A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: Advantages, limitations and future needs;Uma avaliação crítica sobre biomarcadores utilizados para o monitoramento biológico de exposição ao chumbo: Vantagens, limitações e perspectivas futuras

Ciencia e Saude Coletiva

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 229-241

  Barbosa Jr , Fernando ^a   Tanus Santos, José Eduardo ^a   Gerlach, Raquel Fernanda ^a   Parsons, Patrick J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers of exposure; Biomonitoring; Lead

Indexed keywords

EID: 33744985820     PISSN: 14138123     EISSN: 16784561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232006000100032     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Thomas VM, Socolow RH, Fanelli JJ, Spiro TG. 1999. Effects of reducing lead in gasoline: An analysis of the international experience. Environ Sci Techol 1999; 33:3942-48.
2. Wakefield J. The lead effect. Environ. Health Perspec 2002; 110:A574-A580.
3. National Research Council. Measuring lead exposure in infants children and other sensitive populations. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1993.
4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for lead. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; July 1999.
5. Rabinowitz MB, Wetherill GW, Kopple JD. Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. J. Clin. Invest 1976; 58:260-70.
6. Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Horwarth D, Phillips A, Hall J. Impact on blood lead in children and adults following relocation from their source of exposure and contribution of skeletal tissue to blood lead. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1996; 56:543-50.
7. Manton WI, Angle CR, Stanek KL, Reese YR, Kuehnemann TJ. Acquisition and retention of lead by young children. Environ Res 2000; 82:6-80.
8. Succop P, Bornschein R, Brown K, Tseng CY. 1998. An empirical comparison of lead exposure pathway models. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:1577-83.
9. Rabinowitz MB. Toxicokinetics of bone lead. Environ Health Perspect 1991; 91:33-7.
10. O'Flaherty EJ. Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements. V. Lead absorption and disposition in childhood. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 131:297-308.
11. Brito JAA, McNeill FE, Webber CE, Wells S, Richard N, Carvalho ML, Chettle DR. Evaluation of a novel structural model to describe the endogenous release of lead from bone. J Environ Monit 2002; 4:194-201.
12. Brito JAA, McNeill FE, Webber CE, Chettle DR. Grid search: an innovative method for the estimation of the rates of lead exchange between body compartments. J Environ Monit 2005; 7:241-47.
13. Barry PS. Concentrations of lead in the tissues of children. Br J Ind Med 1981; 38:61-71.
14. Rust SW, Kumar P, Burgoon DA, Niemuth NA, Schultz BD. Influence of bone-lead stores on the observed effective-ness of lead hazard intervention. Environ Res 1999; 81:175-84.
15. Popovic M, McNeill FE, Chettle DR, Webber CE, Lee CV, Kaye WE. Impact of occupational exposure on lead levels in women. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:478-84.
16. Leung FY, Bradley C, Pellar TG. Reference intervals for blood lead and evaluation of zinc protoporphyrin as a screening-test for lead toxicity. Clin Biochem 1993; 26:491-96.
17. Sakai T. Biomarkers of lead exposure. Ind Health 2000; 38:127-42.
18. Gulson BL, Mahaffey KR, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Cameron MA, Vimpani G. Contribution of tissue lead to blood lead in adult female subjects based on stable lead-isotope methods. J Lab Clin Med 1995; 125:703-12.
19. Smith DR, Osterloh JD, Flegal AR. Use of endogenous, stable lead isotopes to determine release of lead from the skeleton. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104:60-6.
20. Gwiazda R, Campbell C, Smith D. A noninvasive isotopic approach to estimate the bone lead contribution to blood in children: Implication for assessing the efficacy of lead abatement. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:104-10.
21. Lowry LK, Cherry DC, Brady CFT, Huggins B, D'Sa AM, Levin JL. An unexplained case of elevated blood lead in a Hispanic child. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:222-5.
22. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Review of Studies Addressing Lead Abatement Effectiveness. EPA 747-R-95-006. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA; 1995.
23. Roberts JR, Reigart JR, Ebeling M, Hulsey TC. Time required for blood lead levels to decline in nonchelated children. Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:153-60.
24. Centers for the Disease Control. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, NCEH Pub. No. 02-0716. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2003.
25. Canfield RL, Henderson CRJ, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 μg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1517-26.
26. Centers for the Disease Control. Work Group of the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. A Review of The Evidence of health Effects of Blood Lead Levels < 10 μg/dL in Children. Centers for The Disease Control and Prevention [Accessed on February 2004]. CDC; 2004.
27. Hu H, Rabinowitz M, Smith D. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: Conceptual paradigms. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:1-8.
28. Versieck J, Cornelis R. Trace elements in human plasma and serum. Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton; 1988.
29. Schutz A, Bergdahl IA, Ekholm A, Skerfving S. Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53:736-40.
30. Smith DR, Hernandez-Avila M, Tellez-Rojo MM, Mercado A, Hu H. The relationship between lead in plasma and whole blood in women. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:263-68.
31. Esernio-Jenssen D, Bush V, Parsons PJ. Evaluation of vacutainer plus lo lead tubes for blood lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing. Clin Chem 1999; 45:148-50.
32. Smith DR, Ilustre RP, Osterloh JD. Methodological considerations for the accurate determination of lead in human plasma and serum. Am J Ind Med 1998; 33:430-38.
33. Hernandez-Avila M, Smith D, Meneses F, Sanin LH, Hu H. The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmental exposed adults. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:473-7.
34. Dombovari J, Varga Z, Becker JS, Matyus J, Kakuk G, Papp L. ICP-MS determination of trace elements in serum samples of healthy subjects using different sample preparation methods. Atom Spectrosc 2001; 22:331-5.
35. Cake KM, Bowins RJ, Vaillancourt C, Gordon CL, McNutt RH, Laporte R, Webber CE, Chettle DR. Partition of circulating lead between serum and red cells is different for internal and external sources of lead. Am J Ind Med 1996; 29:440-5.
36. Silbergeld EK. New approaches to monitoring environmental neurotoxins. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 694:62-71.
37. Pan AYS. Lead levels in saliva and in blood. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981; 7:273-80.
38. Omokhodion FO, Crockford GW. Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy-subjects. Sci Total Environ 1991; 103:113-22.
39. Koh D, Ng V, Chua LH, Yang Y, Ong HY, Chia SE. Can salivary lead be used for biological monitoring of lead exposed individuals? Occup Environ Med 2003; 60:696-8.
40. Wilhelm M, Pesch A, Rostek U, Begerow J, Schmitz N, Idel H, Ranft U. Concentrations of lead in blood, hair and saliva of German children living in three different areas of traffic density. Sci Total Environ 2002; 297:109-18.
41. Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Corbella. Lead in children's hair, as related to exposure in Tarragona province, Spain. Sci Total Environ 1991; 104:167-73.
42. Ryabukin YS. Activation analysis of hair as an indicator of contamination of man by environmental trace element pollutants. IAEA Report IAEA/RL/50, Vienna, 1978.
43. Morton J, Carolan VA, Gardiner PHE. Removal of exogenously bound elements from human hair by various washing procedures and determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2002; 455:23-4.
44. Wolfsperger M, Hauser G, Gossler W, Schlagenhaufen, C. Heavy metals in human hair samples from Austria and Italy-Influence of sex and smoking-habits. Sci Total Environ 1994; 156:235-42.
45. Renshaw GD. Distribution of trace elements in human hair and its possible effect on reported elemental concentration levels. Med Sci Law 1976; 16:37-9.
46. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Hair Analysis Panel Discussion: Exploring the State of the Science. 2001. [Accessed on April 2005]. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/hair_analysis/.
47. Seidel S, Kreutzer R, Smith D, McNeel S, Gilliss D. Assessment of commercial laboratories performing hair mineral. JAMA 2001; 285:67-72.
48. Tsaih SW, Schwartz J, Lee MLT, Amarasiriwardena C, Aro A, Sparrow D, Hu H. The independent contribution of bone and erythrocyte lead to urinary lead among middle-aged and elderly men: The normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107:391-6.
49. Hirata M, Yoshida T, Miyajima K, Kosada H, Tabuchi T. Correlation between lead in plasma and other indicators of lead exposure among lead exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 68:58-63.
50. Cavalleri A, Monoia C, Capodaglio E. Lead in plasma: Kinetics and biological effects. In: Facchett S, editor. Analytical Techniques for heavy metals in biological fluids. Amsterdam: Bsevier; 1981. p. 65-75.
51. Takagi, Y, Matsuda, S, Imai, S, Ohmori, Y, Vinson, JA, Mehra, MC et al. Survey of trace elements in human nails: an international comparison. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1988; 41:690-5.
52. Nowak B, Chmielnicka J. Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people. Ecotox Environ Safe 2000; 46:265-74.
53. Rodushkin I & Axelsson MD. Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part II. A study of the inhabitants of Northern Sweden. Sci Total Environ 2000; 262:21-36.
54. Gulson BL. Nails: Concern over their use in lead exposure assessment. Sci Total Environ 1996. 177:323-7.
55. Landrigan PJ, Todd AC. 1994. Direct measurement of lead in bone-A promising biomarker. JAMA 1994; 271:239-40.
56. Hu H, Aro A, Payton M, Korrick S, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, Rotnitzky A. The relationship of bone and blood lead to hypertension - The normative aging study. JAMA 1996; 275:1171-6.
57. Gonzalez-Cossio T, Peterson KE, Sanin LH, Fishbein E, Palazuelos E, Aro A, Hernandez-Avila M, Hu H. Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone-lead burden. Pediatrics 1997; 100:856-62.
58. Fleming DEB, Chettle DR, Weber, CE, O'Flaherty EJ. The O'Flaherty model of lead kinetics: An evaluation using data from a lead smelter population. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161:100-9.
59. Roy MM, Gordon CL, Beaumont LF, Chettle DR, Weber CE. Further experience with bone lead content measurements in residents of Southern Ontario. Appl Radiat Isot 1997; 48:391-6.
60. Todd AC, Carroll S, Geraghty C, Khan FA, Moshier EL, Tang S, Parsons PJ. L-shell X-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone: accuracy and precision. Phys Med Biol 2002; 47:1399-419.
61. Todd AC, Chettle DR. In vivo X-ray fluorescence of lead in bone: review and current issues. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102:172-7.
62. Todd AC, Parsons PJ, Carroll S, Geraghty C, Khan FA, Tang S, Moshier EL Measurements of lead in human tibiae. A comparison between K-shell x-ray fluorescence and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Phys Med Biol 2002; 47:673-87.
63. Ambrose TM, Al-Lozi M, Scott MG. Bone lead concentrations assessed by in vivo X-ray fluorescence. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1171-8.
64. Todd AC, Parsons PJ, Tang SD, Moshier EL. Individual variability in human tibia lead concentration. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:1139-43.
65. Maneakrichten M, Patterson C, Miller G, Settle D, Erel Y. Comparative increases of lead and barium with age in human tooth enamel, rib and ulna. Sci Total Environ 1991; 107:179-203.
66. Brown CJ, Chenery SRN, Smith B, Tomkins A, Roberts GJ, Serunjogi L, Thompson M A. Sampling and analytical methodology for dental trace element analysis. Analyst 2002; 127:319-23.
67. Gomes VE, de Sousa MDLR, Barbosa F, Krug FJ, Saraiva MDCP, Cury JA, Gerlach RF. In vivo studies on lead content of deciduous teeth superficial enamel of preschool children. Sci Total Environ 2004; 320:25-35.
68. Gulson BL.Tooth analyses of sources and intensity of lead exposure in children. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104:306-12.
69. Uryu T, Yoshinaga J, Yanagisawa Y, Endo M, Takahashi J. Analysis of lead in tooth enamel by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Anal Sci 2003; 19:1413-16.