002]. 2 Oct 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074331414/1418. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/wsh52c00 (Accessed 2 Jun 2004).
142. National Center For Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Best Practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs, August 1999: executive summary. United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/stat_nat_data/bestprac-execsummay.htm (Accessed 28 Mar 2005).
143. Fennel M, Krevor B, Macleod B, Malone J, Meehan M, [NECN-TV]. Transcript. 2 Oct 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2075984116. http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/tid/hnd55c00 (Accessed 25 May 2004).
144. [Unknown]. Legislature Wants Pension Fund to Drop Tobacco Investments Bill Nears Passage. 22 Aug 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2075984120. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lnd55c00 (Accessed 28 May 2004).
145. [WTVJ-TV]. VIDEO MONITORING SERVICES OF AMERICA. N100[Channel 6 News Midday]. 15 Jan 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070090513/0514. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jsj47d00 (Accessed 26 May 2004).
146. [Philip Morris]. Government Affairs Weekly Report 970529. 29 May 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2062500069/0070. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ amb42e00 (Accessed 9 Jun 2004).
147. [Philip Morris]. State Government Affairs Weekly Report 990324. 24 Mar 1999. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2063756393/6400. http://leqacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/dvl97d00 (Accessed 3 Jun 2004).
148. [Philip Morris]. N832 [In Opposition to Divestment of Tobacco Company Stocks-Arizona]. 11 Jun 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2061897339/7343. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lax47d00 (Accessed 12 May 2004).
149. Obermayer J, Sarris M. State, City Pension Funds Invest Millions In Tobacco Companies. 1 Aug 1994. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421523/1526. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cuv37d00 (Accessed 28 Apr 2004).
150. Spangler T. Should State Invest In Tobacco Firms? 10 Apr 1995. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421518/1519. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/auv37d00 (Accessed 3 May 2004).
151. Associated Press. N100 [Maryland state fund drops tobacco stocks prior to suit]. 02 May 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070090639. http://legacy.library. ucsf.edu/tid/juj47d00 (Accessed 3 May 2004).
152. [Unknown]. Vermont Divestiture. 13 May 1997. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074984735. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yed66c00 (Accessed 24 May 2004).
153. Baden PL. State Board Rejects Plan to Stop Investing in Tobacco Companies. 5 Sep 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421606/1608. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dvv37d00 (Accessed 14 May 2004).
154. [Philip Morris]. State Government Affairs Weekly Report[980904]. 4 Sep 1998. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2074331438/1441. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ tid/qsh52c00 (Accessed 2 Jun 2004).
155. Precious T. Limits Urged On Cigarette Company Stock. 20 Mar 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No. 2070421509/1510. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xtv37d00 (Accessed 3 May 2004).
156. Offen N, Smith EA, Malone RE. The perimetric boycott: a tool for tobacco control advocacy. Tob Control 2005;14:272-7.
157. Thomson G, Wilson N. Directly eroding tobacco industry power as a tobacco control strategy: lessons for New Zealand. N Z Med J 2005;118(1223):U1719.