Intervention for the Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Community

Advances in Parasitology

Volumn 61, Issue , 2006, Pages 311-348

  Albonico, Marco ^a   Montresor, Antonio ^b   Crompton, D W T ^c   Savioli, Lorenzo ^b  

^a Ivo de Carneri Foundation   (Italy)

^b WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE; ANTHELMINTIC AGENT; BENZIMIDAZOLE; IVERMECTIN; LEVAMISOLE; MEBENDAZOLE; OXANTEL; PRAZIQUANTEL; PYRANTEL; PYRANTEL EMBONATE;

CHEMOTHERAPY; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FILARIASIS; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; STRONGYLOIDIASIS; SUSPENSION; TABLET; TRICHURIASIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANIMALS; ANTHELMINTICS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; SANITATION; SOIL;

VERMES;

EID: 33646823125     PISSN: 0065308X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61008-1     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Albonico M., Bickle Q., Haji H.J., Ramsan M., Khatib J.K., Savioli L., and Taylor M. Evaluation of the efficacy of pyrantel-oxantel for the treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96 (2002) 685-690
2. Albonico M., Bickle Q., Ramsan M., Montresor A., Savioli L., and Taylor M. Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81 5 (2003) 343-352
3. Albonico M., Crompton D.W.T., and Savioli L. Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections. Advances in Parasitology 42 (1999) 277-341
4. Albonico M., Smith P.G., Ercole E., Hall A., Chwaya H.M., Alawi K.S., and Savioli L. Rate of re-infection with intestinal nematodes after treatment of children with mebendazole or albendazole in a highly endemic area. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89 (1995) 538-541
5. Albonico M., Stoltzfus R.J., Savioli L., Chwaya H.M., d'Harcourt E., and Tielsch J.M. A controlled evaluation of two school-based anthelminthic chemotherapy regimens on intensity of intestinal helminth infections. International Journal of Epidemiology 28 (1999) 591-596
6. Albonico M., Wright V., and Bickle Q. Molecular analysis of the β-tubulin gene of human hookworms as a basis for possible benzimidazole resistance on Pemba Island. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 134 (2004) 281-284
7. Albonico M., Wright V., Ramsan M., Haji H.J., Taylor M., Savioli L., and Bickle Q. Development of the Egg Hatch Assay for detection of anthelminthic resistance by human hookworms. International Journal for Parasitology 35 (2005) 803-811
8. Anderson R.M. The population dynamics and control of hookworm and roundworm infection. In: Anderson R.M. (Ed). Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Theory and Applications (1982), Chapman & Hall, London 67-109
9. Asaolu S.O., and Ofoezie I.E. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Tropica 86 (2003) 283-294
10. Asaolu S.O., Ofoezie I.E., Odumuyiwa P.A., Sowemimo O.A., and Ogunniyi T.A. Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96 (2002) 600-604
11. Awasthi S., and Pande V.K. Six monthly de-worming in infants to study effects on growth. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 68 (2001) 823-827
12. Awasthi S., Pande V.K., and Fletcher R.H. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of albendazole in improving nutritional status of preschool children in urban slums. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 37 (2000) 19-29
13. Belizario V.Y., De Leon W.U., Amarillo M.E., De Los Reyes A.E., Bugayong M.G., and Macatangay B.J.C. A comparison of the efficacy of single doses of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine alone or in combinations against Ascaris and Trichuris spp. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81 (2003) 35-42
14. Bennet A., and Guyatt H. Reducing intestinal nematodes infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitology Today 2 (2000) 71-74
15. Bethony J., Chen J.Z., Lin S.X., Xiao S.H., Zhan B., Li S.W., Xue H.C., Xing F.Y., Humphries D., Wang Y., Chen G., Foster V., Hawdon J.M., and Hotez P.J. Emerging patterns of hookworm infection: influence of aging on the intensity of Necator infection in Hainan Province, People's Republic of China. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35 (2002) 1336-1344
16. Bordignon G.P., and Shakya D.R. A deworming programme in Nepal supported by the World Food Programme. In: Crompton D.W.T., Montresor A., Nesheim M.C., and Savioli L. (Eds). Controlling Disease due to Helminth Infections (2003), World Health Organization, Geneva 87-92
17. Bradley M., Chandiwana S.K., and Bundy D.A.P. The epidemiology and control of hookworm infection in the Burma Valley area of Zimbabwe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87 (1993) 145-147
18. Brooker S., Beasley N.M.R., Ndinaromtan M., Madjiouroum E.M., Baboguel M., Djenguinabe E., Hay S.I., and Bundy D.A. Use of remote sensing and a geographical information system in a national helminth control programme in Chad. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80 (2002) 783-789
19. Brooker S., Bethony J.M., Rodrigues L.C., Alexander N., Geiger S., and Hotez P. Epidemiologic, immunologic and practical considerations in developing, and evaluating a human hookworm vaccine. Expert Review Vaccines 4 (2005) 1-16
20. Brooker S., Hay S.I., Tchuem Tchuenté L.A., and Ratard R. Using NOAA-AVHRR data to model helminth distributions for planning disease control in Cameroon, West Africa. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68 (2002) 175-179
21. Brooker S., Peshu N., Warn P.A., Mosobo M., Guyatt H.L., Marsh K., and Snow R.W. The epidemiology of hookworm infection and its contribution to anaemia among preschool children on the coast of Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (1999) 240-246
22. Brooks R.M., Latham M.C., and Crompton D.W.T. The relationship of nutrition and health to worker productivity in Kenya. East African Medical Journal 56 (1979) 413-421
23. Bull F.C., Holt C.L., Kreuter M.W., Clark E.M., and Scharff D. Understanding the effects of printed health education materials: which features lead to which outcomes?. Journal of Health Communication 6 (2001) 265-279
24. Bundy D.A., Hall A., Medley G.F., and Savioli L. Evaluating measures to control intestinal parasitic infections. World Health Statistics Quarterly 45 (1992) 168-179
25. Bundy D.A., Chan M.S., and Savioli L. Hookworm infection in pregnancy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89 (1995) 521-522
26. Bundy D.A.P., Chan M.S., and Guyatt H.L. The practicality and sustainability of vaccination as an approach to parasite control. Parasitology 110 (1995) S51-S58
27. Cairncross S. Sanitation in the developing world: current status and future solutions. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 13 Supplement 1 (2003) S123-S131
28. Carrera E., Nesheim M.C., and Crompton D.W.T. Lactose maldigestion in Ascaris infected preschool children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39 (1984) 255-264
29. Chhotray G.P., and Ranjit M.R. Effect of drug treatment on the prevalence of intestinal parasites amongst school children in a sub-urban community. Indian Journal of Medical Research 91 (1990) 266-269
30. Christian P., Kathry K.S., and West Jr. K.P. Antenatal anthelminthic treatment, birthweight, and infant survival in rural Nepal. Lancet 364 (2004) 981-983
31. Crompton D.W.T. How much helminthiasis is there is in the world?. Journal of Parasitology 85 3 (1999) 397-403
32. Crompton D.W.T. Ascaris and ascariasis. Advances in Parasitology 48 (2000) 285-375
33. Crompton D.W.T., and Nesheim M.C. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthasis during the human life cycle. Annual Review of Nutrition 22 (2002) 35-59
34. Crompton D.W.T., and Savioli L. Intestinal parasitic infections and urbanization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 71 (1993) 1-7
35. Curtale F., Pokhrel R.P., Tilden R.L., and Higashi G. Intestinal helminths and xerophthalmia in Nepal. A case-control study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 41 (1995) 334-337
36. de Silva N.R., Brooker S., Hotez P.J., Montresor A., Engels D., and Savioli L. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends in Parasitology 19 (2003) 547-551
37. de Silva N.R., Guyatt H., and Bundy D.A. Anthelminthics: a comparative review of their clinical pharmacology. Drugs 53 (1997) 769-788
38. de Silva N.R., Sirisena J.L.G.J., Gunasekera D.P.S., and de Silva H.J. Effect of mebendazole therapy during pregnancy on birth outcome. Lancet 353 (1999) 1145-1149
39. Diav-Citrin O., Shechtman S., Arnon J., Lubart I., and Ornoy A. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to mebendazole: a prospective controlled cohort study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 188 (2003) 282-285
40. Esrey S.A., Potash J.B., Roberts L., and Shiff C. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69 (1991) 609-621
41. Evans D.B., and Guyatt H.L. The cost effectiveness of mass drug therapy for intestinal helminths. Pharmacoeconomics 8 (1995) 14-22
42. Fenwick, A. (in press). New initiatives against Africa's worms. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
43. Fenwick A., Molyneux D.H., and Nautulya V. Achieving the millennium development goals. Lancet 365 (2005) 1029-1030
44. Fiedler J.L. The Nepal National Vitamin A Program: prototype to emulate or donor enclave?. Health Policy and Planning 15 (2000) 145-156
45. Fincham J.E., Markus M.B., and Adams V.J. Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infections influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic?. Acta Tropica 86 (2003) 315-333
46. Gandhi N.S., Chen J.Z., Khoshnood K., Xing F.Y., Li S.W., Liu Y.R., Zhan B., Xue H.C., Tong C.G., Wang Y., Wang W.S., He D.X., Chen C., Xiao S.H., Hawdon J.M., and Hotez P.J. Epidemiology of Necator americanus hookworm infections in Xiulongkan Village, Hainan Province, China: high prevalence and intensity among middle-aged and elderly residents. Journal of Parasitology 87 (2001) 739-743
47. Gardner G.W., Edgerton V.R., Senewiratne B., Barnard R.J., and Ohira Y. Physical work capacity and metabolic stress in subjects with iron deficiency anaemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30 (1977) 910-917
48. Geerts S., and Gryseels B. Anthelminthic resistance in human helminths: a review. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6 (2001) 915-921
49. Gilgen D., Mascie-Taylor C.G.N., and Rosetta L. Intestinal helminth infections, anaemia and labour productivity of female tea pluckers in Bangladesh. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6 (2001) 449-457
50. Guanghan H., Dandan L., Shaoji Z., Xiaojun Z., Zenghua K., and Guojun C. The role of health education for schistosomiasis control in heavy endemic area of Poyang Lake region, People's Republic of China. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 31 (2000) 467-472
51. Guyatt H.L. Do intestinal nematodes affect productivity in adulthood?. Parasitology Today 16 (2000) 153-158
52. Guyatt H., Brooker S., and Donnelly C.A. Can prevalence of infection in school-aged children be used as an index for assessing community prevalence?. Parasitology 118 (1999) 257-268
53. Guyatt H.L., Bundy D.A.P., and Evans D. A population dynamic approach to the cost-effectiveness analysis of mass anthelminthic treatment: effects of treatment frequency on Ascaris infection. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87 (1993) 570-575
54. Hagan P., Appleton C.C., Coles G.C., Kusel J.R., and Tchuem-Tchuentá. Schistosomiasis control: keep taking the tablets. Trends in Parasitology 20 (2004) 92-97
55. Hall A., and Holland C. Geographical variation in Ascaris lumbricoides fecundity and its implications for helminth control. Parasitology Today 16 (2000) 540-544
56. Henry F.J. Re-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides after chemotherapy: a comparative study in three villages with varying sanitation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82 (1988) 460-464
57. Henry F.J., Huttly S.R., Ahmed M.U., and Alam A. Effect of chemotherapy in slums and villages in Bangladesh. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 24 (1993) 307-312
58. Horton J. Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans. Parasitology 121 (2000) S113-S132
59. Hotez P.J., Zhan B., Bethony J.M., Loukas A., Williamson A., Goud G.N., Hawdon J.M., Dobardzic A., Dobardzic R., Ghosh K., Bottazzi M.E., Mendez S., Zook B., Wang Y., Liu S., Essiet-Gibson I., Chung-Debose S., Xiao S.H., Knox D., Meagher M., Inan M., Correa-Oliveira R., Vilk P., Shepherd H.R., Brandt W., and Russell P.K. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: the human hookworm vaccine initiative. International Journal for Parasitology 33 (2003) 1245-1258
60. Idris M.A., Shaban M.A., and Fatahallah M. Effective control of hookworm infection in school children from Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman: a four-year experience with albendazole mass chemotherapy. Acta Tropica 80 (2001) 139-143
61. Khanal P., and Walgate R. Nepal deworming programme ready to go worldwide. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80 (2002) 423-424
62. Kinzie M.B. Instructional design strategies for health behaviour change. Patient Education and Counseling 56 (2005) 3-15
63. Kvalsvig J.D., Cooppan R.M., and Connolly K.J. The effects of parasite infections on cognitive processes in children. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 85 (1991) 551-568
64. Lancet. Thinking beyond deworming. Lancet 364 (2004) 1993-1994
65. Lansdown R., Ledward A., Hall A., Issae W., Yona E., Matulu J., Mweta M., Kihamia C., Nyandindi U., and Bundy D. Schistosomiasis, helminth infection and health education in Tanzania: achieving behaviour change in primary schools. Health Education Research 17 (2002) 425-433
66. Machado M.T., Machado T.M., Yoshikae R.M., Schmidt A.L., Faria R.d.C., Paschoalotti M.A., Barata R.d.C., and Chieffi P.P. Ascariasis in the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of alterosa (MG), Brazil: effect of mass treatment with albendazole on the intensity of infection. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 8 (1996) 265-271
67. Management Science for Health (2004). Electronic Resource Center. International Drug Price Indicator http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide
68. Mascie-Taylor C.G., Alam M., Montanari R.M., Karim R., Ahmed T., Karim E., and Akhtar S. A study of the cost effectiveness of selective health interventions for the control of intestinal parasites in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Parasitology 85 (1999) 6-11
69. Mathema, P., Pandey, S. and Blomquist, P.O. (2004). Deworming impact evaluation of preschool children deworming programme in Nepal. Abstract from International Nutritional Anaemia Consultative Group, November 2004, Lima, Peru.
70. Miguel, E. and Kremer, M. (2001). Worms: Education and Health Externalities in Kenya. Working Paper no. w8481. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research http://www.nber.org/papers/W8481
71. Molyneux D.H., Hotez P.J., and Fenwick A. "Rapid Impact Intervention": How a policy of Integrated Control for Africa's Neglected Tropical Diseases could benefit the poor. PLOS Medicine 2 (2005) 336
72. Molyneux D.H., and Nantulya V.M. Linking disease control programmes in rural Africa: a pro-poor strategy to reach Abuja targets and millennium development goals. British Medical Journal 328 (2004) 1129-1132
73. Montresor A., Awashti S., and Crompton D.W.T. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Tropica 86 (2003) 223-232
74. Montresor A., Crompton D.W.T., Gyorkos T.W., and Savioli L. Helminth Control in School Age Children (2002), WHO, Geneva
75. Montresor A., Ramsan M., Chwaya H.M., Ameir H., Foum A., Albonico M., Gyorkos T.W., and Savioli L. Extending anthelminthic coverage to non-enrolled school-age children using a simple and low-cost method. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6 (2001) 535-537
76. Mukherjee, J.F.N. (2005). Harnessing Market Power for Rural Sanitation. WSP Field Notes, February 2005, Water and Sanitation Program, Jakarta, Indonesia.
77. Muller M., Sanchez R.M., and Suswillo R.R. Evaluation of a sanitation programme using eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in household yard soils as indicators. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92 (1989) 10-16
78. Nokes C., and Bundy D.A. Compliance and absenteeism in school children: implications for helminth control. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87 (1993) 148-152
79. Nokes C., and Bundy D.A. Does helminth infection affect mental processing and educational achievement?. Parasitology Today 10 (1994) 14-18
80. Nokes C., Grantham-McGregor S.M., Sawyer A.W., Cooper E.S., Robinson B.A., and Bundy D.A. Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican schoolchildren. Parasitology 104 (1992) 539-547
81. Nurdia D.S., Sumarni S., Suyoko Hakim M., and Winkvist A. Impact of intestinal helminth infection on anemia and iron status during pregnancy: a community based study in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 32 (2001) 14-22
82. Nwaorgu O.C., Okeibunor J., Madu E., Amazigo U., Onyegegbu N., and Evans D. A school-based schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis control programme in Nigeria: acceptability to community members. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3 (1998) 842-849
83. Oberhelman R.A., Guerrero E.S., Fernandez M.L., Silio M., Mercado D., Comiskey N., Ihenacho G., and Mera R. Correlations between intestinal parasitosis, physical growth, and psychomotor development among infants and children from rural Nicaragua. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58 (1998) 470-475
84. O'Cathain A., Walters S.J., Nicholl J.P., Thomas K.J., and Kirkham M. Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: randomised controlled trial in everyday practice. British Medical Journal 324 (2002) 643
85. Olds G.R., King C., Hewlett J., Olveda R., Wu G., Ouma J., Peters P., McGarvey S., Odhiambo O., Koech D., Liu C.Y., Aligui G., Gachihi G., Kombe Y., Parraga I., Ramirez B., Whalen C., Horton R.J., and Reeve P. Double-blind placebo-controlled study of concurrent administration of albendazole and praziquantel in schoolchildren with schistosomiasis and geohelminths. Journal of Infectious Diseases 179 (1999) 996-1003
86. Partnership for Child Development. The cost of large-scale school health programmes which deliver anthelminthics to children in Ghana and Tanzania. Acta Tropica 73 (1999) 183-204
87. Partnership for Child Development. Community perception of school-based delivery of anthelmintics in Ghana and Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6 (2001) 1075-1083
88. Partnership for Child Development. Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren. Tropical Medicine and International Health 7 (2002) 104-117
89. Reeves D. Provision of information is only one component of informed choice. British Medical Journal 325 (2002) 43
90. Roos H.M., Kwa M.S.G., and Grant W.N. New genetic and practical implications of selection for anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes. Parasitology Today 11 (1995) 148-150
91. Savioli L., Crompton D.W.T., and Neira M. Use of anthelminthic drugs during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 188 (2003) 5-6
92. Savioli L., Stansfield S., Bundy D.A., Mitchell A., Bathia R., Engels D., Montresor A., Neira M., and Shein A.M. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections: forging control efforts. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96 (2002) 577-579
93. Sinoun M., Tsuyuoka R., Socheat D., Montresor A., and Palmer K. Financial costs of deworming children in all primary schools in Cambodia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99 (2005) 664-668
94. Sorensen E., Ismail M., Amarasinghe D.K.C., Hettiarachchi I., and Dassenaieke d.C.T.S. The effect of the availability of latrines on soil-transmitted nematode infections in the plantation sector in Sri Lanka. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51 (1994) 36-39
95. Sow S., de Vlas S.J., Polman K., and Gryseels B. [Hygiene practices and contamination risks of surface waters by schistosome eggs: the case of an infested village in Northern Senegal] (in French). Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 97 (2004) 12-14
96. Spiegel A., Tall A., Raphenon G., Trape J.F., and Druilhe P. Increased frequency of malaria attacks in subjects co-infected by intestinal worms and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97 (2003) 198-199
97. Stephenson L.S., Latham M.C., Adams E.J., Kinoti S.N., and Pertet A. Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. Journal of Nutrition 123 (1993) 1036-1046
98. Stoltzfus R.J., Albonico M., Chwaya H.M., Savioli L., Tielsch J., Schulze K., and Yip R. Hemoquant determination of hookworm-related blood loss and its role in iron deficiency in African children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55 (1996) 399-404
99. Stoltzfus R.J., Albonico M., Chwaya H.M., Tielsch J.M., Schulze K.J., and Savioli L. Effects of the Zanzibar school-based deworming program on iron status of children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (1998) 179-186
100. Stoltzfus R.J., Chwaya H.M., Montresor A., Tielsch J.M., Jape J.K., Albonico M., and Savioli L. Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004) 348-356
101. Stoltzfus R.J., Kvalsvig K.J., Chwaya H.M., Montresor A., Albonico M., Tielsch J.M., Savioli L., and Pollitt E. Effects of iron supplementation and anthelminthic treatment on motor and language development of Zanzibari preschool children. British Medical Journal 323 (2001) 1384-1396
102. Thein-Hlaing. Burma. In: Crompton D.W.T., Nesheim M.C., and Pawlowski Z.S. (Eds). Ascariasis and its Prevention and Control (1989), Taylor & Francis, London 133-168
103. Torlesse H., and Hodges M. Albendazole therapy and reduced decline in haemoglobin concentration during pregnancy (Sierra Leone). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95 (2001) 195-201
104. UNICEF. The State of the World's Children 2005 (2005), United Nation Children Fund, New York
105. Urbani C., and Albonico M. Anthelminthic drug safety and drug administration in the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in community campaigns. Acta Tropica 86 (2003) 215-221
106. Viteri F.E., and Torun B. Anaemia and physical work capacity. Clinical Haematology 3 (1974) 609-626
107. Walsh D.C., Rudd R.E., Moeykens B.A., and Moloney T.W. Social marketing for public health. Health Affairs (Bethesda MD) 12 (1993) 104-119
108. Watkins W.E., and Pollit E. "Stupidity of worms": do intestinal worms impair mental performance?. Psychological Bulletin 121 (1997) 171-191
109. Whitelaw S., and Watson J. Whither health promotion events? A judicial approach to evidence. Health Education Research 20 (2005) 214-225
110. Wolgemuth J.C., Latham M.C., Hall A., Chesher A., and Crompton D.W.T. Worker productivity and the nutritional status of Kenyan road construction labourers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36 (1982) 68-78
111. World Bank. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health (1993), Oxford University Press, London
112. World Food Programme. WFP Annual Report 2004 (2004), WFP, Rome pp. 36-38
113. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Hookworm Infection and Anaemia in Girls and Women (1996), WHO, Geneva WHO/CTD/SIP/96.1
114. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Monitoring Drug Efficacy in the Control of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Nematodes (1999), WHO, Geneva WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP 99.1
115. World Health Organization. Report of the 54th World Health Assembly. Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections (2001), WHO, Geneva
116. World Health Organization. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee (2002), WHO Technical Report Series 912, Geneva
117. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the Use of Praziquantel during Pregnancy and Lactation and Albendazole/Mebendazole in Children under 24 Months (2002), WHO, Geneva WHO/CPE/PVC 2002.4
118. World Health Organization (2003a). Action Against Worms. Newsletter issue number 2: http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/newsletter/en/
119. World Health Organization. Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth. Essential Care Practice Guide for Pregnancy and Childbirth (2003), WHO, Geneva Essential Care Series, WHO/RHR/2003
120. World Health Organization. WHO Model Formulary. Based on the 13th Model List of Essential Medicines 2003 (2004), WHO, Geneva pp. 82-85
121. World Health Organization. How to Add Deworming to Vitamin A Distribution (2004), WHO, Geneva WHO/CDS/CPE/PVC/2004.1
122. World Health Organization (2005a). Action Against Worms. Newsletter issue number 6: http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/newsletter/en (in production).
123. World Health Organization. Deworming for Health and Development. Report of the Third Global Meeting of the Partners for Parasites Control (2005), WHO, Geneva WHO/CDS/CPE/PVC/2005.14