Lateglacial nunataks in central Scandinavia: Biostratigraphical evidence for ice thickness from Lake Flåfattjønn, Tynset, Norway

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 11-12, 2006, Pages 1228-1246

  Paus, Aage ^a   Velle, Gaute ^a,b   Larsen, Jorunn ^a,c   Nesje, Atle ^a,b   Lie, Øyvind ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b BJERKNES CENTRE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c Agder Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONES; DEPOSITION; ICE; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; VEGETATION;

BASAL LAYERS; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; ICE THICKNES; LATEGLACIAL;

LAKES;

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; DEGLACIATION; GLACIAL DEPOSIT; ICE THICKNESS; LATE GLACIAL; NUNATAK; SCANDINAVIAN ICE SHEET; WEICHSELIAN;

EURASIA; EUROPE; HEDMARK; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; TYNSET;

BACILLARIOPHYTA; CHIRONOMIDAE; XEROPHYTA;

EID: 33744827156     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.008     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Allen J.R.M., and Huntley B. Estimating past floristics diversity in montane regions from macrofossil assemblages. Journal of Biogeography 26 (1999) 55-73
2. Alley R.B., Mayewski P.A., Sowers T., Stuiver M., Taylor K.C., and Clark P.U. Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25 (1997) 483-486
3. Alm T., and Willassen E. Late Weichselian Chironomidae (Diptera) stratigraphy of Lake Nedre Æråsvatn, Andøya, Northern Norway, 20,000-11,000 B.P. Hydrobiologia 264 (1993) 21-32
4. Andersen B.G. Late Weichselian ice sheets in Eurasia, Greenland and Norway. In: Denton G.H., and Hughes T.J. (Eds). The Last Great Ice Sheets (1981), Wiley, New York 20-27
5. Armitage P.D., Cranston P.S., and Pinder L.C.V. The Chironomidae: Biology and Ecology of Non-Biting Midges (1995), Chapman & Hall, London 572pp
6. Battarbee R.W. Diatom analysis. In: Berglund B.E. (Ed). Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology (1986), Wiley, Chichester 527-570
7. Battarbee R.W., and Kneen M.J. The use of electronically counted microspheres in absolute diatom analysis. Limnology and Oceanography 27 (1982) 184-188
8. Bennett K.D. Determination of the number of zones in a biostratigraphical sequence. New Phytologist 132 (1996) 155-170
9. Bergersen, O.F., Garnes, K., 1983. Glacial deposits in the culmination zone of the Scandinavian ice sheet. In: Ehlers, J. (Ed.), Glacial Deposits in North-West Europe. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 29-40.
10. Bergersen O.F., Thoresen M., and Hougsnæs R. Evidences for a newly discovered Weichselian interstadial in Gudbrandsdalen, central south Norway. Striae 34 (1991) 103-108
11. Birks H.H. Late-Quaternary pollen and plant macrofossil stratigraphy at Lochan an Druim, north-west Scotland. In: Haworth E.Y., and Lund J.W.G. (Eds). Lake Sediments and Environmental History (1984), University of Leicester, Leicester 377-405
12. Birks H.H. Plant macrofossils. In: Smol J.P., Birks H.J.B., and Last W.M. (Eds). Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments vol. 3 (2001), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 49-74
13. Birks H.H., Gulliksen S., Haflidason H., Mangerud J., and Possnert G. New radiocarbon dates for the Vedde Ash and the Saksunarvatn Ash from western Norway. Quaternary Research 45 (1996) 119-127
14. Birks H.J.B. Is the hypothesis of survival on glacial nunataks necessary to explain the present-day distributions of Norwegian mountain plants?. Phytocoenologia 23 (1993) 399-426
15. Birks H.J.B. Quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In: Maddy D., and Brew J.S. (Eds). Statistical Modelling of Quaternary Science Data (1995), Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge 161-254
16. Birks H.J.B. Numerical tools in palaeolimnology-progress, potentials, and problems. Journal of Paleolimnology 20 (1998) 307-332
17. Birks H.J.B., and Gordon A.D. Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis (1985), Academic Press, London 317pp
18. Blytt A. Die Theorie der wechselnden kontinentalen und insularen Klimate. Botanische Jahrbücher 2 (1882) 1-50
19. Boulton G.S., Smith G.O., Jones A.S., and Newson J. Glacial geology and glaciology of the last mid-latitude ice-sheets. Journal of Geological Society of London 142 (1985) 447-474
20. Boulton G.S., Dongelmans P., Punkari M., and Broadgate M. Palaeoglaciology of an ice sheet through a glacial cycle: the European ice sheet through the Weichselian. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 591-625
21. Bradshaw E.G., Jones V.J., Birks H.J.B., and Birks H.H. Diatom responses to late-glacial and early Holocene environmental changes at Kråkenes, western Norway. Journal of Paleolimnology 23 (2000) 21-34
22. Brewer, S., Cheddadi, R., Beaulieu, J.L., Reille, M., Data contributers, 2002. The spread of deciduous Quercus throughout Europe since the last glacial period. Forest Ecology and Management 156, 27-48.
23. Brochmann C., Gabrielsen T.M., Nordal I., Landvik J., and Elven R. Glacial survival or tabula rasa? The history of the North Atlantic biota revisited. Taxon 52 (2003) 417-450
24. Brodersen K.P., and Anderson N.J. Distribution of chironomids (Diptera) in low arctic West Greenland lakes: trophic conditions, temperature and environmental reconstruction. Freshwater Biology 47 (2002) 1137-1157
25. Brooks S.J., and Birks H.J.B. Chironomid-inferred late-glacial and Holocene mean July air temperatures for Kråkenes Lake, western Norway. Journal of Paleolimnology 23 (2000) 77-89
26. Brooks S.J., and Birks H.J.B. Chironomid-inferred air temperatures from Lateglacial and Holocene sites in north-west Europe: progress and problems. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 1723-1741
27. Brubaker L., Anderson P.M., Edwards M.E., and Lozhkin V. Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: new perspectives from mapped pollen data. Journal of Biogeography 32 (2005) 833-848
28. Brundin L. Chironomiden und andere Bodentiere der Südschwedischen Urgebirgsseen. Report of the Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm 30 (1949) 1-194
29. Camburn K.E., and Charles D.F. Diatoms of the Low-alkalinity Lakes in the Northeastern United States (2000), The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 152pp
30. Cameron N.G., Birks H.J.B., Jones V.J., Berge F., Catalan J., Flower R.J., Garcia J., Kawecka B., Koinig K.A., Marchetto A., Sanchez-Castillo P., Schmidt R., Sisko M., Solovieva N., Stefkova E., and Toro M. Surface-sediment and epilithic diatom pH calibration sets for remote European mountain lakes (AL: PE Project) and their comparison with the Surface Waters Acidification Programme (SWAP) calibration set. Journal of Paleolimnology 22 (1999) 291-317
31. Clark P., Alley R., and Pollard D. Climatology-Northern hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change. Science 286 (1999) 1104-1111
32. Dahl E. The nunatak theory reconsidered. Ecological Bulletins 38 (1987) 77-94
33. Dahl S.O., and Nesje A. Paleoclimatic implications based on equilibrium-line altitude depressions of reconstructed Younger Dryas and Holocene cirque glaciers in inner Nordfjord, western Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94 (1992) 87-97
34. Dahl S.O., Nesje A., and Øvstedal J. Cirque glaciers as morphological evidence for a thin Younger Dryas ice sheet in the east-central southern Norway. Boreas 26 (1997) 161-180
35. Dahl S.O., Nesje A., Lie Ø., Fjordheim K., and Matthews J.A. Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early Holocene glacier readvances during the Erdalen Event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway. The Holocene 12 (2002) 17-25
36. Dahl S.O., Lie Ø., Pytte A.-G.B., Murray A., Tveranger J., Håvik O., Kvisvik B.C., and Nesje A. Weichselian glaciation history in east-central southern Norway. Geografiske Föreningnes Förhandlingar 126 (2004) 118-119
37. Davis M.B.D., and Ford M.S. Sediment focusing in Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. Limnology and Oceanography 27 (1982) 137-150
38. Davis M.B.D., Moeller R.E., and Ford M.S. Sediment focusing and pollen influx. In: Haworth E.Y., and Lund J.W.G. (Eds). Lake Sediments and Environmental History (1984), University of Leicester, Leicester 261-293
39. Denton G.H., Alley R.B., Comer G.C., and Broecker W.S. The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1159-1182
40. Dieffenbacher-Krall A.C., and Jacobson Jr. G.L. Post-glacial changes in the geographic ranges of certain aquatic vascular plants in North America. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 101b 1-2 (2001) 79-84
41. DNMI, 2004. Det Norske Meteorologiske Insitutt web pages: http://met.no/observasjoner/hedmark/normaler_for_kommune_438.html?kommuner.
42. Doubleday N.C., Douglas M.S.V., and Smol J.P. Paleoenvironmental perspectives on black carbon deposition in the high Arctic. The Science of the Total Environment 160/161 (1995) 661-668
43. Douglas M.S.V., Smol J.P., and Blake Jr. W. Marked post-18th century environmental change in high-artic ecosystems. Science 26 (1994) 416-419
44. Fægri, K., Iversen, J., 1989. In: Fægri, K., Kaland, P.E., Krzywinski, K. (Eds.), Textbook of Pollen Analysis, vol. 4, revised. Wiley, Chichester, 314pp.
45. Foley J.A., Kutzbach J.E., Coe M.T., and Levis S. Feedbacks between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch. Nature 371 (1994) 52-54
46. Follestad B. Development of minor late-glacial ice domes east of Oppdal, Central Norway. Norges geologiske undersøkelse Bulletin 441 (2003) 39-49
47. Fredskild B. Studies in the vegetational history of Greenland, Palaeobotanical investigations of some Holocene lake and bog deposits. Meddelelser om Grønland 198 4 (1973) 245
48. Garnes K., and Bergersen O.F. Wastage features of the inland ice sheet in central South Norway. Boreas 9 (1980) 251-269
49. Gjærevoll O. Survival of plants on nunataks in Norway during the Pleistocene glaciation. In: Löve A., and Löve D. (Eds). North Atlantic Biota and Their History (1963), Pergamon Press, Oxford 261-283
50. Gjærevoll O. Maps of Distribution of Norwegian Vascular Plants. vol. II. Alpine Plants (1990), Tapir Publishers, Trondheim 163pp
51. Goslar T., Balaga K., Arnold M., Tisnerat N., Starnawska E., Kuźniarski M., Chróst L., Walanus A., and Wie{combining ogonek}ckowski K. Climate-related variations in the composition of the Lateglacial and Early Holocene sediments of Lake Perespilno (eastern Poland). Quaternary Science Reviews 18 (1999) 899-911
52. Grimm E. TGView version 2.0.2 (2003), Illinois State Museum Springfield, Illinois
53. Hammarlund D., Velle G., Wolfe B.B., Edwards T.W.D., Barnekow L., Bergman J., Holmgren S., Lamme S., Snowball I., Wohlfarth B., and Possnert G. Palaeolimnological and sedimentary responses to Holocene forest retreat in the Scandes Mountains, west-central Sweden. The Holocene 14 (2004) 862-876
54. Heiri O., and Lotter A.F. Effect of low count sums on quantitative environmental reconstructions: an example using subfossil chironomids. Journal of Paleolimnology 26 (2001) 343-350
55. Heiri O., and Millet L. Reconstruction of Late Glacial summer temperatures from chironomid assemblages in Lac Lautrey (Jura, France). Journal of Quaternary Science 20 (2005) 33-44
56. Helle M., Sønstegaard E., Coope R.G., and Rye N. Early Weichselian peat at Brumunddal, southeastern Norway. Boreas 10 (1981) 279-369
57. Hill M.O. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54 (1973) 427-432
58. Hobæk, A., Skage, M., submitted. Distribution and genetic variation of Daphnia umbra in northern Europe. Freshwater Biology, submitted for publication.
59. Høeg, H.I., 1994. Pollenanalytiske undersøkelser i Hirkjølområdet. Aktuelt fra Skogforsk 5-94, 21.
60. Holmlund P., and Fastook J. A time-dependent glaciological model of the Weichselian Ice Sheet. Quaternary International 27 (1995) 53-58
61. Holmsen, G., 1915. Brædemte sjøer i Nordre Østerdalen. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse 72, 211.
62. Huntley B., and Birks H.J.B. An Atlas of Past and Present Pollen Maps for Europe: 0-13000 years ago (1983), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 667pp
63. Hyvärinen H. Flandrian pollen deposition rates and tree-line history in northern Fennoscandia. Boreas 5 (1976) 163-175
64. Isarin R.F.B., and Bohncke S.J.P. Mean July temperatures during the Younger Dryas in northwestern and central Europe as inferred from climate indicator plant species. Quaternary Research 51 (1999) 158-173
65. Iversen J. The Late-Glacial flora of Denmark and its relation to climate and soil. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, II. Række 80 (1954) 87-119
66. Johnsen S.J., Dahl-Jensen D., Gundestrup N., Steffensen J.P., Clausen H.B., Miller H., Masson-Delmotte V., Sveinbjörnsdottir A.E., and White J. Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice-core stations: Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP. Journal of Quaternary Science 16 (2001) 299-307
67. Juggins, S., 2003. C2 User guide. Software for ecological and palaeoecological data analysis and visualisation: http://www.campus.ncl.ac.uk/staff/Stephen.Juggins/software/softhome.htm, Department of Geography, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne.
68. Juggins, S., ter Braak, C.J.F., 1995. Wapls version 1.0. Unpublished computer program: http://www.campus.ncl.ac.uk/staff/Stephen.Juggins/software/softhome.htm, Department of Geography, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
69. Kaland, P.E., Natvig, Ø., 1993. CORE 2.0, a Computer Program for Stratigraphical Data, Developed at University of Bergen, Norway, Unpublished
70. Klotz S., Guiot J., and Mosbrugger V. Continental European Eemian and early Würmian climate evolution: comparing signals using different quantitative reconstruction approaches based on pollen. Global and Planetary Change 36 (2003) 277-294
71. Krammer K., and Lange-Bertalot H. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa: Bacillariophyceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae (1986), Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart 876pp
72. Krammer K., and Lange-Bertalot H. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa: Bacillariophyceae. 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae (1988), Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart 596pp
73. Krammer K., and Lange-Bertalot H. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa: Bacillariophyceae. 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae (1991), Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart 576pp
74. Krammer K., and Lange-Bertalot H. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa: Bacillariophyceae. 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae (1991), Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart 437pp
75. Kristiansen I.L., Mangerud J., and Lømo L. Late Weichselian/early Holocene pollen and lithostratigraphy in lakes in the Ålesund area, western Norway. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 53 (1988) 185-231
76. Kullman L. A new approach to postglacial forest-history of Northern Scandinavia. Review of megafossil evidence. Recent Research Developments in Ecology 1 (2001) 1-19
77. Kullman L. Boreal tree taxa in the central Scandes during the Late-Glacial: implications for Late-Quaternary forest history. Journal of Biogeography 29 (2002) 1117-1124
78. Kullman L. Tree-limit landscape evolution at the southern fringe of the Swedish Scandes (Dalarna province)-Holocene and 20th century perspective. Fennia 182 (2005) 73-94
79. Kutzbach J.E., and Guetter P.J. Sensitivity of late-glacial and Holocene climates to the combined effects of orbital parameter changes and lower boundary-condition changes-snapshot simulations with a general-circulation model for 18-Ka-Bp, 9-Ka-Bp, and L-Ka-Bp. Annales of Glaciology 5 (1984) 85-87
80. Laaksonen K. The dependence of mean air temperatures upon latitude and altitude in Fennoscandia (1921-1950). Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae A3 199 (1976) 1-19
81. Lambeck K. Shoreline displacement in southern-central Sweden and the evolution of the Baltic Sea since the last glacial maximum. Journal of the Geological Society of London 156 (1999) 465-486
82. Larocque I. How many chironomid head capsules are enough? A statistical approach to determine sample size for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 172 (2001) 133-142
83. Larsen E., Gulliksen S., Lauritzen S.-E., Lie R., Løvlie R., and Mangerud J. Cave stratigraphy in western Norway; multiple Weichselian glaciations and interstadial vertebrate fauna. Boreas 16 (1987) 267-292
84. Laskar J. The chaotic motion of the solar system: a numerical estimate of the chaotic zones. Icarus 88 (1990) 266-291
85. Lid J., and Lid D.T. Norsk Flora (1994), Det norske samlaget, Oslo 1014pp
86. 14C and OSL dates (2004), Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Uppsala, Sweden
87. Lotter A.F., Birks H.J.B., and Zolitschka B. Late-glacial pollen and diatom changes in response to two different environmental perturbations: volcanic eruption and Younger Dryas cooling. Journal of Paleolimnlogy 14 (1995) 23-47
88. Lotter A.F., Birks H.J.B., Eicher U., Hofmann W., Schwander J., and Wick L. Younger Dryas and Allerød summer temperatures at Gerzensee (Switzerland) inferred from fossil pollen and cladoceran assemblages. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 159 (2000) 349-361
89. Loutre M.F., and Berger A. Marine isotope stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial. Global and Planetary Change (2003)
90. Lundqvist J., and Wohlfarth B. Timing and east-west correlation of south Swedish ice marginal lines during the Late Weichselian. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 1127-1148
91. Mangerud J. The last age in Scandinavia. Striae 34 (1991) 15-29
92. Mangerud J. Ice sheets limits in Norway and on the Norwegian continental shelf. In: Ehlers J., and Gibbard P.L. (Eds). Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam 271-294
93. Mannerfelt C. Glacial-morfologiska studier i norska högfjäll. Norsk geografisk Tidsskrift 8 (1941) 9-47
94. Miller G.H., Mode W.N., Wolfe A.P., Sauer P.E., Bennike O., Forman S.L., Short S.K., and Staford Jr. T.W. Stratified interglacial lacustrine sediments from Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: chronology and paleoenvironmental implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 18 (1999) 789-810
95. Moore P.D., Webb J.A., and Collinson M.E. Pollen Analysis (1991), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 216pp
96. Møller, J., Holmeslet, B., 1998. Program Sea Level Change. http://www.imv.uit.no/annet/sealev/download/sl32.htm, University of Tromsø, Tromsø.
97. Nesje A. A piston corer for lacustrine and marine sediments. Arctic and Alpine Research 24 (1992) 257-259
98. Nesje A., and Dahl S.O. The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediments. Journal of Quaternary Sciences 16 (2001) 155-166
99. Nesje A., Dahl S.O., Anda E., and Rye N. Block fields in southern Norway; Significance for the Late Weichselian ice sheet. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 68 (1988) 149-169
100. Nesje A., Dahl S.O., Andersson C., and Matthews J.A. The lacustrine sedimentary sequence in Sygneskardvatnet, western Norway: a continuous, high-resolution record of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (2000) 1047-1065
101. NGU, 2004. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelser web-pages: http://www.ngu.no/kart/bg250/
102. Nichols H. The disturbance of arctic lake sediments by "bottom ice": a hazard for palynology. Arctic 20 (1967) 213-214
103. Nordal I. Tabula rasa after all? Botanical evidence for ice-free refugia in Scandinavia reviewed. Journal of Biogeography 14 (1987) 377-388
104. Nordhagen R. Skandinavisk fjellflora og dens relasjoner til den siste istid. Nordiske (19. skandinaviske) Naturforskarmøte i Helsingfors 1936 (1936) 93-124
105. Odland A. Differences in the vertical distribution pattern of Betula pubescens in Norway and its ecological significance. Paläoklimaforschung 20 (1996) 43-59
106. Odland A. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur and European Science Foundation (1996), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart
107. Økland K.A., and Økland J. Freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa) of Norway: distribution and ecology of Cristatella mucedo and Paludicella articulata. Hydrobiologia 421 (2000) 1-24
108. Paus Aa. Late Weichselian vegetation, climate, and floral migration at Liastemmen, North Rogaland, southwestern Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science 4 (1989) 223-242
109. Paus A. Late Weichselian and early Holocene vegetation, climate, and floral migration at Utsira, North-Rogaland, southwestern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 70 (1990) 135-152
110. Paus, Aa., Jevne, O.E., 1987. Innerdalens historie belyst ved den pollenanalytiske metoden. In: Paus, Aa., Jevne, O.E., Gustafson, L. (Eds.), Kulturhistoriske undersøkelser i Innerdalen, Kvikne, Hedmark. Rapport, 1987-1, Arkeologisk Serie, Vitenskapsmuseet, Universitetet i Trondheim, pp. 1-89.
111. Persson C. Försök till tefrokronologisk datering av några svenska torvmossar. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 88 (1966) 361-394
112. In: Punt W., Blackmore S., Clarke G.C.S., and Hoen P.P. (Eds). The Northwest European Pollen Flora I-VII (1976-1995), Elsevier, Amsterdam
113. Quinlan R., and Smol J.P. Setting minimum head capsule abundance and taxa deletion criteria in chironomid-based inference models. Journal of Paleolimnology 26 (2001) 327-342
114. Rieradevall M., and Brooks S.J. An identification guide to subfossil Tanypodinae larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) based on cephalic setation. Journal of Paleolimnology 25 (2001) 81-99
115. Ritchie J.C., and Lichti-Federovich S. Pollen dispersal phenomena in Arctic-Subarctic Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3 (1967) 255-266
116. Sæther O.A. Nearctic and Palaearctic Heterotrissocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 193 (1975) 1-67
117. Sæther O.A. Chironomid communities as water quality indicators. Holarctic Ecology 2 (1979) 65-74
118. Schneider, R., Tobolski, K., 1985. Lago di Ganna, Late-Glacial and Holocene environments of a lake in the southern Alps. In: Lang, G. (Ed.), Swiss Lake and Mire Environments During the Last 15 000 years. Dissertationes Botanici 87, pp. 229-271.
119. Sejrup H.P., Larsen E., Landvik J., King E.L., Haflidason H., and Nesje A. Quaternary glaciations in southern Fennoscandia: evidence from southwestern Norway and the northern North Sea region. Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (2000) 667-685
120. Seppä H., and Weckström J. Holocene vegetational and limnological changes in the Fennoscandian tree-line area as documented by pollen and diatom records from Lake Tsuolbajavri, Finland. Ecoscience 6 (1999) 621-635
121. Sernander R. Några ord med anledning af Gunnar Andersson, Svenska Växtvärldens historia. Botaniske notiser 1896 (1896) 114-128 (in Swedish)
122. Smol J.P. Paleoclimate proxy data from freshwater arctic diatoms. Verhandlungen der internationalen Vereinigung theoretische und angewandte Limnologie 23 (1988) 837-844
123. Sollid J.L., and Sørbel L. Short description of glacial-geological map of central Norway 1: 500,000 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Journal of Geography 36 (1982) 225-232
124. Solovieva N., and Jones V.J. A multiproxy record of Holocene environmental changes in the central Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia. Journal of Quaternary Science 17 (2002) 303-318
125. Sorvari S., Korhola A., and Thompson R. Lake diatom response to the recent Artic warming in Finnish Lapland. Global Change Biology 8 (2002) 171-181
126. Stewart J.R., and Lister A.M. Cryptic northern refugia and the origins of their modern biota. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (2001) 608-613
127. Stockmarr J. Tablets with spores in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores 13 (1971) 615-621
128. Stuiver M., Reimer P.J., Bard E., Beck J.W., Burr G.S., Hughen K.A., Kromer B., McCormac G., van der Plicht J., and Spurk M. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40 (1998) 1041-1083
129. Sutherland D.G. Modern glacier characteristics as a basis for inferring former climates with a particular reference to the Loch Lomond Stadial. Quaternary Science Reviews 3 (1984) 291-309
130. ter Braak C.J.F., and Juggins S. Weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS): an improved method for reconstructing environmental variables from species assemblages. Hydrobiologia 269/270 (1993) 485-502
131. Thoresen M., and Bergersen O.F. Sub-till sediments in Folldal, Hedmark, Southeast Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin 389 (1983) 37-55
132. Tollefsrud M.M., Bachmann K., Jakobsen K.S., and Brochmann C. Glacial survival does not matter-II: RAPD phylogeography of Nordic Saxifraga cespitosa. Molecular ecology 7 (1998) 1217-1232
133. Troels-Smith J. Karakterisering av løse jordarter (1955), Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, IV, Række 3 73pp
134. Valdes P.J. An introduction to climate modelling of the Holocene. In: Mackay A., Battarbee R., Birks H.J.B., and Oldfield F. (Eds). Global Change in the Holocene (2003), Arnold, London 20-35
135. Velle G., Brooks S.J., Birks H.J.B., and Willassen E. Chironomids as a tool for inferring Holocene climate: an assessment based on six sites in southern Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1429-1462
136. Velle G., Larsen J., Eide W., Peglar S., and Birks H.J.B. Holocene environmental history and climate of Råtåsjøen, a low-alpine lake in central Norway. Journal of Paleolimnology 33 (2005) 129-153
137. Vorren T. Weichselian ice movement in South Norway and adjacent areas. Boreas 6 (1977) 247-257
138. Wiederholm, T.E. (Ed.), 1983. Chironomidae of the Holarctic region, Pt 1: Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica 19 (Suppl.), 457.
139. Wolfe A.P., Miller G.H., Olsen C.A., Forman S.L., Doran P.T., and Holmgren S.U. Geochronology of high latitude lake sediments. In: Pienitz R., Douglas M.S.V., and Smol J.P. (Eds). Long-Term Change in Arctic and Antarctic Lakes (2004), Kluwer, Dordrecht 1-32