Color coded: Racial descriptors in television coverage of intercollegiate sports

Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 65-85

  Rada, James A ^a   Wulfemeyer, K Tim ^b  

^a HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745013654     PISSN: 08838151     EISSN: 15506878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_5     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Almond, E. (1989, April 28). Question of race; debate over whether Black athletes are superior to Whites is not a new one. Los Angeles Times, p. C3.
2. Birrell, S. (1989). Racial relations theories and sport: Suggestions for a more critical analysis. Sociology of Sport journal, 6, 212-227.
3. Bogle, D. (1994). Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies, and bucks: An interpretive history of Blacks in American films. New York: Continuum.
4. Bogle, D. (2001). Primetime blues: African Americans on network television. New York: Farrar, Straus & Ciroux.
5. Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (Eds.). (1991). Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
6. The Center for the Study of Sport in Society: Northeastern University. (2001). Racial and gender report card. Retrieved June 1, 2002, from http://www.sportinsociety.org
7. Dates, J., & Barlow, W. (1990). Split image: African Americans in the mass media. Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
8. Davis, L. R., & Harris, O. (1998). Race and ethnicity in U.S. sports media. In L. Wenner (Ed.), Mediasport (pp. 154-169). London: Routledge.
9. Devine, P. C. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
10. Devine, P. G. (2001). Implicit prejudice and stereotyping: How automatic are they? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 757-759.
11. Dixon, T., & Linz, D. (2000). Race and the misrepresentation of victimization on local television news. Communication Research, 27, 547-573.
12. Duncan, M. C., & Messner, M. A. (1998). The media image of sport and gender. In L. Wenner (Ed.), Mediasport (pp. 170-186). London: Routledge.
13. Eastman, S. T., & Billings, A. C. (2001). Biased voices of sports: Racial and gender stereotyping in college basketball announcing. The Howard Journal of Communications, 12, 183-201.
14. Entman, R. M., & Rojecki, A. (2001). The Black image in the White mind: Media and race in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Gantz, W., & Wenner, L. A. (1991). Men, women and sports: Audience experiences and effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35, 233-243.
16. Hargreaves, J. (1986). Sport, power and culture. Oxford, England: Polity.
17. Hoberman, J. (1997). Darwin's athletes: How sport has damaged Black America and preserved the myth of race. New York: Mariner.
18. Holsti, O. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
19. Jackson, D. (1989, January 22). Calling the plays in Black and White. Boston Globe, pp. A25, A28.
20. Kane, M. J., & Lenskyj, H. J. (1998). Media treatment of female athletes: Issues of gender and sexualities. In L. Wenner (Ed.), Mediasport (pp. 186-201). London: Routledge.
21. Kawakami, K., & Dovidio, J. (2001). The reliability of implicit stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 212-225.
22. Lambert, A., Payne, B., Jacoby, L., Shaffer, L., Chasteen, A., & Khan, S. (2003). Stereotypes as dominant responses: On the "social facilitation" of prejudice in anticipated public contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 277-295.
23. Lapchick, R. E. (2000). Crime and athletes: New racial stereotypes. Society, 37(3), 14-20.
24. Lule, J. (1995). The rape of Mike Tyson: Race, the press and symbolic types. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12, 176-195.
25. Lowery, B., Hardin, C., & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842-855.
26. MacDonald, J. (1992). Blacks and White TV? African Americans in television since 1948 (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
27. McCallum, J., & O'Brien, R. (1998, March 30). More bull from Billy. Sports Illustrated, 88(13), 29.
28. McCarthy, D., & Jones, R. L. (1997). Speed, aggression, strength, and tactical naivete. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 21, 348-362.
29. Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. (1996). Assessing news media influences on the formation of Whites' racial policy preferences. Communication Research, 23, 147-178.
30. RadaJ. A. (1996). Color blind-sided: Racial bias in network television's coverage of professional football games. The Howard Journal of Communications, 7, 231-240.
31. Rada, J. A. (2000). A new piece to the puzzle: Examining effects of television portrayals of African Americans. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 704-715.
32. Rainville, R., & McCormick, E. (1977). Extent of covert racial prejudice in pro football announcers' speech. Journalism Quarterly, 54, 20-26.
33. Romer, D., Jamieson, K., & de Coteau, N. (1998). The treatment of persons of color in local television news: Ethnic blame discourse or realistic group conflict? Communication Research, 25, 286-306.
34. Sabo, D., Jansen, S., Tate, D., Duncan, M., & Leggett, S. (1996). Televising international sport: Race, ethnicity, and nationalistic bias. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 21, 7-21.
35. Sailes, G. A. (1996). An investigation of campus stereotypes: The myth of Black athletic superiority and the dumb jock stereotype. In R. Lapchick (Ed.), Sport in society: Equal opportunity or business as usual?(pp. 193-202). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B., & Musen, C. (1993). The structure and organization of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 453-495.
37. Staples, R., & Jones, T. (1985, May/June). Culture, ideology and African American television images. The Black Scholar, pp. 10-20.
38. Stewart, L. (1990, March 30) Packer, Tompkins both get caught up in all the madness, Los Angeles Times, p. C3.
39. Stone, J., Lynch, C., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.
40. Tuggle, C. A. (1997). Differences in television sports reporting of men's and women's athletics: ESPN Sportscenter and CNN Sports Tonight. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41, 14-24.
41. Tuggle, C. A. & Owen, A. (1999). A descriptive analysis of NBC's coverage of the centennial Olympics: The "games of the women." Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 23, 171-182.
42. United States Commission for the Study of Civil Rights. (1977). Window dressing on the set: Women and minorities in television. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
43. United States Riot Commission Report. (1968). Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Bantam.
44. Whannel, G. (2000). Sport and the media. In J. Coakely & E. Dunnings (Eds.), Handbook of sports studies (pp. 291-308). London: Sage.
45. Wolff, A., & Stone, C. (1995, April 3). Backscratchers. Sports Illustrated, 82(13), 22.
46. Wilbon, M. (1988, January 17). The Greek's apology is difficult to accept. Washington Post, p. D1.
47. Wonsek, P. L. (1992). College basketball on television; a study of racism in the media. Media, Culture and Society, 14, 449-461.