메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 244-248

Postcesarean analgesia: Effective strategies and association with chronic pain

Author keywords

Balanced analgesia; Cesarean section; Multimodal analgesia; Postoperative pain; Postsurgical chronic pain

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUPIVACAINE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLONIDINE; DIAMORPHINE; DICLOFENAC; DRUG METABOLITE; KETAMINE; KETOROLAC; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NEOSTIGMINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORPETHIDINE; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; PETHIDINE; PROPACETAMOL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; ROPIVACAINE; THIOPENTAL; TRAMADOL;

EID: 33745004366     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.aco.0000192815.22989.61     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (64)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 25644432733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient preferences for anesthesia outcomes associated with cesarean delivery
    • table of contents
    • Carvalho B, Cohen SE, Lipman SS, et al. Patient preferences for anesthesia outcomes associated with cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:1182-1187 (table of contents). The first study that examines the fears and concerns of obstetric patients regarding anesthetic and analgesic management of their cesarean sections.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 1182-1187
    • Carvalho, B.1    Cohen, S.E.2    Lipman, S.S.3
  • 2
    • 0033775762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors
    • Perkins FM, Kehlet H. Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 2000; 93:1123-1133.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.93 , pp. 1123-1133
    • Perkins, F.M.1    Kehlet, H.2
  • 3
    • 17144396705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23% of babies in England are delivered by caesarean section
    • Mayor S. 23% of babies in England are delivered by caesarean section. BMJ 2005; 330:806.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 806
    • Mayor, S.1
  • 6
    • 0036714592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial examining the effect of naproxen on analgesia during the second day after cesarean delivery
    • table of contents
    • Angle PJ, Halpern SH, Leighton BL, et al. A randomized controlled trial examining the effect of naproxen on analgesia during the second day after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:741-745 (table of contents).
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 741-745
    • Angle, P.J.1    Halpern, S.H.2    Leighton, B.L.3
  • 7
    • 0242301156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaesthesia for caesarean section: A survey in a UK region from 1992 to 2002
    • Jenkins JG, Khan MM. Anaesthesia for caesarean section: a survey in a UK region from 1992 to 2002. Anaesthesia 2003; 58:1114-1118.
    • (2003) Anaesthesia , vol.58 , pp. 1114-1118
    • Jenkins, J.G.1    Khan, M.M.2
  • 8
    • 21744445961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incisional sensitivity and pain measurements: Dissecting mechanisms for postoperative pain
    • Brennan TJ. Incisional sensitivity and pain measurements: dissecting mechanisms for postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 2005; 103:3-4.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , pp. 3-4
    • Brennan, T.J.1
  • 9
    • 0034625770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal plasticity: Increasing the gain in pain
    • Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science 2000; 288:1765-1769.
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1765-1769
    • Woolf, C.J.1    Salter, M.W.2
  • 10
    • 22944439376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The short-lasting analgesia and long-term antihyperalgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine in patients undergoing colonic surgery
    • De Kock M, Lavand'homme P, Waterloos H. The short-lasting analgesia and long-term antihyperalgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine in patients undergoing colonic surgery. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:566-572.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 566-572
    • De Kock, M.1    Lavand'homme, P.2    Waterloos, H.3
  • 11
    • 26244446561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery
    • Lavand'homme P, De Kock M, Waterloos H. Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; 103:813-820.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , pp. 813-820
    • Lavand'homme, P.1    De Kock, M.2    Waterloos, H.3
  • 12
    • 0347993737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of postoperative pain by preoperative nociceptive responses to heat stimulation
    • Werner MU, Duun P, Kehlet H. Prediction of postoperative pain by preoperative nociceptive responses to heat stimulation. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:115-119 (discussion 115A).
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.100 , pp. 115-119
    • Werner, M.U.1    Duun, P.2    Kehlet, H.3
  • 13
    • 0038576223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcesarean section pain prediction by preoperative experimental pain assessment
    • Granot M, Lowenstein L, Yarnitsky D, et al. Postcesarean section pain prediction by preoperative experimental pain assessment. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1422-1426.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.98 , pp. 1422-1426
    • Granot, M.1    Lowenstein, L.2    Yarnitsky, D.3
  • 14
    • 27644451704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia compared with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids: A meta-analysis
    • Wu CL, Cohen SR, Richman JM, et al. Efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia compared with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids: a meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2005; 103:1079-1088.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , pp. 1079-1088
    • Wu, C.L.1    Cohen, S.R.2    Richman, J.M.3
  • 15
    • 23244454363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphine for after caesarean section analgesia: Intrathecal, epidural or intravenous?
    • Lim Y, Jha S, Sia AT, Rawal N. Morphine for after caesarean section analgesia: intrathecal, epidural or intravenous? Singapore Med J 2005; 46:392-396.
    • (2005) Singapore Med J , vol.46 , pp. 392-396
    • Lim, Y.1    Jha, S.2    Sia, A.T.3    Rawal, N.4
  • 16
    • 0023877432 scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled analgesia following cesarean section: A comparison with epidural and intramuscular narcotics
    • Eisenach JC, Grice SC, Dewan DM. Patient-controlled analgesia following cesarean section: a comparison with epidural and intramuscular narcotics. Anesthesiology 1988; 68:444-448.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.68 , pp. 444-448
    • Eisenach, J.C.1    Grice, S.C.2    Dewan, D.M.3
  • 17
    • 2542484335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hospital-sponsored quality improvement study of pain management after cesarean delivery
    • Yost NP, Bloom SL, Sibley MK, et al. A hospital-sponsored quality improvement study of pain management after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:1341-1346.
    • (2004) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.190 , pp. 1341-1346
    • Yost, N.P.1    Bloom, S.L.2    Sibley, M.K.3
  • 18
    • 0036137551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colostrum morphine concentrations during postcesarean intravenous patient-controlled analgesia
    • table of contents
    • Baka NE, Bayoumeu F, Boutroy MJ, Laxenaire MC. Colostrum morphine concentrations during postcesarean intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:184-187 (table of contents).
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 184-187
    • Baka, N.E.1    Bayoumeu, F.2    Boutroy, M.J.3    Laxenaire, M.C.4
  • 19
    • 0032715148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    • Dahl JB, Jeppesen IS, Jorgensen H, et al. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1919-1927.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.91 , pp. 1919-1927
    • Dahl, J.B.1    Jeppesen, I.S.2    Jorgensen, H.3
  • 20
    • 17844411177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and diamorphine as adjuncts in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
    • Lane S, Evans P, Arfeen Z, Misra U. A comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and diamorphine as adjuncts in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:453-457.
    • (2005) Anaesthesia , vol.60 , pp. 453-457
    • Lane, S.1    Evans, P.2    Arfeen, Z.3    Misra, U.4
  • 21
    • 0242467643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural compared with intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after caesarean section
    • Duale C, Frey C, Bolandard F, et al. Epidural compared with intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:690-694.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.91 , pp. 690-694
    • Duale, C.1    Frey, C.2    Bolandard, F.3
  • 22
    • 20144386350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-dose, sustained-release epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain after elective cesarean delivery: Results of a multicenter randomized controlled study
    • Carvalho B, Riley E, Cohen SE, et al. Single-dose, sustained-release epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain after elective cesarean delivery: results of a multicenter randomized controlled study. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1150-1158. Pilot study that evaluates the benefit of using a single dose of a new long-lasting analgesic, EREM, for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1150-1158
    • Carvalho, B.1    Riley, E.2    Cohen, S.E.3
  • 23
    • 0036294870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome
    • Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 2002; 183:630-641.
    • (2002) Am J Surg , vol.183 , pp. 630-641
    • Kehlet, H.1    Wilmore, D.W.2
  • 24
    • 0036106305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous tenoxicam reduces uterine cramps after cesarean delivery
    • Huang YC, Tsai SK, Huang CH, et al. Intravenous tenoxicam reduces uterine cramps after cesarean delivery. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49:384-387.
    • (2002) Can J Anaesth , vol.49 , pp. 384-387
    • Huang, Y.C.1    Tsai, S.K.2    Huang, C.H.3
  • 25
    • 0037220089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential analgesic effect of tenoxicam on the wound pain and uterine cramping pain after cesarean section
    • Hsu HW, Cheng YJ, Chen LK, et al. Differential analgesic effect of tenoxicam on the wound pain and uterine cramping pain after cesarean section. Clin J Pain 2003; 19:55-58.
    • (2003) Clin J Pain , vol.19 , pp. 55-58
    • Hsu, H.W.1    Cheng, Y.J.2    Chen, L.K.3
  • 26
    • 0038162256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclooxygenase-1 in the spinal cord plays an important role in postoperative pain
    • Zhu X, Conklin D, Eisenach JC. Cyclooxygenase-1 in the spinal cord plays an important role in postoperative pain. Pain 2003; 104:15-23.
    • (2003) Pain , vol.104 , pp. 15-23
    • Zhu, X.1    Conklin, D.2    Eisenach, J.C.3
  • 27
    • 0042347799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative sensitization and pain after cesarean delivery and the effects of single im doses of tramadol and diclofenac alone and in combination
    • table of contents
    • Wilder-Smith CH, Hill L, Dyer RA, et al. Postoperative sensitization and pain after cesarean delivery and the effects of single im doses of tramadol and diclofenac alone and in combination. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:526-533 (table of contents).
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.97 , pp. 526-533
    • Wilder-Smith, C.H.1    Hill, L.2    Dyer, R.A.3
  • 28
    • 0034928051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diclofenac and/or propacetamol for postoperative pain management after cesarean delivery in patients receiving patient controlled analgesia morphine
    • Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Jalbout MI, et al. Diclofenac and/or propacetamol for postoperative pain management after cesarean delivery in patients receiving patient controlled analgesia morphine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26:310-315.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 310-315
    • Siddik, S.M.1    Aouad, M.T.2    Jalbout, M.I.3
  • 29
    • 28044437747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials
    • Elia N, Lysakowski C, Tramer MR. Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 2005; 103:1296-1304.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , pp. 1296-1304
    • Elia, N.1    Lysakowski, C.2    Tramer, M.R.3
  • 30
    • 19744372517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Marret E, Kurdi O, Zufferey P, Bonnet F. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:1249-1260.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.102 , pp. 1249-1260
    • Marret, E.1    Kurdi, O.2    Zufferey, P.3    Bonnet, F.4
  • 31
    • 0029780058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia. A clinical review of clonidine (1984-1995)
    • Eisenach JC, De Kock M, Klimscha W. Alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia. A clinical review of clonidine (1984-1995). Anesthesiology 1996; 85:655-674.
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.85 , pp. 655-674
    • Eisenach, J.C.1    De Kock, M.2    Klimscha, W.3
  • 32
    • 4644227352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine and guanfacine-induced antinociception in visceral pain: Possible role of alpha 2/I2 binding sites
    • Sabetkasaie M, Vala S, Khansefid N, et al. Clonidine and guanfacine-induced antinociception in visceral pain: possible role of alpha 2/I2 binding sites. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 501:95-101.
    • (2004) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.501 , pp. 95-101
    • Sabetkasaie, M.1    Vala, S.2    Khansefid, N.3
  • 33
    • 0025904737 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose clonidine enhances pregnancy-induced analgesia to visceral but not somatic stimuli in rats
    • Iwasaki H, Collins JG, Saito Y, et al. Low-dose clonidine enhances pregnancy-induced analgesia to visceral but not somatic stimuli in rats. Anesth Analg 1991; 72:325-329.
    • (1991) Anesth Analg , vol.72 , pp. 325-329
    • Iwasaki, H.1    Collins, J.G.2    Saito, Y.3
  • 34
    • 0025094074 scopus 로고
    • Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section
    • Mendez R, Eisenach JC, Kashtan K. Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1990; 73:848-852.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73 , pp. 848-852
    • Mendez, R.1    Eisenach, J.C.2    Kashtan, K.3
  • 35
    • 0026652805 scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section
    • Filos KS, Goudas LC, Patroni O, Polyzou V. Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:267-274.
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.77 , pp. 267-274
    • Filos, K.S.1    Goudas, L.C.2    Patroni, O.3    Polyzou, V.4
  • 36
    • 0028857207 scopus 로고
    • Addition of clonidine to epidural morphine enhances postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery
    • Capogna G, Celleno D, Zangrillo A, et al. Addition of clonidine to epidural morphine enhances postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery. Reg Anesth 1995; 20:57-61.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 57-61
    • Capogna, G.1    Celleno, D.2    Zangrillo, A.3
  • 37
    • 1942468858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcesarean analgesia with spinal morphine, clonidine, or their combination
    • table of contents
    • Paech MJ, Pavy TJ, Orlikowski CE, et al. Postcesarean analgesia with spinal morphine, clonidine, or their combination. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:1460-1466 (table of contents).
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.98 , pp. 1460-1466
    • Paech, M.J.1    Pavy, T.J.2    Orlikowski, C.E.3
  • 38
    • 0034821230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine premedication reduces maternal requirement for intravenous morphine after cesarean delivery without affecting newborn's outcome
    • Yanagidate F, Hamaya Y, Dohi S. Clonidine premedication reduces maternal requirement for intravenous morphine after cesarean delivery without affecting newborn's outcome. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26:461-467.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 461-467
    • Yanagidate, F.1    Hamaya, Y.2    Dohi, S.3
  • 39
    • 0030959630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal neostigmine for after cesarean section analgesia: Dose response
    • Krukowski JA, Hood DD, Eisenach JC, et al. Intrathecal neostigmine for after cesarean section analgesia: dose response. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:1269-1275.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 1269-1275
    • Krukowski, J.A.1    Hood, D.D.2    Eisenach, J.C.3
  • 40
    • 0031849999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of intrathecal neostigmine, intrathecal morphine, and their combination for after cesarean section analgesia
    • Chung CJ, Kim JS, Park HS, Chin YJ. The efficacy of intrathecal neostigmine, intrathecal morphine, and their combination for after cesarean section analgesia. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:341-346.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.87 , pp. 341-346
    • Chung, C.J.1    Kim, J.S.2    Park, H.S.3    Chin, Y.J.4
  • 41
    • 1642540158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural neostigmine produces analgesia but also sedation in women after cesarean delivery
    • Kaya FN, Sahin S, Owen MD, Eisenach JC. Epidural neostigmine produces analgesia but also sedation in women after cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:381-385.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.100 , pp. 381-385
    • Kaya, F.N.1    Sahin, S.2    Owen, M.D.3    Eisenach, J.C.4
  • 42
    • 0035042042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic effect of epidural neostigmine after abdominal hysterectomy
    • Nakayama M, Ichinose H, Nakabayashi K, et al. Analgesic effect of epidural neostigmine after abdominal hysterectomy. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13:86-89.
    • (2001) J Clin Anesth , vol.13 , pp. 86-89
    • Nakayama, M.1    Ichinose, H.2    Nakabayashi, K.3
  • 43
    • 0031424689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesic requirement after cesarean section: A comparison of anesthetic induction with ketamine or thiopental
    • Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ma ML, et al. Postoperative analgesic requirement after cesarean section: a comparison of anesthetic induction with ketamine or thiopental. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:1294-1298.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.85 , pp. 1294-1298
    • Kee, W.D.1    Khaw, K.S.2    Ma, M.L.3
  • 44
    • 22244476382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The persisting analgesic effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
    • Sen S, Ozmert G, Aydin ON, et al. The persisting analgesic effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22:518-523. The authors report the preemptive analgesic effect of a single low dose of intravenous ketamine administered during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
    • (2005) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.22 , pp. 518-523
    • Sen, S.1    Ozmert, G.2    Aydin, O.N.3
  • 45
    • 11044227346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine and postoperative pain - A quantitative systematic review of randomised trials
    • Elia N, Tramer MR. Ketamine and postoperative pain - a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain 2005; 113:61-70.
    • (2005) Pain , vol.113 , pp. 61-70
    • Elia, N.1    Tramer, M.R.2
  • 46
    • 0031719605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A qualitative systematic review of incisional local anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief after abdominal operations
    • Moiniche S, Mikkelsen S, Wetterslev J, Dahl JB. A qualitative systematic review of incisional local anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief after abdominal operations. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81:377-383.
    • (1998) Br J Anaesth , vol.81 , pp. 377-383
    • Moiniche, S.1    Mikkelsen, S.2    Wetterslev, J.3    Dahl, J.B.4
  • 47
    • 0036082326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of postoperative wound irrigation with local anesthetic for pain after cesarean delivery
    • Givens VA, Lipscomb GH, Meyer NL. A randomized trial of postoperative wound irrigation with local anesthetic for pain after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:1188-1191.
    • (2002) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.186 , pp. 1188-1191
    • Givens, V.A.1    Lipscomb, G.H.2    Meyer, N.L.3
  • 48
    • 0033690876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled ropivacaine instillation after cesarean delivery
    • Fredman B, Shapiro A, Zohar E, et al. The analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled ropivacaine instillation after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:1436-1440.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 1436-1440
    • Fredman, B.1    Shapiro, A.2    Zohar, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.