Trail making test errors and executive function in schizophrenia and depression

Clinical Neuropsychologist

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 271-288

  Mahurin, Roderick K ^a   Velligan, Dawn I ^b   Hazleton, Bonnie ^c   Davis, J Mark ^d   Eckert, Stacey ^e   Miller, Alexander L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^c San Antonio State Hospital   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; PERSEVERATION; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; WORKING MEMORY;

ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PROBLEM SOLVING; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TIME FACTORS; TRAIL MAKING TEST;

EID: 33646788387     PISSN: 13854046     EISSN: 17444144     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13854040590947498     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Amieva, H., Lafont, S., Auriacombe, S., Rainville, C., Orgogozo, J. M., Dartigues, J. F., et al. (1998). Analysis of error types in the Trail Making Test evidences an inhibitory deficit in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 280-285.
3. Arnett, P. A., Rao, S. M., Bernardin, L., Grafman, J., Yetkin, F. Z., & Lobeck, L. (1994). Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 44(3 Pt 1), 420-425.
4. Baddeley, A. (1998). Recent developments in working memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8(2), 234-238.
5. Battery, A. I. T. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General's Office.
6. Caffarra, P., Vezzadini, G., Dieci, F., Zonato, F., & Venneri, A. (2004). Modified Card Sorting Test: Normative data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(2), 246-250.
7. Cleghorn, J. M., Kaplan, R. D., Szechtman, B., Szechtman, H., & Brown, G. M. (1990). Neuroleptic drug effects on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 3(3), 211-219.
8. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001a). Delis-Kaplan executive function system (D-KEFS). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Coporation.
9. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001b). D-KEFS examiner's manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
10. Dugbartey, A. T., Rosenbaum, J. G., Sanchez, P. N., & Townes, B. D. (1999). Neuropsychological assessment of executive functions. Semininars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 4(1), 5-12.
11. Eaton, W. W., Thara, R., Federman, B., Melton, B., & Liang, K. (1995). Structure and course of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 127-134.
12. Elderkin-Thompson, V., Boone, K. B., Hwang, S., & Kumar, A. (2004). Neurocognitive profiles in elderly patients with frontotemporal degeneration or major depressive disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(5), 753-771.
13. Folstein, M., Folstein, S., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
14. Fossum, B., Holmberg, H., & Reinvang, I. (1992). Spatial and symbolic factors in performance on the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychology, 6, 71-75.
15. Gaudino, E. A., Geisler, M. W., & Squires, N. K. (1995). Construct validity in the Trail Making Test: What makes Part B harder? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 529-535.
16. Goldberg, T. E., Gold, J. M., Greenberg, R., Griffin, S., Schulz, S. C., Pickar, D., et al. (1993). Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test battery. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(9), 1355-1362.
17. Goldberg, T. E., Ragland, J. D., Torrey, E. F., Gold, J. M., Bigelow, L. B., & Weinberger, D. R. (1990). Neuropsychological assessment of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47(11), 1066-1072.
18. Goldman, R. S., Axelrod, B. N., & Tompkins, L. M. (1992). Effect of instructional cues on schizophrenic patient's performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(12), 1718-1722.
19. Goodwin, G. M. (1992). Cognitive function in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25, 21-30.
20. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
21. Hays, J. R. (1995). Trail Making Test norms for psychiatric patients. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 80(1), 187-194.
22. Heaton, R. K. (1981). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
23. Lewis, R. F. & Rennick, P. M. (1979). Manual for the repeatable cognitive-perceptual-motor battery. Clinton Township, MI: Ronald F. Lewis.
24. Lezak, M. (1989). Assessment of psychosocial dysfunctions resulting from head trauma. In M. D. Lezak (Ed.), Assessment of the behavioral consequences of head trauma. Vol. 7. Frontiers of clinical neuroscience. New York: Alan R. Liss.
25. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.) (Vol. 3). New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Ligon, J. & Thyer, B. A. (2000). Interrater reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale used at a community-based inpatient crisis stabilization unit. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 583-587.
27. Liotti, M. & Mayberg, H. S. (2001). The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(1), 121-136.
28. Lukoff, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Ventura, J. (1986). Manual for the Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 594-602.
29. Mahurin, R. K. & Cooke, N. (1996). The Verbal Series Attention Test: Clinical utility in the assessment of dementia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 43-53.
30. Mahurin, R., Hazleton, B., Velligan, D., Eckert, S., & Miller, A. (1997). Analysis of trail making test errors in schizophrenia and depression. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9, 14.
31. Mahurin, R. K., Velligan, D. I., & Miller, A. L. (1998). Executive-frontal lobe cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: A symptom subtype analysis. Psychiatry Research, 79(2), 139-149.
32. Mattson, S. N., Goodman, A. M., Caine, C., Delis, D. D., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1808-1815.
33. Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., et al. (1999). Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(5), 675-682.
34. Mayberg, H. S., Mahurin, R. K., & Brannan, S. (1997). Neuropsychiatric aspects of mood and affective disorders. In S. C. Yudofsky & R. E. Hales (Eds.), Textbook of neuropsychiatry (3rd ed., pp. 883-902). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
35. McCaffrey, R. J., Krahula, M. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1989). An analysis of the significance of performance errors on the Trail Making Test in polysubstance users. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 393-398.
36. Meyers, J. E. & Meyers, K. R. (1995). The Meyers scoring system for the rey complex figure and the recognition trial: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
37. Mitrushina, M., Boone, K., & D'Elia, L. (1999). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
38. Moser, D. J., Jorge, R. E., Manes, F., Paradiso, S., Benjamin, M. L., & Robinson, R. G. (2002). Improved executive functioning following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology, 58(8), 1288-1290.
39. Nadler, I. M. & Ryan, T. T. (1984). The Trail Making Test and Canter Background Interference Procedure in screening for organicity in chronic schizophrenia: A preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 59(2), 403-406.
40. Nelson, H. E. (1976). A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe deficits. Cortex, 12, 313-324.
41. O'Donnell, J. P., Macgregor, L. A., Dabrowski, J. J., Oestreicher, J. M., & Romero, J. J. (1994). Construct validity of neuropsychological tests of conceptual and attentional abilities. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(4), 596-600.
42. Overall, J. E. & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Pscyhological Reports, 10, 799-812.
43. Partington, J. E. & Letter, R. G. (1949). Partington's Pathway Test. The Psychological Service Center Bulletin, 1, 9-20.
44. Rabbitt, P. (1997). Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function (pp. 1-38). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
45. Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., Glahn, D. C., Censits, D. M., Smith, R. J., Lazarev, M. G., et al. (1998). Frontemporal cerebral blood flow during executive and declarative memory tasks in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychology, 12, 399-413.
46. Reitan, R. M. (1992). Trail Making Test: Manual for administration and scoring. Tuscon, AZ: Reitan Neuropyschology Laboratory.
47. Reitan, R. M. & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (Vol. 2). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
48. Reitan, R. M. & Wolfson, D. (1995). Category Test and the Trail Making Test as measures of frontal lobe functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 50-56.
49. Reynolds, C. F. (2002). Comprehensive Trail-Making Test examiner's manual. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
50. Royall, D. R. (1999). Frontal systems impairment in major depression. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 4, 13-23.
51. Royall, D. R., Mahurin, R. K., & Gray, K. F. (1992). Bedside assessment of executive cognitive impairment: The executive interview. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40(12), 1221-1226.
52. Russell, E. W. & Starkey, R. I. (1993). Halstead Russell Neuropsychological Evaluation System (HRNES): Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
53. Smith, A. (1982). Symbol Digit Modalites Test (SDMT). Manual (Rev). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
54. Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Strauss, M. E. (1993). Relations of symptoms to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19(2), 215-231.
56. Stuss, D. T., Bisschop, S. M., Alexander, M. P., Levine, B., Katz, D., & Izukawa, D. (2001). The Trail Making Test: A study in focal lesion patients. Psychological Assessment, 13(2), 230-239.
57. Swihart, A. A., Panisset, M., Becker, J. T., Beyer, J. T., Beyer, J. R., & Boller, F. (1989). The Token Test: Validity and diagnositic power in Alzheimer's disease. Developmental Neuropsychology, 5, 71-80.
58. Veiel, H. O. F. (1997). A prelimianry profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 587-603.
59. Ventura, J., Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K., Gutkind, D., & Gilbert, E. (2000). Symptom dimensions in recent-onset schizophrenia and mania: A principal components analysis of the 24-item brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychiatry Research, 97, 129-135.
60. Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., & Zec, R. F. (1986). Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(2), 114-124.