Posterior Cerebral Artery Disease

Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 167-192

  Binder, Jeffrey R ^a   Mohr, J P ^b,c  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^b College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University Stroke and Critical Care Division ^*  (United States)

^c NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646765001     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-44-306600-0/50012-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (342)

1. Lazorthes G, Salamon G Étude anatomique et radio-anatomique de la vascularisation arterielle du thalamus. Ann Radiol 1971, 14:905.
2. Abbie AA The blood supply of the visual pathways. Med J Aust 1938, 2:199.
3. Salamon G, Huang YP Radiologic Anatomy of the Brain 1976, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
4. Milisavljevic MM, Marinkovic SV, Gibo H, Puskas LF The thalamogeniculate perforators of the posterior cerebral artery: The microsurgical anatomy. Neurosurgery 1991, 28:523.
5. Galloway JR, Greitz T The medial and lateral choroidal arteries: An anatomic and roentgenographic study. Acta Radiol (Stockh) 1960, 53:353.
6. Mohr JP, Leicester J, Stoddard LT, Sidman M Right hemianopia with memory and color deficits in circumscribed left posterior cerebral artery territory infarction. Neurology 1971, 21:1104.
7. Ghika JA, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F Deep perforators from the carotid system: Template of the vascular territories. Arch Neurol 1990, 47:1097.
8. Kaul SN, DuBoulay GH, Kendall BE, Ross Russell RW Relationship between visual field defects and arterial occlusion in the posterior cerebral circulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974, 37:1033.
9. Margolis MT, Newton TH, Hoyt WF Cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery anatomic-radiologic correlation. Neuroradiology 1971, 2:127.
10. Peron N, Goutner V Alexie pure sans hemianopsie. Rev Neurol 1944, 76:81.
11. Smith CG, Richardson WFG The course and distribution of the arteries supplying the visual striate cortex. Am J Ophthalmol 1966, 61:1391.
12. Margolis MT, Smith CG, Richardson WF The course and distribution of the arteries supplying the visual (striate) cortex. Am J Ophthalmol 1966, 61:1391.
13. Beevor CE On the distribution of the different arteries supplying the human brain. Philos Trans R Soc [Biol] 1909, 200:1.
14. Shellshear JL A contribution to our knowledge of the arterial supply of the cerebral cortex in man. Brain 1927, 50:236.
15. Castaigne P, Lhermitte F, Gautier JC, et al. Arterial occlusions in the vertebro-basilar system: A study of forty-four patients with post-mortem data. Brain 1973, 96:133.
16. Kleihues P, Hizawa K Die Infarkte der A Cerebri posterior. Arch Psychiatr Z Ges Neurol 1966, 208:263.
17. Milandre L, Brosset C, Botti G, Khalil R Étude de 82 infarctus du territoire des artères cérébrales postérieures. Rev Neurol 1994, 150:133.
18. Brandt T, Thie A, Caplan LR, Hacke W Infarkte im Versorgungsgebiet der A cerebri posterior: Klinik, Pathogenese und Prognose. Nervenarzt 1995, 66:267.
19. Cals N, Devuyst G, Afsar N, et al. Pure superficial posterior cerebral artery territory infarction in The Lausanne Stroke Registry. J Neurol 2002, 249:855.
20. Steinke W, Mangold J, Schwartz A, Hennerici M Mechanisms of infarction in the superficial posterior cerebral artery territory. J Neurol 1997, 244:571.
21. Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang H-M, Caplan LR Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 1999, 56:824.
22. Kinkel WR, Newman RP, Jacobs L Posterior cerebral artery branch occlusions: CT and anatomic considerations. Vertebrobasilar Arterial Occlusive Disease: Medical and Surgical Management 1984, 117. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. R. Berguer, R.B. Bauer (Eds.).
23. Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, et al. Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction. Ann Neurol 1987, 21:290.
24. Goto K, Takagawa K, Uemura K, et al. Posterior cerebral artery occlusion: Clinical computed tomographic and angiographic correlation. Radiology 1979, 132:357.
25. Moriyasu H, Yasaka M, Minematsu K, et al. The pathogenesis of brain infarction in the posterior cerebral artery territory. Clin Neurol 1995, 35:344.
26. North K, Kan A, de Silva M, Ouvrier R Hemiplegia due to posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1993, 24:1757.
27. Pessin MS, Kwan ES, Scott RM, Hedges TR Occipital infarction with hemianopsia from carotid occlusive disease. Stroke 1989, 20:409.
28. Caplan LR "Top of the basilar" syndrome. Neurology 1980, 30:72.
29. Benson DF, Segarra J, Albert ML Visual agnosia-prosopagnosia. Arch Neurol 1974, 30:307.
30. Déjerine J Contribution à l'étude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des différentes variétés de cécité verbale. C R Séances Soc Biol 1892, 44:61.
31. Lenz G Zwei Sektionsfalle doppelseitigen zentraler Farbenhemianopsie. Z Ges Neurol Psychiatr 1921, 71:135.
32. Polyak SL The Vertebrate Visual System 1969, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
33. Wyllie J The Disorders of Speech 1969, Boyd, Edinburgh, Oliver.
34. Brindley GS, Janota I Observations on cortical blindness and on vascular lesions that cause loss of recent memory. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975, 38:459.
35. Duncan GW, weidling SM Posterior cerebral artery stenosis with midbrain infarction. Stroke 1995, 26:900.
36. Touho H, Takaoka M, Ohnishi H, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for severe stenosis of the posterior cerebral artery: Case report. Surg Neurol 1995, 43:42.
37. Pessin MS, Kwan ES, DeWitt LD, et al. Posterior cerebral artery stenosis. Ann Neurol 1987, 21:85.
38. Castaigne P, Lhermitte F, Buge A, et al. Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarcts: Clinical and neuropathological study. Ann Neurol 1981, 10:127.
39. Landis T, Regard M, Bliestle A, Kleihues P Prosopagnosia and agnosia for noncanonical views: An autopsied case. Brain 1988, 111:1287.
40. Bohdiewicz P, Juni JE Watershed ischemia demonstrated with acetazolamide enhanced Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. Clin Nucl Med 1994, 19:452.
41. Melamed E, Abraham FA, Lavy S Cortical blindness as a manifestation of basilar artery occlusion. Eur Neurol 1974, 11:22.
42. Riley HA, Yaskin JC, Riggs ME, Torney AS Bilateral blindness due to lesions in both occipital lobes. N Y J Med 1943, 43:1619.
43. Symonds C, Mackenzie I Bilateral loss of vision from cerebral infarction. Brain 1957, 80:415.
44. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, van Melle G, et al. Migraine stroke. Neurology 1988, 38:223.
45. Fisher CM The posterior cerebral artery syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 1986, 13:232.
46. Lauritzen M Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. Brain 1994, 117:199.
47. Olesen J, Friberg L, Olsen TS, et al. Ischaemia-induced (symptomatic) migraine attacks may be more frequent than migraine-induced ischaemic insults. Brain 1993, 116:187.
48. Bruno A, LaKind E Occipital infarction: Carotid artery and cardiac findings. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1992, 2:70.
49. Meyer A Herniation of the brain. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1920, 4:387.
50. Moore MT, Stern K Vascular lesions in the brainstem and occipital lobe occurring in association with brain tumors. Brain 1938, 61:70.
51. Ropper AH Syndrome of transtentorial herniation: Is vertical displacement necessary?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56:932.
52. Sato M, Tanaka S, Kohama A, Fujii C Occipital lobe infarction caused by tentorial herniation. Neurosurgery 1986, 18:300.
53. Gacs G, Fox AJ, Barnett HJM, Vinuela F CT visualization of intracranial arterial thromboembolism. Stroke 1983, 14:756.
54. Sieben G, De Reuck J, Eecken HV Thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery: A clinico-pathological study of two cases and its correlation with the arterial vascularization. Acta Neurol Belg 1977, 77:151.
55. Waterston JA, Stark RJ, Gilligan BS Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarction: The 'mesencephalothalamic syndrome'. J Clin Exp Neurol 1987, 24:45.
56. Bassetti C, Staikov IN Hemiplegia vegetativa alterna (ipsilateral Horner's syndrome and contralateral hemihyperhidrosis) following proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1995, 26:702.
57. Caplan LR, DeWitt LD, Pessin MS, et al. Lateral thalamic infarcts. Arch Neurol 1988, 45:959.
58. Chambers BR, Brooder RJ, Donnan GA Proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion simulating middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurology 1991, 41:385.
59. Hommel M, Besson G, Pollak P, et al. Hemiplegia in posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Neurology 1990, 40:1496.
60. Argentino C, De Michele M, Fiorelli M, et al. Posterior circulation infarcts simulating anterior circulation stroke: Perspective of the acute phase. Stroke 1996, 27:1306.
61. Frisen L, Holmegaard L, Rosencrantz M Sectorial optic atrophy and homonymous horizontal sector anopia: A lateral chorodial artery syndrome?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978, 41:374.
62. Déjerine J, Roussy G La syndrome thalamique. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1906, 14:521.
63. Ghika J, Bogousslavsky J, Henderson J, et al. The "jerky dystonic unsteady hand": A delayed motor syndrome in posterior thalamic infarctions. J Neurol 1994, 241:537.
64. Hayman LA, Berman SA, Hinck VC Correlation of CT cerebral vascular territories with function. II: Posterior cerebral artery. Am J Neuroradiol 1981, 2:219.
65. Manfredi M, Curccu G Thalamic pain revisited. Studies in Cerebrovascular-Disease 1981, 73. Masson Italia Editori, Milan. C. Loeb (Ed.).
66. Bogousslavsky J, Maeder P, Regli F, Meuli R Pure midbrain infarction: Clinical syndromes, MRI, and etiologic patterns. Neurology 1994, 44:2032.
67. Mohr JP, Case CS, Meckler RJ, Fisher CM Sensorimotor stroke due to thalamocapsular ischemia. Arch Neurol 1977, 34:739.
68. Ortiz N, Barraquer Bordas L, Dourado M, et al. La hemiplejia en los infartos de la arteria cerebral posterior: Un analisis de los diversos mecanismos responsables. Neurologia 1993, 8:188.
69. Ghika-Schmid F, Ghika J, Regli F, Bogousslavsky J Hyperkinetic movement disorders during and after acute stroke: The Lausanne Stroke Registry. J Neurol Sci 1997, 146:109.
70. Lee MS, Marsden CD Movement disorder following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region. Mov Disord 1994, 9:493.
71. Ferroir JP, Feve A, Khalil A, et al. Hyperkinesie volitionnelle et d'attitude d'un membre supérieur: Manifestation d'un accident ischemique dans le territoire de l'artère cérébrale postérieure. Presse Med 1992, 21:2104.
72. Gille M, Van den Bergh P, Ghariani S, et al. Delayed-onset hemidystonia and chorea following contralateral infarction of the posterolateral thalamus: A case report. Acta Neurol Belg 1996, 96:307.
73. Lazzarino LG, Nicolai A Late onset unilateral asterixis secondary to posterior cerebral artery infarction. Ital J Neurol Sci 1992, 13:361.
74. Förster O Ueber Rindenblindheit. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1890, 36:94.
75. Goldenberg G Loss of visual imagery and loss of visual knowledge: A case study. Neuropsychologia 1992, 30:1081.
76. Spector RH, Glaser JS, David NJ, Vining DQ Occipital lobe infarctions: Perimetry and computed tomography. Neurology (NY) 1981, 31:1198.
77. Celesia GG, Archer CR, Kuriowa Y Visual function of the extrageniculo-calcarine system in man. Arch Neurol 1980, 37:704.
78. Bergman PS Cerebral blindness. Arch Psychiatry Neurol 1957, 78:568.
79. Blythe IM, Kennard C, Ruddock KH Residual vision in patients with retrogeniculate lesions of the visual pathways. Brain 1987, 110:887.
80. Meyer O Ein- und doppleseitige homonyme Hemianopsia mit Orientirungsstörungen. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1900, 8:440.
81. Holmes G Selected Papers of Sir Gordon Holmes 1956, 195. Blackwell, London.
82. Heller-Bettinger I, Kepes JJ, Preskorn SH, et al. Bilateral altitudinal anopia caused by infarction of the calcarine cortex. Neurology 1976, 26:1176.
83. Newman RP, Kinkel WR, Jacobs L Altitudinal hemi-anopia caused by occipital infarctions. Arch Neurol 1984, 41:413.
84. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, van Melle G Unilateral occipital infarction: Evaluating the risks of developing bilateral loss of vision. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983, 46:78.
85. Benton S, Levy I, Swash M Vision in the temporal crescent in occipital infarction. Brain 1980, 103:83.
86. Lepore FE The preserved temporal crescent: The clinical implications of an "endangered" finding. Neurology 2001, 57:1918.
87. Holmes G, Lister WT Disturbances of vision from cerebral lesions, with special reference to the cortical representation of the macula. Brain 1916, 39:34.
88. Isa K, Miyashita K, Yanagimoto S, et al. Homonymous defect of macular vision in ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 2001, 46:126.
89. Luco C, Hoppe A, Schweitzer M, et al. Visual field defects in vascular lesions of the lateral geniculate body. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:12.
90. Miller NR Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 1982, vol 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 4th ed.
91. Mackenzie I, Meighan S, Pollock EN On the projection of the retinal quadrants on the lateral geniculate bodies and the relationship of the quadrants to the optic radiations. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1933, 53:142.
92. Neau J-P, Bogousslavsky J The syndrome of posterior choroidal artery territory infarction. Ann Neurol 1996, 39:779.
93. Frisen L Quadruple sector anopia and sectorial optic atrophy: A syndrome of the distal anterior choroidal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979, 42:590.
94. Riddoch G Dissociation of visual perceptions due to occipital injuries, with especial reference to appreciation of movement. Brain 1917, 40:15.
95. Merigan W, Freeman A, Meyers SP Parallel processing streams in human visual cortex. Neuroreport 1997, 8:3985.
96. Rizzo M, Nawrot M, Blake R, Damasio AR A human visual disorder resembling area V4 dysfunction in the monkey. Neurology 1992, 42:1175.
97. Vaina L Functional segregation of color and motion processing in the human visual cortex: Clinical evidence. Cereb Cortex 1994, 5:555.
98. Van Essen DC, Felleman DJ, DeYoe EA, et al. Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1990, 55:679.
99. Weiskrantz L Blindsight: A Case Study and Implications 1969, Clarendon, Oxford.
100. Wessinger CM, Fendrich R, Gazzaniga MS Islands of residual vision in hemianopic patients. J Cogn Neurosci 1997, 9:203.
101. Zihl J, von Cramon D Visual field recovery from scotoma in patients with postgeniculate damage: A review of 55 cases. Brain 1985, 108:335.
102. Walsh FB Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 1957, William & Wilkins, Baltimore. 2nd ed.
103. Nelles G, Esser J, Eckstein A, et al. Compensatory visual field training for stroke patients with hemianopia after stroke. Neurosci Lett 2001, 306:189.
104. Kasten E, Wust S, Behrens-Baumann W, Sabel BA Computer-based training for the treatment of partial blindness. Nature Med 1998, 4:1083.
105. Balliet R, Blood KM, Bach-y-Rita P Visual field rehabilitation in the cortically blind?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:1113.
106. Lissauer H Ein fall von Seelenblindheit nebst einem Beitrage zur Theorie derselben. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1889, 21:2.
107. Rubens AB, Benson DF Associative visual agnosia. Arch Neurol 1971, 24:305.
108. Bay E Agnose und Funktionswandel: Eine Hirnpathologische Studie 1969, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
109. Bender MB, Feldman M The so-called visual agnosias. Brain 1972, 95:173.
110. Head H Aphasia: An historical review. Brain 1920, 43:340.
111. Farah MJ Visual Agnosia: Disorders of Object Recognition and What They Tell Us About Normal Vision 1969, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
112. Davidoff J, Warrington EK A dissociation of shape discrimination and figure-ground perception in a patient with normal visual acuity. Neuropsychologia 1993, 31:83.
113. Humphrey KG, Symons LA, Herbert AM, Goodale MA A neurological dissociation between shape from shading and shape from edges. Behav Brain Res 1996, 76:117.
114. Riddoch MJ, Humphreys GW A case of integrative visual agnosia. Brain 1987, 92:847.
115. De Renzi E, Lucchelli F The fuzzy boundaries of apperceptive agnosia. Cortex 1993, 29:187.
116. Marr D Vision 1969, Freeman, San Francisco.
117. Warrington EK, James M Visual object recognition in patients with right hemisphere lesions: Axes or features. Perception 1986, 15:355.
118. De Renzi E, Zambolin A, Crisi G The pattern of neuropsychological impairment associated with left posterior cerebral infarcts. Brain 1987, 110:1099.
119. Coslett HB, Saffran EM Preserved object recognition and reading comprehension in optic aphasia. Brain 1989, 112:1091.
120. Freund CS Ueber optische Aphasie und Seelenblindheit. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 1889, 20:276.
121. Lhermitte F, Beauvois MF A visual speech disconnection syndrome: Report of a case with optic aphasia, agnosic alexia and colour agnosia. Brain 1973, 96:695.
122. Albert ML, Reches A, Silverberg R Associative visual agnosia without alexia. Neurology 1975, 25:322.
123. Carlesimo GA, Casadio P, Sabbadini M, Caltagirone C Associative visual agnosia resulting from a disconnection between intact visual memory and semantic systems. Cortex 1998, 34:563.
124. Goldenberg G, Karlbauer F The more you know the less you can tell: Inhibitory effects of visuo-semantic activation on modality specific visual misnaming. Cortex 1998, 34:471.
125. Michel F, Schott B, Boucher M, Kopp N Alexie sans agraphie chez un malade ayant un hémisphére gauche déafférenté. Rev Neurol 1979, 135:347.
126. De Renzi E, Saetti MC Associative agnosia and optic aphasia: Qualitative or quantitative difference?. Cortex 1997, 33:115.
127. Iorio L, Faranga A, Fragassi NA, Grossi D Visual associative agnosia and optic aphasia: A single case study and a review of the syndromes. Cortex 1992, 28:23.
128. Luzzatti C, Rumiati RI, Ghirardi GA A functional model of visuo-verbal disconnection and the neuroanatomical constraints of optic aphasia. Neurocase 1998, 4:71.
129. Matsuda M, Nakamura K, Fujimoto N, et al. Visual agnosia evolving to optic aphasia: A case study. Clin Neurol 1992, 32:1179.
130. Schnider A, Benson DF, Scharre DW Visual agnosia and optic aphasia: Are they anatomically distinct?. Cortex 1994, 30:445.
131. Poeck K Neuropsychological demonstration of splenial interhemispheric disconnection in a case of "optic anomia.". Neuropsychologia 1984, 22:707.
132. Feinberg TE, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM Multimodal agnosia after unilateral left hemisphere lesion. Neurology 1986, 36:864.
133. Greenblatt SH Subangular alexia without agraphia or hemianopsia. Brain Lang 1976, 3:229.
134. Larrabee GJ, Levin HS, Huff FJ, et al. Visual agnosia contrasted with visual-verbal disconnection. Neuropsychologia 1985, 23:1.
135. Lindeboom J, Swinkels JA Interhemispheric communication in a case of total visuo-verbal disconnection. Neuropsychologia 1986, 24:781.
136. Ohtake H, Fujii T, Yamadori A, et al. The influence of misnaming on object recognition: A case of multimodal agnosia. Cortex 2001, 37:175.
137. Geschwind N, Fusillo M Color-naming defects in association with alexia. Arch Neurol 1966, 15:137.
138. Albert NL, Soffer D, Silverberg R, Raches A The anatomic basis of visual agnosia. Neurology 1979, 29:876.
139. Cambier J, Masson M, Elghozi D, et al. Agnosie visuelle sans hemianopsie droite chez un sujet droitier. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1980, 136:727.
140. Feinberg TE, Schindler RJ, Ochoa E, et al. Associative visual agnosia and alexia without prosopagnosia. Cortex 1994, 30:395.
141. Ferreira CT, Guisiano B, Ceccaldi M, Poncet M Optic aphasia: Evidence of the contribution of different neural systems to object and action naming. Cortex 1997, 33:499.
142. Ferro JM, Santos ME Associative visual agnosia: A case study. Cortex 1984, 20:121.
143. McCarthy R, Warrington EK Visual associative agnosia: A clinico-anatomical study of a single case. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986, 49:1233.
144. Pillon B, Signoret J-L, Lhermitte F Agnosie visuelle associative: Rôle de l'hémisphere gauche dans la perception visuelle. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1981, 137:831.
145. Oxbury JM, Oxbury SM, Humphrey NK Varieties of colour anomia. Brain 1969, 92:847.
146. McCormick GF, Levine DA Visual anomia: A unidirectional disconnection. Neurology 1983, 33:664.
147. Feinberg TE, Dyckes-Berke D, Miner CR, Roane DM Knowledge, implicit knowledge, and metaknowledge in visual agnosia and pure alexia. Brain 1995, 118:789.
148. Hillis AE, Caramazza A Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying visual and semantic processing: Implications from "optic aphasia.". J Cogn Neurosci 1995, 7:457.
149. Warrington EK Agnosia: The impairment of object recognition. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 1985, vol 1:333. Elsevier, New York.
150. Pujol J, Deus J, Losilla JM, Capdevila A Cerebral lateralization of language in normal left-handed people studied by functional MRI. Neurology 1999, 52:1038.
151. Springer JA, Binder JR, Hammeke TA, et al. Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: A functional MRI study. Brain 1999, 122:2033.
152. Szaflarski JP, Binder JR, Possing ET, et al. Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology 2002, 59:238.
153. Damasio A, Damasio H, Van Hoesen GW Prosopagnosia: Anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. Neurology (NY) 1982, 323:331.
154. De Renzi E, Perani D, Carlesimo GA, et al. Prosopagnosia can be associated with damage confined to the right hemisphere: An MRI and PET study and a review of the literature. Neuropsychologia 1994, 32:893.
155. Meadows JC The anatomical basis of prosopagnosia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974, 37:489.
156. Michel F, Poncet M, Signoret JL Les lésions responsables de la prosopagnosie sont-elles toujours bilatérales?. Rev Neurol 1989, 146:764.
157. Benton AL, Van Allen MW Prosopagnosia and facial discrimination. J Neurol Sci 1972, 15:167.
158. De Renzi E, Faglioni P, Grossi D, Nichelli P Apperceptive and associative forms of prosopagnosia. Cortex 1991, 27:213.
159. Schweich M, Bruyer R Heterogeneity in the cognitive manifestations of prosopagnosia: The study of a group of single cases. Cogn Neuropsychol 1993, 10:529.
160. Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C Components in the visual processing of known and unknown faces. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1995, 17:691.
161. De Renzi E, Bonacini MG, Faglioni P Right posterior brain-damaged patients are poor at assessing the age of a face. Neuropsychologia 1989, 27:839.
162. Levine DN, Calvanio R Prosopagnosia: A defect in visual configural processing. Brain Cogn 1989, 10:149.
163. Saumier D, Arguin M, Lassonde M Prosopagnosia: A case study involving problems in processing configural information. Brain Cogn 2001, 46:255.
164. Kosslyn SM, Hamilton SE, Bernstein JH The perception of curvature can be selectively disrupted in prosopagnosia. Brain Cogn 1995, 27:36.
165. Laeng B, Caviness VS Propagnosia as a deficit in encoding curved surface. J Cogn Neurosci 2001, 13:556.
166. Whiteley AM, Warrington EK Prosopagnosia: A clinical, psychological and anatomical study of three patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977, 40:395.
167. Benton AL, Hamsher KD, Varney NR, Spreen O Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual 1969, Oxford University Press, New York, .
168. Farah MJ, Wilson KD, Drain HM, Tanaka JR The inverted face inversion effect in prosopagnosia: Evidence for mandatory, face-specific perceptual mechanisms. Vision Res 1995, 35:2089.
169. McNeil JE, Warrington EK Prosopagnosia: A face-specific disorder. Q J Exp Psychol 1993, 46:1.
170. Nachson I On the modularity of face recognition: The riddle of domain specificity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1995, 17:256.
171. de Gelder B, Bachoud-Lévi A-C, Degos J-D Inversion superiority in visual agnosia may be common to a variety of orientation polarised objects besides faces. Vision Research 1998, 38:2855.
172. Dixon MJ, Bub DN, Arguin M Semantic and visual determinants of face recognition in a prosopagnosic patient. J Cogn Neurosci 1998, 10:362.
173. Gauthier I, Behrmann M, Tarr MJ Can face recognition really be dissociated from object recognition?. J Cogn Neurosci 1999, 11:349.
174. Clark S, Lindemann A, Maeder P, et al. Face recognition and postero-inferior hemispheric lesions. Neuropsychologia 1997, 35:1555.
175. De Haan EHF, Young AW, Newcombe F Covert and overt recognition in prosopagnosia. Brain 1991, 114:2575.
176. Allison T, Puce A, Spencer DD, McCarthy G Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. 1: Potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli. Cereb Cortex 1999, 9:415.
177. Haxby JV, Horwitz B, Ungerleider LG, et al. The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: A PET-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations. J Neurosci 1994, 14:6336.
178. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J Neurosci 1997, 17:4302.
179. Nakamura K, Kawashima R, Sato N, et al. Functional delineation of the human occipitotemporal areas related to face and scene processing. Brain 2000, 123:1903.
180. Sergent J, Ohta S, MacDonald B Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing: A positron emission tomography study. Brain 1992, 115:15.
181. Leveroni C, Seidenberg M, Mayer AR, et al. Neural systems underlying the recognition of familiar and newly learned faces. J Neurosci 2000, 20:878.
182. Michel EM, Troost BT Palinopsia: Cerebral localization with computed tomography. Neurology 1980, 30:887.
183. Bender MB, Feldman M, Sobin AJ Palinopsia. Brain 1968, 91:321.
184. Meadows JC, Munro SS Palinopsia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977, 40:5.
185. Critchley M Types of visual perseveration: 'Palinopsia' and 'illusory visual spread.'. Brain 1951, 74:267.
186. Yamada A, Miki H, Nishioka M A case of posterior cerebral artery territory infarction with micropsia as the chief complaint. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1990, 30:894.
187. Cohen L, Gray F, Meyrignac C, et al. Selective deficit of visual size perception: Two cases of hemimicropsia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:73.
188. Aguirre GK, D'Esposito M Topographical disorientation: A synthesis and taxonomy. Brain 1999, 122:1613.
189. Habib M, Sirigu A Pure topographical disorientation: A definition and anatomical basis. Cortex 1987, 23:73.
190. Cogan DG Visuospatial dysgnosia. Am J Ophthalmol 1979, 88:361.
191. Landis T, Cummings JL, Benson DF, Palmer E Loss of topographic familiarity. Arch Neurol 1986, 43:132.
192. Pallis CA Impaired identification of faces and places with agnosia for colors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1955, 18:218.
193. Takahashi N, Kawamura M Pure topographical disorientation: The anatomical basis of landmark agnosia. Cortex 2002, 38:717.
194. Whiteley AM, Warrington EK Selective impairment of topographical memory: A single case study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978, 41:575.
195. Alsaadi T, Binder JR, Lazar RM, et al. Pure topographic disorientation: A distinctive syndrome with varied localization. Neurology 2000, 54:1864.
196. Cammalleri R, Gangitano M, D'Amelio M, et al. Transient topographical amnesia and cingulate cortex damage: A case report. Neuropsychologia 1996, 34:321.
197. Luzzi S, Pucci E, Di Bella P, Piccirilli M Topographical disorientation consequent to amnesia of spatial location in a patient with right parahippocampal damage. Cortex 2000, 36:427.
198. Takahashi N, Kawamura M, Shiota J, et al. Pure topographical disorientation due to right retrosplenial lesion. Neurology 1997, 49:464.
199. Barrash J, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Tranel D The neuroanatomical correlates of route learning impairment. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:820.
200. Bohbot VD, Kalina M, Stepankova K, et al. Spatial memory deficits in patients with lesions to the right hippocampus and to the right parahippocampus. Neuropsychologia 1998, 36:1217.
201. Epstein R, DeYoe EA, Press DZ, et al. Neuropsychological evidence for a topographical learning mechanism in parahippocampal cortex. Cogn Neuropsychol 2001, 18:481.
202. Aguirre GK, Detre JA, Alsop DC, D'Esposito M The parahippocampus subserves topographical learning in man. Cereb Cortex 1996, 6:823.
203. Aguirre GK, D'Esposito M Environmental knowledge is subserved by separable dorsal/ventral neural areas. J Neurosci 1997, 17:2512.
204. Aguirre GK, Zarahn E, D'Esposito M An area within human ventral cortex sensitive to "building" stimuli: Evidence and implications. Neuron 1998, 21:373.
205. Epstein R, Kanwisher N A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Nature 1998, 392:598.
206. Maguire EA, Frith CD, Burgess N, et al. Knowing where things are: Parahippocampal involvement in encoding object locations in virtual large-scale space. J Cogn Neurosci 1998, 10:61.
207. De Renzi E, Faglioni P, Villa P Topographical amnesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977, 40:498.
208. Suzuki K, Yamadori A, Hayakawa Y, Fujii T Pure topographical disorientation related to dysfunction of the viewpoint-independent visual system. Cortex 1998, 34:589.
209. Hublet C, Demeurisse G Pure topographical disorientation due to a deep-seated lesion with cortical remote effects. Cortex 1992, 28:123.
210. Obi T, Bando M, Takeda K, Sakuta M A case of topographical disturbance following a left medial parieto-occipital lobe infarction. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1992, 32:426.
211. Benson DF, Geschwind N The alexias. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 1969, vol 4:112. North Holland Publishing, Amsterdam.
212. Binder JR, Mohr JP The topography of transcallosal reading pathways: A case-control analysis. Brain 1992, 115:1807.
213. Déjerine J, Vialet N Contribution a l'étude de la localisation anatomique de la cécité verbale pure. C R Séances Soc Biol 1893, 45:790.
214. Beauvois MF, Saillant B Optic aphasia for colours and colour agnosia: A distinction between visual and visuo-verbal impairments in the processing of colours. Cogn Neuropsychol 1985, 2:1.
215. Caplan LR, Hedley-White T Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia: A case report. Brain 1974, 97:251.
216. Mori E, Yokoyama K, Matsuo T, Yamadori A A clinicopathological study of vision specific anomia seen in alexia without agraphia. No To Shinkei 1982, 34:673.
217. Damasio AR, Damasio H The anatomic basis of pure alexia. Neurology 1983, 33:1573.
218. Dalmás JF, Dansilo S Visuographemic alexia: A new form of a peripheral acquired dyslexia. Brain Lang 2000, 75:1.
219. Buxbaum LJ, Coslett HB Deep dyslexic phenomena in a letter-by-letter reader. Brain Lang 1996, 54:136.
220. Patterson KE, Kay J Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome. Q J Exp Psychol 1982, 34A:411.
221. Price CJ, Humphreys GW Letter by letter reading? Functional deficits and compensatory strategies. Cogn Neuropsychol 1992, 9:427.
222. Rapcsak SZ, Rubens AB, Laguna JF From letters to words: Procedures for word recognition in letter by letter reading. Brain Lang 1990, 38:504.
223. Shallice T, Saffran E Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter reader. Cogn Neuropsychol 1986, 3:429.
224. Warrington EK, Shallice T Word-form dyslexia. Brain 1980, 103:99.
225. Staller J, Buchanan D, Singer M, et al. Alexia without agraphia: An experimental case study. Brain Lang 1978, 5:378.
226. Orgogozo JM, Pere JJ, Strube E Alexie sans agraphie "agnose" des couleurs et atteinte de l'hémichamp visuel droite: Un syndrome de l'artère cérébrale postérieure. Sem Hop 1979, 55:1389.
227. Andrews S The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonom Bull Rev 1997, 4:439.
228. Reicher GM Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. J Exp Psychol 1969, 81:274.
229. Samuels SJ, LaBerge D, Bremer CD Units of word recognition: Evidence for developmental changes. J of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1978, 17:715.
230. Levine DN, Calvanio R A study of the visual defect in verbal alexia: Simultanagnosia. Brain 1978, 101:65.
231. Leff AP, Crewes H, Plant GT, et al. The functional anatomy of single-word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia. Brain 2001, 124:510.
232. Greenblatt SH Alexia without agraphia or hemianopsia: Anatomical analysis of an autopsied case. Brain 1973, 96:307.
233. Assal G, Hadj-Djilani M Une nouvelle observation d'alexie pure sans hémianopsie. Cortex 1976, 12:169.
234. Benito-Leon J, Sanchez-Suarez C, Diaz-Guzman J, Martinez-Salio A Pure alexia could not be a disconnection syndrome. Neurology 1997, 49:305.
235. Beversdorf DQ, Ratcliffe NR, Rhodes CH, Reeves AG Pure alexia: Clinical-pathological evidence for a lateralized visual language association cortex. Clin Neuropathol 1997, 16:328.
236. Caffarra P Alexia without agraphia or hemianopia. Eur Neurol 1987, 27:65.
237. Henderson VW, Friedman RB, Teng EL, Weiner JM Left hemisphere pathways in reading: Inferences from pure alexia without hemianopia. Neurology 1985, 35:962.
238. Vincent FM, Sadowsky CH, Saunders RL, Reeves AG Alexia without agraphia, hemianopia, or color-naming defect: A disconnection syndrome. Neurology 1977, 27:689.
239. Foix C, Hillemand P Role vraisemblable du splenium dans la pathogénie de l'alexie pure par lésion de la cérébrale postérieure. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 1925, 49:393.
240. Henderson VW Anatomy of posterior pathways in reading: A reassessment. Brain Lang 1986, 29:119.
241. Vialet N Les Centres Cérébraux de la Vision et l'Appareil Nerveux Visuel Intra-Cérébral 1969, Faculté de Medecine de Paris, Paris.
242. Landolt E De la cécité verbale. Neurol Cbl 1888, 7:605.
243. Stommel EW, Friedman RJ, Reeves AG Alexia without agraphia associated with spleniogeniculate infarction. Neurology 1991, 41:587.
244. Iragui VJ, Kritchevsky M Alexia without agraphia or hemianopia in parietal infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991, 54:841.
245. Sakurai Y, Takeuchi S, Takada T, et al. Alexia caused by a fusiform or posterior inferior temporal lesion. J Neurol Sci 2000, 178:42.
246. Cohen L, Lehéricy S, Chochon F, et al. Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the visual word form area. Brain 2002, 125:1054.
247. Wilbrand H Ueber die makulär-hemianopische Lesestörung und die v Monakowsche Projektion der Makula auf die Sehspäre. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1907, 45:1.
248. Gassel MM, Williams D Visual function in patients with homonymous hemianopia. Part II: Oculomotor mechanisms. Brain 1963, 86:1.
249. Zihl J Eye movement patterns in hemianopic dyslexia. Brain 1995, 118:891.
250. McConkie G, Rayner K Asymmetry of the perceptual span in reading. Bull Psychonom Soc 1976, 8:365.
251. Binder JR, Lazar RM, Tatemichi TK, et al. Left hemiparalexia. Neurology 1992, 42:562.
252. Levine DN, Calvanio R Visual discrimination after lesion of the posterior corpus callosum. Neurology 1980, 30:21.
253. Green GJ, Lessell S Acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia. Arch Ophthalmol 1977, 95:121.
254. Sheppard JJ Human Color Perception 1968, Elsevier, New York.
255. Urechia CI, Cremene V, Popescu P Hémianopsie avec chromoagnosie. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1948, 80:70.
256. LeGros Clark WE The laminar pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus considered in relation to color vision. Doc Ophthalmol 1949, 3:57.
257. Damasio A, Yamada T, Damasio H Central achromatopsia: Behavioral and anatomic and physiologic aspects. Neurology 1980, 30:1064.
258. Kolmel HW Pure homonymous hemiachromatopsia: Findings with neuro-ophthalmologic examination and imaging procedures. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1988, 237:237.
259. Merle P Aphasie et hemiachromatopsie. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1908, 21:1129.
260. Pötzl O Ueber einige zentrale Probleme des Farbensehens. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1949, 61:706.
261. Verrey D Hémiachromatopsie droite absolue. Arch d'Ophthalmol Paris 1888, 8:289.
262. Ziehl-Lübeck Ueber einem Fall von Alexia and Farbenhemiagnosie. Verh Ges Dtsch Natur Aertze 1895, 67:184.
263. Beauchamp MS, Haxby JV, Rosen AC, et al. A functional MRI case study of acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:1170.
264. Heidenhain A Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Seelenblindheit. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1927, 66:61.
265. Heywood CA, Wilson B, Cowey A A case study of cortical colour "blindness" with relatively intact achromatic discrimination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987, 50:22.
266. Kennard C, Lawden M, Morland AB, Ruddock KH Colour identification and colour constancy are impaired in a patient with incomplete achromatopsia associated with prestriate cortical lesions. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1995, 260:169.
267. Pearlman AL, Birch J, Meadows JC Cerebral color blindness: An acquired defect in hue discrimination. Ann Neurol 1979, 5:253.
268. Sakurai Y, Takeuchi S, Takada T, et al. Alexia caused by a fusiform or posterior inferior temporal lesion. J Neurol Sci 2000, 178:42.
269. Zeki S, Watson JDG, Lueck CJ, et al. A direct demonstration of functional specialisation in human visual cortex. J Neurosci 1991, 11:641.
270. Zeki S A century of cerebral achromatopsia. Brain 1990, 113:1721.
271. Meadows JC Disturbed perception of colours associated with localized cerebral lesions. Brain 1974, 97:615.
272. Albert NL, Reches A, Silverberg R Hemianopic colour blindness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975, 38:546.
273. Geschwind N Disconnection syndromes in animals and man. Brain 1965, 88:237.
274. Schober H Erworbene Farbenblindheit nach Schadeltrauma. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1948, 148:93.
275. Siemerling Ein Fall sogenannter Seelenblindheit nebst anderweitigen cerebralen Symptomen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1889, 21:284.
276. Sittig O Stoerungen in Verhalten gegenuber Farben bei Aphasischen. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1921, 49:63.
277. Stengel E The syndrome of visual alexia without colour agnosia. J Mental Sci 1948, 94:46.
278. Lewandowsky M Ueber Abspaltung des Farbensinnes. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1908, 23:488.
279. Zihl J, von Cramon D Color anomia restricted to the left visual hemifield after splenial disconnection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980, 43:719.
280. Pötzl O Die zweite Gruppe der optischen Agnosien. Handbuch der Psychiatrie die Aphasielehre I Optische-agnostischen Storungen 1928, 80. Franz Deuticke, Wien. G. Aschaffenburg (Ed.).
281. Goldstein K Language and Language Disturbances 1969, Grune & Stratton, New York.
282. Critchley M Acquired disturbances of color perception of central origin. Brain 1965, 88:711.
283. Servan J, Verstichel P, Catala M, et al. Aphasia and infarction of the posterior cerebral artery territory. J Neurol 1995, 242:87.
284. Berthier ML, Starkstein SE, Leiguarda R, et al. Transcortical aphasia: Importance of the non speech dominant hemisphere in language repetition. Brain 1991, 114:1409.
285. Damasio H Cerebral localization of the aphasias. Acquired aphasia 1981, 27. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. M.T. Sarno (Ed.).
286. Geschwind N, Quadfasel FA, Segarra JM Isolation of the speech area. Neuropsychologia 1968, 6:327.
287. Heubner Über Aphasie; cited. Language and Language Disturbances 1948, 303. Grune & Stratton, New York. K. Goldstein (Ed.).
288. Otsuki M, Soma Y, Koyama A, et al. Transcortical sensory aphasia following left frontal infarction. J Neurol 1998, 245:69.
289. Kertesz A, Sheppard A, MacKenzie R Localization in transcortical sensory aphasia. Arch Neurol 1982, 39:475.
290. Alexander MP, Hiltbrunner B, Fischer RS Distributed anatomy of transcortical sensory aphasia. Arch Neurol 1989, 46:885.
291. Graff-Radford NR, Damasio H, Yamada T, et al. Nonhemorrhagic thalamic infarction. Brain 1985, 108:485.
292. McFarling D, Rothi W, Heilman KM Transcortical aphasia from ischemic infarcts of the thalamus: A report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982, 45:107.
293. Foundas A, Daniels SK, Vasterling JJ Anomia: Case studies with lesion localisation. Neurocase 1998, 4:35.
294. Mills CK, McConnell JW The naming centre, with the report of a case indicating its location in the temporal lobe. J Nerv Ment Dis 1895, 22:1.
295. Nicolai A, Lazzarino LG Acute confusional states secondary to infarctions in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery in elderly patients. Ital J Neurol Sci 1994, 15:91.
296. Servan J, Verstichel P, Catala M, Rancurel G Syndromes amnesiques et fabulations au cours d'infarctus du territoire de l'artère cérébrale postérieure. Rev Neurol 1994, 150:201.
297. von Cramon DY, Hebel N, Schuri U Verbal memory and learning in unilateral posterior cerebral infarction. Brain 1988, 111:1061.
298. Dide M, Botcazo Amnesie continue, cécité verbale pure, perte du sens topographique, ramollisement double du lobe lingual. Rev Neurol 1902, 10:676.
299. Trillet M, Fischer C, Serclerat D, Schott B Le syndrome amnésique des ischémies cérébrales postérieures. Cortex 1980, 16:421.
300. Victor M, Angevine JB, Mancall EL Memory loss with lesions of the hippocampal formation. Arch Neurol (Chicago) 1961, 5:244.
301. Woods BT, Schoene W, Kneisley L Are hippocampal lesions sufficient to cause lasting amnesia?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982, 45:243.
302. Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR, Amaral DG Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. J Neurosci 1986, 6:2950.
303. Milner B Amnesia following operations on the temporal lobes. Amnesia 1966, 109. Butterworth, London. C.M.W. Whitty, O.L. Zangwill (Eds.).
304. Aggleton JP, McMackin D, Carpenter K, et al. Differential cognitive effects of colloid cysts in the third ventricle that spare or compromise the fornix. Brain 2000, 123:800.
305. Gaffan EA, Gaffan D, Hodges JR Amnesia following damages to the left fornix and to other sites: A comparative study. Brain 1991, 114:1297.
306. Sweet WH, Talland GA, Ervin FR Loss of recent memory following section of fornix. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1959, 84:76.
307. D'Esposito M, Verfaellie M, Alexander MP, Katz DI Amnesia following traumatic bilateral fornix transection. Neurology 1995, 45:1546.
308. Heilman KN, Sypert GW Korsakoff's syndrome resulting from bilateral fornix lesions. Neurology 1977, 27:490.
309. Akelaitis AJ Study of language functions unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1943, 2:226.
310. Woolsey RM, Nelson JS Asymptomatic destruction of the fornix in man. Arch Neurol 1975, 32:566.
311. Milner B In Discussion of Sweet WH, Talland GA, Ervin FR (reference 305). Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1959, 84:78.
312. Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR, Amaral DG Lesions of the hippocampal formation but not lesions of the fornix or mammillary nuclei produce long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys. J Neurosci 1989, 9:898.
313. Laplane D, Degos JD, Baulac M, Gray F Bilateral infarction of the anterior cingulate gyri and of the fornices. J Neurol Sci 1981, 51:289.
314. Moudgil SS, Azzouz M, Abkulkader AA, et al. Amnesia due to fornix infarction. Stroke 2000, 31:1418.
315. Park SA, Hahn JH, Kim JI, et al. Memory deficits after bilateral anterior fornix infarction. Neurology 2000, 54:1379.
316. Gaffan D, Gaffan EA Amnesia in man following transection of the fornix. Brain 1991, 114:2611.
317. Lin KN, Liu RS, Yeh TP, et al. Posterior ischemia during an attack of transient global amnesia. Stroke 1993, 24:1093.
318. Schmidtke K, Reinhardt M, Krause T Cerebral perfusion during transient global amnesia: Findings with HMPAO SPECT. J Nucl Med 1998, 39:155.
319. Stillhard G, Landis T, Schiess R, et al. Bitemporal hypoperfusion in transient global amnesia: 99m-Tc-HM-PAO SPECT and neuropsychological findings during and after an attack. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990, 53:339.
320. Hodges JR, Warlow CP The aetiology of transient global amnesia. Brain 1990, 113:639.
321. Benson DF, Marsden CD, Meadows JC The amnesic syndrome of posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Acta Neurol Scand 1974, 50:133.
322. Escourolle R, Gray F Les accidents vasculaires du système limbique. Proceedings of the VIIth International Congress of Neuropathology 1975, 195. Excepta Medica, Amsterdam.
323. Squire LR Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol Rev 1992, 99:195.
324. Scoville WB, Milner B Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1957, 20:11.
325. Sidman M, Stoddard LT, Mohr JP Some additional quantitative observations of immediate memory in a patient with bilateral hippocampal lesions. Neuropsychologia 1968, 6:245.
326. Dimsdale H, Logue V, Piercy M A case of persisting impairment of recent memory following right temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 1964, 1:287.
327. Milner B Psychological aspects of focal epilepsy and its neurosurgical management. Adv Neurol 1975, 8:299.
328. Walker AE Recent memory impairment in unilateral temporal lesions. Arch Neurol Psychiatry (Chicago) 1957, 78:543.
329. Devinsky O, Bear D, Volpe BT Confusional states following posterior cerebral artery infarction. Arch Neurol 1988, 45:160.
330. Horenstein S, Chamberlin W, Conomy J Infarction of the fusiform and calcarine regions: Agitated delirium and hemianopia. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1967, 92:85.
331. Medina JL, Chokroverty S, Rubino FA Syndrome of agitated delirium and visual impairment: A manifestation of medial temporo-occipital infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977, 40:861.
332. Mair WGP, Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: A neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases. Brain 1979, 102:749.
333. Victor M, Adams RD, Collins GH The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 1969, FA Davis, Philadelphia.
334. Squire LR, Amaral DG, Zola-Morgan S, et al. Description of brain injury in the amnesia patient N.A. based on magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Neurol 1989, 105:23.
335. Graff-Radford NR, Tranel D, Van Hoesen GW, Brandt JP Diencephalic amnesia. Brain 1990, 113:1.
336. von Cramon DY, Hebel N, Schuri U A contribution to the anatomical basis of thalamic amnesia. Brain 1985, 108:993.
337. Suzuki T, Iwakuma A, Tanaka Y, et al. Changes in personality and emotion following bilateral infarction of the posterior cerebral arteries. Jpn J Psychiatr Neurol 1992, 46:897.
338. Conomy JP, Laureno R, Massarweh W Transient behavioral syndrome associated with reversible vascular lesions of the fusiformcalcarine region in humans, abstracted. Ann Neurol 1982, 12:83.
339. Levine DN, Finklestein S Delayed psychosis after right temporoparietal stroke or trauma: Relation to epilepsy. Neurology 1982, 32:267.
340. Lilly R, Cummings JL, Benson DF, Frankel M The human Klüver-Bucy syndrome. Neurology (Cleve) 1983, 33:1141.
341. Shraberg D, Weisberg L The Klüver-Bucy syndrome in man. J Nerv Ment Dis 1978, 166:130.
342. Medina JL, Rubino FA, Ross E Agitated delirium caused by infarctions of the hippocampal formation and fusiform and lingual gyri: A case report. Neurology 1974, 24:1181.