Residential radon and lung cancer - Detailed results of a collaborative analysis of individual data on 7148 persons with lung cancer and 14 208 persons without lung cancer from 13 epidemiologic studies in Europe

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Supplement

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-84

  Darby, Sarah ^a   Hill, David ^a   Deo, Harz ^b   Auvinen, Anssi ^c   Barros Dios, Juan Miguel ^d   Baysson, Hélène ^e   Bochicchio, Francesco ^f   Falk, Rolf ^g   Farchi, Sara ^h   Figueiras, Adolfo ^d   Hakama, Matti ⁱ   Heid, Iris ^j   Hunter, Nezahat ^k   Kreienbrock, Lothar ^l   Kreuzer, Michaela ^m   Lagarde, Frédéric ⁿ   Mäkeläinen, Ilona ^o   Muirhead, Colin ^k   Oberaigner, Wilhelm ^p   Pershagen, Göran ⁿ   Ruosteenoja, Eeva ^o   Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath ^j   Tirmarche, Margot ^e   Tomášek, Ladislav ^q   Whitley, Elise ^r   Wichmann, Heinz Erich ^j   Doll, Richard ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE   (Finland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

^e INSTITUT DE RADIOPROTECTION ET DE SÛRETÉ NUCLÉAIRE IRSN   (France)

^f ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^g Swedish Radiation Protection Authority   (Sweden)

^h Rome E Health Authority   (Italy)

ⁱ FINNISH CANCER REGISTRY   (Finland)

^j INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

^k PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

^m BUNDESAMT FÜR STRAHLENSCHUTZ   (Germany)

ⁿ KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^o STUK RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY   (Finland)

^p Cancer Registry of Tyrol   (Austria)

^q NATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION INSTITUTE   (Czech Republic)

^r UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RADON;

CANCER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; RADON; RISK;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EUROPE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; POLLUTION MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CLINICAL TRIAL; EPIDEMIOLOGY; LUNG TUMOR; META ANALYSIS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; RADIATION INJURY;

EURASIA; EUROPE;

CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; EUROPE; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RADON; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 33744476426     PISSN: 03566528     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, New York (NY): United Nations; 2000. UNSCEAR 2000 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes, vol I: sources.
2. National Research Council. Health effects of exposure to radon. Washington (DC): Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon: BEIR VI, National Academy Press; 1999.
3. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Manmade mineral fibres and radon. Lyon: IARC; 1988. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol 43.
4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Ionizing radiation, part 2: some internally deposited radionuclides. Lyon: IARC; 2001. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol 78.
5. Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, et al. Radon in homes and lung cancer risk: a collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ. 2005;330:223-7.
6. Oberaigner W, Kreienbrock L, Schaffrath Rosario A, Kreuzer M, Wellmann J, Keller G, et al. Radon und Lungenkrebs im Bezirk Imst/Österreich [Radon and lung cancer in the district of Imst, Austria]. Landsberg am Lech (Germany): Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft; 2002. Fortschritte in der Umweltmedizin
7. Tomášek L, Müller T, Kunz E, Heribanová A, Matzner J, Plaček V, et al. Study of lung cancer and residential radon in the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 2001;9:150-3.
8. Auvinen A, Mäkeläinen I, Hakama M, Castrén O, Pukkala E, Reisbacka H, et al. Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer: a nested case-control study in Finland. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:966-72. Erratum in J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:401-2.
9. Ruosteenoja E, Mäkeläinen I, Rytömaa T, Hakulinen T, Hakama M. Radon and lung cancer in Finland. Health Phys 1996; 71:185-9.
10. Baysson H, Tirmarche M, Tymen G, Gouva S, Caillaud D, Artus JC, et al. Case-control study on indoor radon and lung cancer in France. Epidemiology 2004;15:709-16.
11. Wichmann HE, Gerken M, Wellmann J, Kreuzer M, Kreienbrock L, Keller G, et al. Lungenkrebsrisiko durch Radon in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Ost) - Thüringen und Sachsen [Lung cancer risk due to radon in the Federal Republic of Germany (East) - Thuringia and Saxony]. Landsberg am Lech (Germany): Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft; 1999. Fortschritte in der Umweltmedizin.
12. Kreuzer M, Heinrich J, Wölke G, Schaffrath Rosario A, Gerken M, Wellmann J, et al. Residential radon and risk of lung cancer in eastern Germany. Epidemiol 2003;14:559-68.
13. Wichmann HE, Rosario AS, Heid IM, Kreuzer M, Heinrich J, Kreienbrock L. Increased lung cancer risk due to residential radon in a pooled and extended analysis of studies in Germany. Health Phys. 2005;88:71-9.
14. Wichmann HE, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Gerken M, Dingerkus G, Wellmann J, Keller G. Lungenkrebsrisiko durch radon in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (West) [Lung cancer risk due to radon in the Federal Republic of Germany (West)]. Landsberg am Lech (Germany): Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft; 1998. Fortschritte in der Umweltmedizin.
15. Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Gerken M, Dingerkus G, Wellmann J, Keller G, et al. Case-control study on lung cancer and residential radon in western Germany. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:42-52.
16. Bochicchio F, Forastiere F, Farchi S, Quarto M, Sera F, Axelson O. Residential radon exposure, diet and lung cancer: a case-control study in a Mediterranean region. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:983-91.
17. Barros-Dios JM, Barreiro MA, Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A. Exposure to residential radon and lung cancer in Spain: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:548-55.
18. Pershagen G, Åkerblom G, Axelson O, Clavensjö B, Damber L, Desai G, et al. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden. N Engl J Med 1994;330:159-64.
19. Lagarde F, Pershagen G, Åkerblom G, Axelson O, Bäverstam U, Damber L, et al. Residential radon and lung cancer in Sweden: risk analysis accounting for random error in the exposure assessment. Health Phys 1997;72:269-76.
20. Lagarde F, Axelsson G, Damber L, Mellander H, Nyberg F, Pershagen G. Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden. Epidemiology 2001;12:396-404.
21. Pershagen G, Liang Z-H, Hrubec Z, Svensson C, Boice Jr JD. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Swedish Women. Health Phys 1992;63:179-86.
22. Darby S, Whitley E, Silcocks P, Thakrar B, Green M, Lomas P, et al. Risk of lung cancer associated with residential radon exposure in south-west England: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1998;78:394-408.
23. Ahrens W, Merletti F. A standard tool for the analysis of occupational lung cancer in epidemiologic studies. Int J Occup Environ Health 1998;4:236-40.
24. World Health Organisation (WHO). Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, 9th revision. Geneva: WHO; 1975.
25. Preston DL, Lubin JH, Pierce DA, McConney ME. Epicure: release 2.10. Seattle (WA): HiroSoft International Corporation; 1998.
26. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: release 6.0. College Station (TX): Stata Corporation; 1999.
27. Plummer M. Improved estimates of floating absolute risk. Stat Med 2004;23:93-104.
28. Pierce DA, Preston DL. Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 2000;154:178-86.
29. Peto R, Darby SC, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R. Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ 2000;321:323-9.
30. Nicolaides-Bouman A, Wald N, Forey B, Lee P, editors. International smoking statistics: a collection of historical data from 22 economically developed countries. London: Oxford University Press; 1993.
31. Simonato L, Agudo A, Ahrens W, Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, et al. Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in Europe: an update of risk estimates and an assessment of intercountry heterogeneity. Int J Cancer 2001;91:876-87.
32. Bain C, Feskanich D, Speizer FE, Thun M, Hertzmark E, Rosner BA, Colditz G. Lung cancer rates in men and women with comparable histories of smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:826-34.
33. Peto R, Lopez A, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C. Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 1992;339:1268-78.
34. Cederlöf R, Friberg L, Hrubec Z, Lorich U. The relationship of smoking and some social convariables to mortality and cancer morbidity: a ten year follow-up in a probability sample of 55 000 Swedish subjects age 18 to 69. Stockholm: The Karolinska Institute; 1975.
35. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004;328:1519-28.
36. Hunter N, Howarth CB, Miles JCH, Muirhead CR. Year-to-year variations in radon levels in a sample of UK houses with the same occupants. In: McLaughlin JP, Simopoulos ES, Steinhäusler F, editors. The natural radiation environment VII. Oxford (UK): Elsevier; 2005. p 438-47.
37. Lomas PR, Green BMR. Temporal variations of radon levels in dwellings. Radiat Prot Dosim 1994;56:323-5.
38. Reeves GK, Cox DR, Darby SC, Whitley E. Some aspects of measurement error in explanatory variables for continuous and binary regression models. Stat Med 1998;17:2157-77.
39. Heid IM, Küchenhoff H, Miles J, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann HE. Two dimensions of measurement error: classical and Berkson error in residential radon exposure assessment. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004;14:365-77.
40. Bäverstam U, Swedjemark GA. Where are the errors when we estimate radon exposure in retrospect? Radiat Prot Dosim 1991;36:107-12.
41. Heid IM, Rosario AS, Kreienbrock L, Küchenhoff H, Wichmann HE. The impact of measurement error on studies on lung cancer and residential radon exposure in Germany. J Toxic Environ Health. In press.
42. Carroll RJ, Ruppert D, Stefanski LA. Measurement error in nonlinear models. London: Chapman and Hall; 1995.
43. Axelson O, Edling C, Kling H. Lung cancer and residency - a case-referent study on the possible impact of exposure to radon and its daughters in dwellings. Scand J Work Environ Health 1979;5:10-15.
44. Axelson O, Edling C, Kling H, Andersson L. Lung cancer and radon in dwellings [letter]. Lancet 1981;318:995-6.
45. Edling C, Kling H, Axelson O. Radon in homes - a possible cause of lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:25-34.
46. Damber LA, Larsson LG. Lung cancer in males and type of dwelling. Acta Oncol 1987;26:211-5.
47. Svensson C, Eklund G, Pershagen G. Indoor exposure to radon from the ground and bronchial cancer in women. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1987;59:123-31.
48. Axelson O, Andersson K, Desai G, Fagerlund I, Jansson B, Karlsson C, et al. Indoor radon exposure and active and passive smoking in relation to the occurrence of lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 1988;14:286-92.
49. Poffijn A, Mak R, Van-Hoorne M, Weynants P, Prignot J. Indoor radon exposure and lung cancer in Belgium. Arch Belg 1989;47:104-6.
50. Deri ZS, Takacs S, Csige I, Hunyadi I. A case-control study of radon and lung cancer in eastern Hungary. Radiat Prot Dosim 1992;45:695-8.
51. Zaridze DG, Zemlyanaya G. Relationship between radon concentration in living premises and risk of lung cancer. Med Radiol Radiolog Safety 1995;40:44-7.
52. Magnus K, Engeland A, Green BM, Haldorsen T, Muirhead CR, Strand T. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer - and epidemiological study of Norwegian municipalities. Int J Cancer 1994;58:1-7.
53. Pressyanov D, Minev L, Uzunov P, Danon S, Valerianova Z. Excess lung cancer incidence and radon indoors in a Bulgarian town. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:448.
54. Pisa FE, Barbone F, Betta A, Bonomi M, Alessandrini B, Bovenzi M. Residential radon and risk of lung cancer in an Italian alpine area. Arch Environ Health 2001;56:208-15.
55. Conrady J, Martin K, Lembcke J. The true size of the lung cancer risk from indoor radon: hidden behind a smoke screen? In: Bayer A, editor. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas, Radiation Dose and Health Effects; 2000 Sep; München, Germany. Amsterdam (North-Holland): Elsevier; 2000. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series (ICS 1225) p 253-8.
56. Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, et al. Residential radon and risk of lung cancer. A combined analysis of seven North American case-control studies'. Epidemiology. 2005;16:137-45.
57. Wang Z, Lubin JH, Wang L, Zhang S, Boice JD Jr, Cui H, et al. Residential radon and lung cancer risk in a high-exposure area of Gansu Province, China. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:554-64.
58. Blot WJ, Xu ZY, Boice JD Jr, Zhao DZ, Stone BJ, Sun J, et al. Indoor radon and lung cancer in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1025-30.
59. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr. Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:49-57.
60. Xu ZY, Blot WJ, Xiao HP, Wu A, Feng YP, Stone BJ, et al. Smoking, air pollution and the high rates of lung cancer in Shenyang, China. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1800-6.
61. Lubin JH, Wang ZY, Boice JD, Yi Xu Z, Blot WJ, Wang LD et al. Risk of lung cancer and residential radon in China: pooled results of two studies. Int J Cancer 2004;109:132-7.
62. Pavia M, Bianco A, Pileggi C, Angelillo IF. Meta-analysis of residential exposure to radon gas and lung cancer. Bull World Health Organ 2003;81:732-8.
63. Lubin JH. Indoor radon and risk of lung cancer. Radiat Res 1999;151:105.
64. Yarmoshenko IV, Kirdin IA, Zhukovsky MV, Astrakhantseva SY. Meta-analysis of twenty radon and lung cancer case-control studies. In: Simopoulos ES, editor. Radioactivity in the environment, volume 7. Oxford (UK): Elsevier; 2004. p 762-71.
65. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Evaluation of the linear-nonthreshold dose-response model for ionizing radiation. Bethesda (MD): National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 2001. NCRP report no 136.
66. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, Hornung RW, Howe GR, Kunz E, et al. Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:817-27.
67. Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:13761-6.
68. Hall EJ. The bystander effect. Health Phys 2003;85:31-5.
69. Brenner DJ, Sachs RK. Domestic radon risks may be dominated by bystander effects - but the risks are unlikely to be greater than we thought. Health Phys 2003;85:103-8.
70. Cohen BL. Lung cancer rate vs mean radon level in US counties of various characteristics. Health Phys 1997;72:114-9.
71. Heid IM, Gerken M, Wellmann J, Küchenhoff H, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann HE. On the potential of measurement error to induce differential bias on odds ratio estimates: an example from radon epidemiology. Stat Med 2002;21:3261-78.
72. Schaffrath Rosario A, Wellmann J, Heid IM, Wichmann HE. Radon epidemiology: continuous and categorical trend estimators when the exposure distribution is skewed and outliers may be present. J Toxic Environ Health. In press.
73. Tomášek L, Plaček V, Müller T, Heribanová A, Matzner J, Burian I, et al. Czech studies of lung cancer risk from radon. Int J Low Radiat 2003;1:50-62.
74. Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, et al. A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Health. In press.
75. Lubin JH, Tomášek L, Edling C, Hornung RW, Howe G, Kunz E, et al. Estimating lung cancer mortality from residential radon using data for low exposures of miners. Radiat Res 1997;147:126-34.
76. Haerting FH, Hesse W. Der Lungenkrebs, die Bergkrankheit in den Schneeberger Gruben (Lung cancer, the mountain disease in the Schneeberg mines). Vierteljahresschr Gerichtl Med Öff Sanitätswes 1879;30:296-309; 31:102-32,312-37.
77. Pirchan A, Sikl H. Cancer of the lung in the miners of Jachymov (Joachimsthal). Am J Cancer 1932;4:681-722.
78. Sikl H. The present status of knowledge about the Jachymov disease (cancer of the lungs in the miners in the radium mines). Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 1950;6:1366-75.
79. Tomášek L, Plaček V. Radon exposure and lung cancer risk: Czech cohort study. Radiat Res 1999;152:S59-S63.
80. Horáček J, Placek V, Ševc J. Histologic types of bronchogenic cancer in relation to different conditions of radiation exposure. Cancer 1977;40:832-5.
81. Saccomanno G, Auerbach O, Kuschner M, Harley NH, Michels RY, Anderson MW, et al. A comparison between the localization of lung tumors in uranium miners and in nonminers from 1947 to 1991. Cancer 1996;77:1278-83.
82. Yao SX, Lubin JH, Qiao YL, Boice JD Jr, Li JY, Cai SK, et al. Exposure to radon progeny, tobacco use and lung cancer in a case-control study in southern China. Radiat Res 1994;138:326-36.
83. Land CE, Shimosato Y, Saccomanno G, Tokuoka S, Auerbach O, Tateishi R, et al. Radiation-associated lung cancer: a comparison of the histology of lung cancers in uranium miners and survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Radiat Res 1993;134:234-43.
84. Kreuzer M, Müller KM, Brachner A, Gerken M, Grosche B, Wiethege T, et al. Histopathologic findings of lung carcinoma in German uranium miners. Cancer 2000;89:2613-21.
85. Bochicchio F, Campos Venuti G, Nuccetelli C, Piermattei S, Risica S, Tommasino L, et al. Results of the representative Italian national survey on radon indoors. Health Phys 1996;71:741-8.
86. Hubbard LM, Swedjemark GA. Challenges in comparing radon data sets from the same Swedish houses: 1955-1990. Indoor Air 1993;3:361-8.
87. Samuelsson C. Retrospective determination of radon in houses. Nature 1988;334:338-40.
88. Mahaffey JA, Parkhust MA, James AC, Cross FT, Alavanja MCR, Boice JD, et al. Estimating past exposure to indoor radon from household glass. Health Phys 1993;64:381-91.
89. Samuelsson C, Falk R, Roos B. Alpha particle emission from reference glass surfaces implanted with 210Po. Sci Total Environ 2001;272:175-9.
90. Alavanja MC, Lubin JH, Mahaffey JA, Brownson RC. Residential radon exposure and risk of lung cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1042-8.
91. Lagarde F, Falk R, Almrén K, Nyberg F, Svensson H, Pershagen G. Glass-based radon-exposure assessment and lung cancer risk. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2002;12:344-54.
92. 210Po surface activity on glass objects vs contemporary air radon concentration. Radiat Meas 2003;36:211-5.
93. 210Po implanted in glass surfaces by long term exposure to indoor radon. Health Phys 2002; 83: 261-71.
94. Field RW, Smith BJ, Steck DJ, Lynch CF. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: variation in risk estimates using alternative exposure scenarios. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2002;12:197-203.
95. Pierce DA, Sharp GB, Mabuchi K. Joint effects of radiation and smoking on lung cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 2003;159:511-20.
96. Brenner DJ, Sachs RK. Do low dose-rate bystander effects influence domestic radon risk? Int J Radiat Biol 2002;78:593-604.
97. Rogel A, Laurier D, Tirmarche M, Quesne B. Lung cancer risk in the French cohort of uranium miners. J Radiol Prot 2002;22:A101-A106.
98. Stram DO, Langholz B, Huberman M, Thomas DC. Correcting for exposure measurement error in a reanalysis of lung cancer mortality for the Colorado plateau uranium miners cohort. Health Phys 1999;77:265-75.