Race, segregation, and physicians' participation in medicaid

Milbank Quarterly

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 239-272

  Greene, Jessica ^a   Blustein, Jan ^b   Weitzman, Beth C ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^b New York University's Wagner School

^c New York University's Robert F Wagner Graduate School of Public Service

^d ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Medicaid; Physician participation; Race; Segregation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAID; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POVERTY; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; MALE; MEDICAID; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; POVERTY; PREJUDICE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33744950467     PISSN: 0887378X     EISSN: 14680009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2006.00447.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Abramson A. M. Tubin, and M. VanderGood. 1995. The Changing Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: The Segregation of the Poor in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970 to 1990. Housing Policy Debate 6 1 45 72.
2. Acevedo-Garcia D. K.A. Lochner T.L. Osypuk, and S.V. Subramanian. 2003. Future Directions in Residential Segregation and Health Research: A Multilevel Approach. American Journal of Public Health 93 2 215 21.
3. Adams E.K. 1995. Effect of Increased Medicaid Fees on Physician Participation and Enrollee Service Utilization in Tennessee, 1985-1988. Inquiry 31 2 173 87.
4. Asplin B.R. K.V. Rhodes H. Levy N. Lurie A.L. Crain B.P. Carlin, and A.L. Kellermann. 2005. Insurance Status and Access to Urgent Ambulatory Care Follow-up Appointments. Journal of the American Medical Association 294 10 1248 54.
5. Association of American Medical Colleges. 2005. Minorities in Medical Education: Facts & Figures 2005. Available at https://services.aamc.org/ Publications accessed September 6, 2005 Pham D. Schrag R.C. Tate, and J.L. Hargraves. 2004. Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites. New England Journal of Medicine 351 6 575 84.
6. Bach P. D. Schrag, and H. Pham. 2004. Authors Reply: Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites. New England Journal of Medicine 351 20 2127.
7. Backus L. D. Osmond K. Grumbach K. Vranizan L. Phuong, and A.B. Bindman. 2001. Specialists' and Primary Care Physicians' Participation in Medicaid Managed Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16 12 815 21.
8. Berman S. J. Dolins S.F. Tang, and B. Yudkowsky. 2002. Factors That Influence the Willingness of Private Primary Care Pediatricians to Accept More Medicaid Patients. Pediatrics 110 2, part 1 239 48.
9. Branton R., and B. Jones. 2005. Reexamining Racial Attitudes: The Conditional Relationship between Diversity and Socioeconomic Environment. American Journal of Political Science 49 2 359 72.
10. Bronstein J.M. E.K. Adams, and C.S. Florence. 2004. The Impact of S-CHIP Enrollment on Physician Participation in Medicaid in Alabama and Georgia. Health Services Research 39 2 301 17.
11. Burgess D. S. Fu, and M. van Ryn. 2004. Why Do Providers Contribute to Disparities and What Can Be Done about It? Journal of General Internal Medicine 19 11 1154 59.
12. Charles C. 2003. The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation. Annual Review of Sociology 29 : 167 207.
13. Cooper-Patrick L. J.J. Gallo J.J. Gonzales H.T. Vu N.R. Powe C. Nelson, and D.E. Ford. 1999. Race, Gender, and Partnership in the Patient-Physician Relationship. Journal of the American Medical Association 282 6 583 89.
14. Cutler D. E. Glaeser, and J. Vigdor. 1999. The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto. Journal of Political Economy 107 3 455 506.
15. Eichner J., and B.C. Vladeck. 2005. Medicare as a Catalyst for Reducing Health Disparities. Health Affairs 24 2 365 75.
16. Feins J., and R. Bratt. 1983. Barred in Boston: Racial Discrimination in Housing. Journal of the American Planning Association 43 3 344 55.
17. Fossett J. H. Chang, and J. Peterson. 1991. Hospital Outpatient Services and Medicaid Patients' Access to Care. Medical Care 29 10 964 76.
18. Fossett J.W. J.D. Perloff P.R. Kletke, and J.A. Peterson. 1991. Medicaid Patients' Access to Office-Based Obstetricians. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 1 4 405 21.
19. Fossett J.W. J.D. Perloff P.R. Kletke, and J.A. Peterson. 1992. Medicaid and Access to Child Health Care in Chicago. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 17 2 273 98.
20. Fossett J.W. J.D. Perloff J.A. Peterson, and P.R. Kletke. 1990. Medicaid in the Inner City: The Case of Maternity Care in Chicago. The Milbank Quarterly 68 1 111 41.
21. Fossett J., and J. Peterson. 1989. Physician Supply and Medicaid Participation: The Causes of Market Failure. Medical Care 27 4 386 96.
22. Gaskin D.J., and C. Hoffman. 2000. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Preventable Hospitalizations across 10 States. Medical Care Research and Review 57 suppl. 1 85 107.
23. Goodman D.C. S.S. Mick D. Bott T. Stukel C.H. Chang N. Marth J. Poage, and H.J. Carretta. 2003. Primary Care Service Areas: A New Tool for the Evaluation of Primary Care Services. Health Services Research 38 1, part 1 287 309.
24. Greene J. J. Blustein, and D. Remler. 2005. The Impact of Medicaid Managed Care on Primary Care Physician Participation in Medicaid. Medical Care 43 9 911 20.
25. Guagliardo M. C. Ronzio I. Cheung E. Chacko, and J. Joseph. 2004. Physician Accessibility: An Urban Case Study of Pediatric Providers. Health and Place 10 3 273 83.
26. Hargraves J.L., and J. Hadley. 2003. The Contribution of Insurance Coverage and Community Resources to Reducing Race Disparities in Access to Care. Health Services Research 38 3 809 29.
27. Hoffman C., and M. Wang. 2003. Health Insurance Coverage in America. Available at http://www.kff.org/uninsured/4154.cfm accessed September 5, 2005 1999. The American Welfare State, or States? Political Research Quarterly 52 2 421 42.
28. Johnson R.L. D. Roter N.R. Powe, and L.A. Cooper. 2004. Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient-Physician Communication during Medical Visits. American Journal of Public Health 94 12 2084 90.
29. Jones C. 1993. Mt. Sinai Changing Allocation of Rooms as Bias Inquiry Starts. New York Times, October 19, Section B, page 1.
30. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2002. National Survey of Physicians: Highlights and Chartpack. Available at http://www.kff.org/minorityhealth/20020321a-index. cfm accessed August 25, 2005 Daniels, and D.E. Robinson. 2005. Health Disparities by Race and Class: Why Both Matter. Health Affairs 24 2 343 52.
31. Kemper P. D. Blumenthal J.M. Corrigan P.J. Cunningham S.M. Felt J.M. Grossman L.T. Kohn C.E. Metcalf R.F. St. Peter R.C. Strouse, and P.B. Ginsburg. 1996. The Design of the Community Tracking Study: A Longitudinal Study of Health System Change and Its Effects on People. Inquiry 33 2 195 206.
32. Kletke P.R. S.M. Davidson J.D. Perloff D.W. Schiff, and J.P. Connelly. 1985. The Extent of Physician Participation in Medicaid: A Comparison of Physician Estimates and Aggregated Patient Records. Health Services Research 20 5 503 23.
33. Komaromy M. K. Grumbach M. Drake K. Vranizan N. Lurie D. Keane, and A.B. Bindman. 1996. The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations. New England Journal of Medicine 334 20 1305 10.
34. Laveist T.A. 2003. Racial Segregation and Longevity among African Americans: An Individual-Level Analysis. Health Services Research 38 6, part 2 1719 34.
35. Lillie-Blanton M. R.M. Martinez, and A. Salganicoff. 2001. Site of Medical Care: Do Racial and Ethnic Differences Persist? Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1 : 15 32.
36. Margolis P.A. R.L. Cook J.A. Earp C.M. Lannon L.L. Keyes, and J.D. Klein. 1992. Factors Associated with Pediatricians' Participation in Medicaid in North Carolina. Journal of the American Medical Association 267 14 1942 46.
37. Massey D., and N. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press.
38. Menges J. C. Park J. Babcock L. Chimento R. Haught, and S. Ho. 2001. Comparing Physician and Dentist Fees among Medicaid Programs. Available at http://www.chcf.org/topics/medi-cal/index.cfm?itemID=20412 accessed on August 24, 2005 1983. Medicaid Participation by Medical and Surgical Specialists. Medical Care 21 9 929 38.
39. Mitchell J.B. 1991. Physician Participation in Medicaid Revisited. Medical Care 29 7 645 53.
40. Mitchell J.B., and R. Schurman. 1984. Access to Private Obstetrics/Gynecology Services under Medicaid. Medical Care 22 11 1026 37.
41. Moy E., and B.A. Bartman. 1995. Physician Race and Care of Minority and Medically Indigent Patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 273 19 1515 20.
42. Oliver J., and T. Mendelberg. 2000. Reconsidering the Environmental Determinants of White Racial Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science 44 3 574 89.
43. Ondrich J. S. Ross, and J. Yinger. 2001. Geography of Housing Discrimination. Journal of Housing Research 12 2 217 38.
44. O'Regan K., and J. Quigley. 1996. Spatial Effects on Employment Outcomes: The Case of New Jersey Teenagers. New England Economic Review (May/June).
45. Pear R. 2004. Taking Spin out of Report That Made Bad into Good. New York Times, February 22, Section 1, page 16.
46. Perloff J.D. P.R. Kletke J.W. Fossett, and S. Banks. 1997. Medicaid Participation among Urban Primary Care Physicians. Medical Care 35 2 142 57.
47. Perloff J.D. P.R. Kletke, and K.M. Neckerman. 1986. Recent Trends in Pediatrician Participation in Medicaid. Medical Care 24 8 749 60.
48. Rathore S. L. Lenert K. Weinfurt A. Tinoco C. Taleghani W. Harless, and K. Schulman. 2000. The Effects of Patient Sex and Race on Medical Students' Ratings of Quality of Life. American Journal of Medicine 108 7 561 66.
49. Rosenbaum S. 2003. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare: Issues in the Design, Structure, and Administration of Federal Healthcare Financing Programs Supported through Direct Public Funding. In Unequal Treatment, edited by B. Smedley A. Stith, and A. Nelson, 664 98. Washington, D.C. : National Academies Press.
50. Rosenbaum S. A. Markus, and J. Darnell. 2000. U.S. Civil Rights Policy and Access to Health Care by Minority Americans: Implications for a Changing Health Care System. Medical Care Research and Review 57 suppl. 1 236 59.
51. Rosenbaum S. A. Stewart, and C. Sonosky. 2002. Negotiating the New Health System Fourth Edition - Medicaid Managed Care General Service Agreements. Available at http://www.gwumc.edu/sphhs/healthpolicy/nnhs4/GSA/ accessed on August 24, 2005 2004. State Violating Medicaid Laws. Chicago Tribune, August 25, Section A, page 1.
52. Satel S., and J. Klick. 2005. The Institute of Medicine Report: Too Quick to Diagnose Bias. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48 1S S15 S25.
53. Schneider E.C. A.M. Zaslavsky, and A.M. Epstein. 2002. Racial Disparities in the Quality of Care for Enrollees in Medicare Managed Care. Journal of the American Medical Association 287 10 1288 94.
54. Schulman K.A. J.A. Berlin W. Harless J.F. Kerner S. Sistrunk B.J. Gersh R. Dube C.K. Taleghani J.E. Burke S. Williams J.M. Eisenberg J.J. Escarce, and W. Ayers. 1999. The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization. New England Journal of Medicine 340 8 618 26.
55. Shannon G. R. Bashur, and C. Spurlock. 1978. The Search for Medical Care: An Exploration of Urban Black Behavior. International Journal of Health Service 8 3 519 30.
56. Sloan F. J. Mitchell, and J. Cromwell. 1978. Physician Participation in State Medicaid Programs. Journal of Human Resources 13 suppl 211 45.
57. Smedley B. A. Stith, and A. Nelson. 2003. Unequal Treatment. Washington, D.C. : National Academies Press.
58. Smith D.B. 1998. The Racial Segregation of Hospital Care Revisited: Medicare Discharge Patterns and Their Implications. American Journal of Public Health 88 3 461 63.
59. Smith D.B. 1999. Health Care Divided: Race and Healing a Nation. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.
60. Smith D.B. 2005. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities and the Unfinished Civil Rights Agenda. Health Affairs 24 2 317 24.
61. Soss J. S. Schram T. Vartanian, and E. O'Brien. 2003. The Hard Line and the Color Line. In Race and the Politics of Welfare Reform, edited by S. Schram J. Soss, and R. Fording, 225 53. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.
62. Sullivan R. 1994. Two Hospitals Are Accused of Segregating by Race. New York Times, May 20, Section B, page 3.
63. Turner M. S. Ross G. Galster J. Yinger E. Godfrey B. Bednarz C. Herbig S. Lee A. Hossain, and B. Zhao. 2002. Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase I HDS 2000 Final Report. Available at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410821_Phase1_Report.pdf accessed September 5, 2005 http://www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-us.html accessed on August 16, 2005 J. Burke. 2000. The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians' Perceptions of Patients. Social Science & Medicine 50 6 813 28.
64. Waitzman N.J., and K.R. Smith. 1998. Separate but Lethal: The Effects of Economic Segregation on Mortality in Metropolitan America. The Milbank Quarterly 76 3 341 73.
65. Walls C.A. K.V. Rhodes, and J.J. Kennedy. 2002. The Emergency Department as Usual Source of Medical Care: Estimates from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey. Academic Emergency Medicine 9 11 1140 45.
66. Weinick R.M. S.H. Zuvekas, and J.W. Cohen. 2000. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to and Use of Health Care Services, 1977 to 1996. Medical Care Research and Review 57 suppl. 1 36 54.
67. Weisse C.S. P.C. Sorum K.N. Sanders, and B.L. Syat. 2001. Do Gender and Race Affect Decisions about Pain Management? Journal of General Internal Medicine 16 4 211 17.
68. Wright G.C. 1976. Racism and Welfare Policy in America. Social Science Quarterly 57 1 718 30.
69. Yinger J. 1986. Measuring Racial Discrimination with Fair Housing Audits: Caught in the Act. American Economic Review 76 5 881 93.
70. Yinger J. 1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. New York : Sage.
71. Zuvekas S.H., and R.M. Weinick. 1999. Changes in Access to Care, 1977-1996: The Role of Health Insurance. Health Services Research 34 1 271 80.