The politics of human rights: How the world has failed Burma

Asia Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 77-118

  Schairer Vertannes, Rachel ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33646699292     PISSN: 13881906     EISSN: 15718158     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/15718150120954885     Document Type: Review

References (302)

1. Burma is also referred to as "Myanmar" after the military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), decided to rename the country Myanmar in 1988. But the decision was a highly political gesture and did not have the support of the civilian population. The author chooses to adopt the traditional title for the country. See: Ashton, W. "What's in a Name - Burmar (1995) 39(5) Quadrant 51.
2. Carriere, R. in Carey, P. ed. Burma: The Challenge of Change in a Divided Society. London: Macmillan, 1997, pp. 210-232, for a conclusive report as to the health, education and severe lack of basic infrastructure in Burma.
3. Lehman, F. ed. Military Ride in Burma Since 1962: A Kaleidoscope of Views. Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1981.
4. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 95.
5. Aris, M. ed. Freedom from Fear: Aung San Suu Kyi. London: Penguin, 1995, p. 39.
6. United States Congressional Record. "10th Anniversary of the Free and Fair Elections in Burma" (10 May 2000) 〈http://www.senatc.gov/ ~feinstein/floor00/burma.htm〉, for a succinct recent account of the economic conditions and where it is estimated that the average annual income per capita is about US$300.
7. Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, p. 24;
8. Carriere, R. in Carey, P. ed. Burma: The Challenge of Change in a Divided Society. London: Macmillan, 1997, p. 210.
9. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000: Burma, 〈http://www.hrw.org/ hrw/wr2k/Asia-01.htm#TopOfPage
10. Lawasia: Human Rights Bulletin. "Burma" (1988) (7) 6.
11. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma". 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html
12. Picciotto, S. "International Law: The Legitimation of Power in World Affairs". In Ireland, P. and Laleng, P. eds. The Critical Lawyers' Handbook 2. London: Pluto Press, 1997, pp. 13-29.
13. Amnesty International. "Annual Report 2000: Myanmar" 〈http://www.web.amnesty.org/web/ar2000web.n..085ff93e50f80802568f200552950? Open Documents〉;
14. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. "Statement by Mr R. Lallah, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar" 〈http://www.unhclir.ch/Huricane/Huricane. nsf...2e083d7226cbd8025674b00534218?Open Document〉.
15. Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966.
16. Lehman,F. ed. Military Rule in Burma Since 1962: A Kaleidoscope of Views. Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1981.
17. See Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, pp. 1-39, for a detailed exposition of the 1988 democracy demonstrations which lead to a violence reinforcement of military dictatorship.
18. Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 7.
19. Osborne, M. Southeast Asia: An Illustrated Introductory History. 5th ed. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1990, pp. 64-65.
20. Arts, M. ed. Freedom from Fear: Aung San Suu Kyi. London: Penguin, 1995, p. 50;
21. Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 7.
22. Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 19.
23. Maung, M. Law and Custom in Burma and the Burmese Family. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963, pp. 7-10.
24. Maung, M Law and Custom in Burma and the Burmese Family. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963, pp. 14-15.
25. Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 43.
26. Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 43;
27. Maung, M. Law and Custom in Burma and the Burmese Family. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963, p. 20.
28. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 95.
29. Cristie, C. A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism. London: Tauris Publishers, 1996, p. 8;
30. nd ed. Lanham: University Press of America, 1990, p. 219.
31. The event was to take the British by surprise, having misread the Burmese people as politically apathetic: Trager, F. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966, p. 46.
32. Aung, H. A History of Burma. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967, p. 285;
33. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 100.
34. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 102.
35. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 102.
36. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 107;
37. Aris, M ed. Freedom from Fear: Aung San Suu Kyi. London: Penguin, 1995, p. 35.
38. For a detailed account of the independence movement, see: Tinker, H. ed. Burma - The Struggle for Independence 1944-1948: Documents From Official and Private Sources. Vol. 11. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983, p. 838.
39. th ed. Colorado: Westview Press, 1997, pp. 233-234;
40. Mating. S. Burma: Nationalism and Ideology: An Analysis of Society, Culture and Politics. Bangladesh, University Press Ltd, 1989, pp. 33-35.
41. th ed. Colorado: Westview Press, 1997, p. 236.
42. th ed. Colorado: Westview Press, 1997, pp. 236-237;
43. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968, pp. 108-109.
44. nd ed. Lanham: University Press of America, 1990, p. 231;
45. Allen, R. A Short Introduction to the History and Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 109.
46. For a direct citation of the "Burmese Way to Socialism", see Warshaw, S. Southeast Asia Emerges: A Concise History of Southeast Asia from its Origins to the Present. San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1975, pp. 334-338.
47. Marlay, R. and Neher, C. Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change. Colorado: Wesrview Press, 1995, p. 115.
48. Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, pp. 1-4.
49. Warshaw, S. Southeast Asia Emerges: A Concise History of Southeast Asia from its Origins to the Present. San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1975, pp. 117-119.
50. th ed. Colorado: Wesrview Press, 1997, p. 238.
51. Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, pp. 1-2;
52. Heder, S. in Girling, J. ed. Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region. Canberra: Australian National University, 1991, p. 45.
53. Heder, S. in Girling, J. ed. Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region. Canberra: Australian National University, 1991, p. 48.
54. Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, pp. 1-8.
55. Heder, S. in Girling, J. ed. Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region. Canberra: Australian National University, 1991, p. 45;
56. Bradley, D. "Democracy in Burma?" (1997) 21 (2-3) Asian Studies Review 19, p. 24.
57. Than, T. in Laothamatas. A. ed. Democratization in Southeast and East Asia. Silkworm Books: Singapore, 1997, pp. 186-187.
58. Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, pp. 15-16.
59. Smith, M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books, 1991, pp. 20-21.
60. As, Lintner states, the SLORC were totally unprepared for a victory of this magnitude: Lintner, B. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948. Colorado: Westview Press, 1994, p. 309.
61. Bradley, D. "Democracy in Burma?" (1997) 21 (2-3) Asian Studies Review 19, p. 26.
62. United States Congressional Record. "10th Aiuiiversary of the Free and Fair Elections in Burma" 〈http://www.senate.gov/~feinstein/ floor00/burma.htm〉.
63. Heder, S. in Girling, J. ed. Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region. Canberra: Australian National University, 1991, p. 56.
64. Bradley, D. "Democracy in Burma?" (1997) 21 (2-3) Asian Studies Review 19, p. 26.
65. th ed. Colorado: Westview Press, 1997, pp. 244-245;
66. Marlay, R. and Neher, C. Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change. Colorado: Westview Press, 120-123.
67. In 1997, the SLORC reincarnated itself as the SPDC: Tate, A. "Cold August in Burma: Political Action and Political Symbolism" (1998) 36 Arena Magazine 33, p. 33.
68. See the Burma Lawyers' Council analysis of the lack of legitimate constitutional foundations in Burma in, Burma Lawyers' Council. "The Military's Constitutional Principles: Strengthening Military Authoritarianism" 〈http://fireebunna.org/lokanat/blc/... titution%20report/blcpresface.html〉.
69. Amnesty International. "Myanmar: Atrocities in the Shan State" (Amnesty International Report 15 April 1998) 〈http://www.amnesiy.org/ailib/ aipub/1998/ASA/31600598.htm〉.
70. Marlay, R. and Neher, C. Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change. Colorado: Westview Press, 1995, pp. 120-125;
71. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. "Statement by Mr R. Lallan, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar" 〈http://www.unhchr.ch/Huricane/Huricane. nsf...2e083d7226cbd8025674b00534218?Open Document〉;
72. Amnesty International. "Annual Report 2000: Myanmar" 〈http://www.web.amnesty.org/web/ar2000web.n.085ff93e50f80802586f200552950? OpenDocument〉;
73. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2000: Burma" 〈http://www.hrw.org/hrw/wr2k/Asia-01.htm#TopOfPage〉.
74. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rigtes/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html〉.
75. See Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2000: Burma" 〈http://www.hrw.org/hrw/wr2k/Asia-01.hlm#TopOfPage〉.
76. Vicary, A. 'The Idiocy Behind Brutality: Six Days Detention in Burma' (1998) 37 Arena Magazine 25, pp. 27-28.
77. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html〉.
78. United Nations. "Burma: Commission on Human Rights Report of the Special Rapporteur 1999" 〈http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1999/vol3/ burmachr.htm〉, where the United Nations Special Rapporteur notes in-country missions have been denied since 1996;
79. Amnesty International. "Myanmar: Atrocities in the Shan State" (Amnesty International Report 15 April 1998) 〈http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/ aipub/1998/ASA/31600598.htm〉.
80. See Recoinmendations of the United Nations Special Rapporteur in: United Nations. "Burma: Commission on Human Rights Report of the Special Rapporteur 1999" 〈http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1999/vol3/burmarr.htm 〉.
81. Articles 2, 18 andl9 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
82. Marlay, R. and Neher, C. Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change. Colorado: Westview Press, 1995, p. 121.
83. The Golden Land Myanmar. "Political Situation" 〈http://www.myanmar-information.net/political/enghsh.pdf 〉.
84. th Anniversary of the Free and Fair Elections in Burma" (10 May 2000) 〈http://www. senate.gw/~feinstein/floor00/burma.htm〉.
85. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.htm l〉.
86. Nay Min in Khan, M. The Burmese Way: To Where? Report of a Mission to Myanmar (Burma). Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1991, p. 61.
87. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/ri...rights/ 1999-hrp-repoit/burrna.html 〉;
88. Amnesty International. "Annual Report 2000: Myanmar" 〈 http://www.web.anmesty.org/web/ar2000web.n.085ff93e50f80802568f200552950? OpenDocuments 〉.
89. Articles 20 and 21 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
90. Marlay, R. and Neher, C. Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change. Colorado: Westview Press, 1995, p. 121.
91. Canadian Friends of Burma. "Human Rights" 〈http://www. cfob.org/Background/humanrights.shtml 〉;
92. see also: Khan, M. The Burmese Way: To Where? Report of a Mission to Myanmar (Burma). Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1991, p. 63.
93. Amnesty International. "Annual Report 2000: Myanmar" 〈 http://ww.web.anmesty.org/web/ar2000web.n..085ff93e50f80802568f200552950? OpenDocument 〉.
94. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html 〉.
95. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and of the 10 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
96. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html 〉.;
97. see also a personal account of detention by an Australian detained in Burma in, Vicary, A. "The Idiocy Behind Brutahty: Six Days Detention in Burma" (1998) 37 Arena Magazine 25.
98. Amnesty International. "Annual Report 2000: Myanmar" 〈 http.7/ww.web.arnnesty.org/web/ar2000web.n..085ffl085ff93e50f80802568f200552950? OpenDocument 〉.
99. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2000: Burma" 〈http://www.hrw.org/hrw/wr2k/Asia-01.htm#TopOfPage 〉;
100. see also: Inter-Parliamentary Union. "Myanmar: Parliamentarians still detained" (Resolution at 161st session, 16 September 1997) 〈http://www.ipu.org/english/issues/hrdocs/161/myn01.htm〉.
101. United Nations. "Burma: Commission on Human Rights Report of the Special Rapporteur 1999" 〈http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1999/vol3/ burrnarr.htm 〉.
102. "Information Release about the Political Prisoners 3/2000" in Zar ni. "Free Burma Conference Next Weekend!: FBC Kiosk 3/27/00" forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 27 March 2000. Copy on file with author.
103. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.srate.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html 〉.
104. Articles 3 and 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
105. United States Department of Labor. "ILAB Press Release: Labor Department Catalogs Worker Rights Abuses in Burma" 〈 http://www.dol.gov/dol/opa/public/media/press/ilab/ila98398.htm〉.
106. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html 〉.
107. Note that the military regime has acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1995) but has yet to make any domestic implementation of these conventions.
108. See: United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h... rights/1999-hrp-report/burma.html 〉;
109. Amnesty International. "Annual Report 2000: Myanmar" 〈 http://www.web.arnnesty.org/web/ar2000web.n.. 085ffl085ff93e50f80802568f200552950?OpenDocument 〉.
110. see also: Fenwick, C. 'The ILO Commission of Inquiry into Forced Labour in Burma" (1999) 12(1) Australian Journal of Labour Law 43, p. 43.
111. Amnesty International. "Myanmar: Time to End Forced Labour" (20 August 1998) 〈 http://www.amnesty.org/news/1998/31602298.htm 〉.
112. United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/ 1999-hrp-report/burma.html 〉.
113. Fenwick, C. "The ILO Commission of Inquiry into Forced Labour in Burma" (1999) 12 (1) Australian Journal of Labour Law 43.
114. Zar ni. "In Midst of UN Millennial Assembly Free Burma Activists Criticize UN for Allowing Illegitimate Regime Right to Vote: FBC Kiosk 9/7/2000" (7 September 2000). Forwarded to rach@global.net.au. Copy on file with author.
115. United Nations. "Daily Press Briefing of the Office of the Spokesman for Secretary-General" (29 March 2000).
116. International Labor Organization. "Press Briefing" (15 March 2000) 〈 http://www.un.org./News/dh/latest/page2.html#36
117. Articles 12 and 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
118. Freedom in the World 1999-2000. "Burma (Myanmar)". 〈house.org/survey/2000/reports/country/burma.htmlFreedomintheWorld1999- 2000:Burma(Myanmar) 〉;
119. Amnesty International. "Myanmar: Atrocities in the Shan State". 〈http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1998/ASA/31600598.htm 〉.
120. World Refugee Information. "Country Report: Burma" (2000) 〈 http://www.refugees.org/world/countryrpt/easia-pacific.burma.htm 〉.
121. Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
122. For a detailed analysis of cultural relativism and human rights in the political context, see: Davis, M. "Constitutionahsm and Political Culture: The Debate over Human Rights and Asian Values" (1998) 11 Harvard Human Rights Journal 109.
123. Zar ni. "Junta Leads Burma towards Democracy: FBC Posting 9/9/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 9 September 2000.
124. Copy on file with author; see also the military junta's perspective in. The Golden Land Myanmar. "Political Situation" 〈 http://www.myanmar-information.net/political/enghsh.pdf〉
125. and Lee, H.P. "Constitutional Values in Turbulent Asia' [1997] 23(2) Monash University Law Review 375.
126. Hewison, K., Robison, R. and Rodan, G. eds. Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism. New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, 1993, pp. 4-6.
127. This theory is known as "constitutional indigenisation" and has been asserted by Aung San Suu Kyi in, Davis, M. "Constitutionahsm and Political Culture: The Debate over Human Rights and Asian Values" (1998) 11 Harvard Human Rights Journal 109, pp. 138-139.
128. Zar ni. "Aung San Suu Kyi's Message to UN Human Rights Commission 2000: Special Posting 4/5/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 5 April 2000. Copy on file with author.
129. Zar ni. "Aung San Suu Kyi's Message to UN Human Rights Commission 2000: Special Posting 4/5/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 5 April 2000. Copy on file with author.
130. Lee, H.P. "Constitutional Values in Turbulent Asia" [1997] 23(2) Monash University Law Review 375, pp. 394-396;
131. Hassell, G. "Democracy in Asia Revisited" (1997) 21(2-3) Asian Studies Review 2, pp. 3-8.
132. Representative of the Fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches in, Falk, R., Kim, S. and Mendlovitz, S. eds. The United Nations and a Just World Order. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991, p. 373.
133. Harris, D.J. Cases and Materials on International Law. 5th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998, p. 626.
134. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Tum of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000. p. 140.
135. Picciotto, S. in, Ireland, P. and Laleng, P. eds. The Critical Lawyers' Handbook 2. London: Pluto Press, 1997. pp. 13-20.
136. Triggs, G. "Confucius and Consensus: International Law in the Asian Pacific" [1997] 21 Melbourne University Law Review 650, pp. 672-673.
137. Newly independent Burma was one of the states that voted to adopt this convention in December 1948, see Zan, M. "Positions of Power and Notions of Empowerment: Comparing the Views of Lee Kuan Yew and Aung San Suu Kyi on Human Rights and Democratic Governance" (1997) 2(1) Newcastle Law Review 49, p. 53.
138. Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 1.
139. For example, the inception of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966);
140. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966);
141. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).
142. nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992, p. 42.
143. rd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991, p. 190;
144. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, p. 118.
145. rd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991, p. 190;
146. th ed. London: Butterworths, 1994, p. 338.
147. Chinkin, C. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 121.
148. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, p. 120.
149. U Ohn Gyaw, Minister for Foreign Affairs, in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, pp. 222-224;
150. See also The Golden Land Myanmar. "Political Situation" 〈http://www.myanmar-information.net/political/english.pdf 〉.
151. Chinkin, C. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 121.
152. th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998, p. 729.
153. th ed. London: Butterworths, 1994, pp. 330-332.
154. Burgess, J. in Berting and others, eds. Human Rights in a Pluralist World. London: Meckler, 1990, p. 65.
155. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Pubhshing, 2000, pp. 118 and 144.
156. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Tum of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, p. 140.
157. For example, see: Situation of human rights in Myanmar, GA Res 53/162, (53rd session), UN Doc A/Res/53/162 (1999);
158. Donnelly, J. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 91-94.
159. See: Pokempner, D. "Human Rights on the Eve of the Next Century: Human Rights and Non-Governmental Organisations: Asia's Activists and the Future of Human Rights" (1997) 66 Fordham Law Review 671, pp. 678-679;
160. Leary, V. "Human Rights in the Asian Context: Prospects For Regional Human Rights Instruments" (1987) 2 Connecticut Journal of International Law 319, pp. 332-333.
161. Matua, M. "The Ideology of Human Rights" (1996) 36 Virginia Journal of International Law 589, p. 601.
162. Burgess, J. in Berting and others, eds. Human Rights in a Pluralist World. London: Meckler, 1990, pp. 65-66.
163. Ramsbotham, O. and Woodhouse, T. Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: A Reconceptualization. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996, pp. 54-55.
164. U Ohn Gyaw, Minister for Foreign Affairs, in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, pp. 222-224.
165. Zan, M. "Positions of Power and Notions of Empowerment: Comparing the Views of Lee Kuan Yew and Aung San Suu Kyi on Human Rights and Democratic Governance"(1997) 2(1) Newcastle Law Review 49;
166. th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998, pp. 626-628.
167. th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998, p. 627.
168. Aung San Suu Kyi, in Aris, M. ed. Freedom from Fear: Aung San Suu Kyi. London: Penguin, 1995, p. 167.
169. Zaii, M. "Positions of Power and Notions of Empowerment: Comparing the Views of Lee Kuan Yew and Aung San Suu Kyi on Human Rights and Democratic Governance" (1997) 2 (1) Newcastle Law Review 49, p. 53.
170. See Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, pp. 136-139.
171. For example, when attempting to enmesh both particularities and universal principles as the term indigenisation is formulated to operate in a democratic framework; see: Davis, M. "Constitutionalism and Political Culture: The Debate over Human Rights and Asian Values" (1998) 11 Harvard Human Rights Journal 109, pp. 138-140.
172. th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998, p. 626;
173. see also: Free Burma: "Burma Debate: Voice of the Hungry Nation" (Vol. 1, No 3, Fall 1999) 〈http://www.soros.org/burma/ burmadebate/bdfall99.html〉.
174. Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 1.
175. Chinkin, C. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 106.
176. Flood, P. The Effectiveness of UN Human Rights Institutions. Westport: Praeger, 1998, p. 24.
177. Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 1.
178. Flood, P. The Effectiveness of UN Human Rights Institutions. Westport: Praeger, 1998, pp. 24-25;
179. Burgers, J. in Berting and others, eds. Human Rights in a Pluralist World. London: Meckler, 1990, p. 64.
180. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, pp. 118-119.
181. Biersteker, T. and Weber, C. eds. State Sovereignty and Social Construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 1-2.
182. Reisman, M. "Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law" (1990) 84 American Journal of International Law 866, p. 869.
183. Ishay, M. and Goldfischer, D. in Ishay, M. ed. The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Writings, Essays, Speeches and Documents From the Bible to the Present. New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 398.
184. Donnelly, J. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 91-92;
185. But for a contrasting view, see also the statements of the Under Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Jan Eliasson in, Clements, K. and Ward, R. eds. Building International Community: Cooperating for Peace Case Studies. Canberra: Allen & Unwin, 1994, p. 185.
186. Ishay, M and Goldfischer, D. in Ishay, M ed. The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Writings, Essays, Speeches and Documents from the Bible to the Present. New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 397.
187. U Win Aung, Minister for Foreign Affairs, in Zar ni. "Junta Leads Burma towards Democracy: FBC Posting 9/9/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 9 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
188. rd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991, pp. 249-250.
189. Grant, T. "An Institution Restored? Recognition of Governments: Legal Doctrine and State Practice, 1815-1995."
190. By M.J. Peterson" (1998) 39 Virginia Journal of International Law 191, p. 193.
191. th ed. London: Butterworths, 1994, p. 119.
192. th ed. London: Butterworths, 1994, p. 119.
193. Okafor, O. "The Global Process of Legitimation and legitimacy of Global Governance" (1997) 14 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 117, pp. 122-123.
194. Zar ni. "The Case Against Myanmar Junta at the United Nations: A Paper: FBC Posting 8/9/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 8 September 2000. Copy on file with author;
195. see also: Okafor, O. "The Global Process of Legitimation and Legitimacy of Global Governance" (1997) 14 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 117, p. 121.
196. Zar ni. "FBC Statement (Draft) on 'Unseat Myamnar Junta from the UN' campaign: FBC Posting 9/7/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 7 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
197. Zar ni. "The Case Against Myanmar Junta at the United Nations: A Paper: FBC Posting 8/9/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 8 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
198. Articles 5 and 6, United Nations Charter (1945).
199. The procedure requires the Security Council and the General Assembly to vote for such a sanction, Zar ni. "The Case Against Myamnar Junta at the United Nations: A Paper: FBC Posting 8/9/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 8 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
200. For example, Russia and China, two permanent members of the Security Council, are opposed to putting the Burma issue on the United Nation's agenda, in Zar Ni. "US Pushing issue onto UN Security Council Agenda: FBC Commentary 9/27/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 27 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
201. Amartya Sen. "The Humanitarian Crisis, Aid and Governance in Burma" (24 May 1999) 〈http://www.burmafund.org/Research-Library/... ian%20Crisis,%20Aid%20and%20Gover nance.htm.〉
202. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. A Report on Human Rights and the Lack of Progress Towards Democracy in Burma (Myanmar). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995, pp. 79-80.
203. Oo, N. "Moving Towards Human Rights" (Feb'/March 1998) 〈http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/~uneoo/a000298.html〉.
204. Bianchi, A. in Teubner, G. ed. Global Law without a State. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997, pp. 199-202.
205. Castells, M. The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997, p. 303.
206. Byers, M. Custom, Power and the Power of Rules: International Relations and Customary International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 45-46.
207. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, p. 119.
208. Farer, T. and Gaer, F. in Kingsbury, B. and Roberts, A. eds. United Nations, Divided Worlds: The UN's Role in International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, p. 288.
209. Lewis, N. in Evans, T. ed. Human Rights Fifty Years On. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 78.
210. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, pp. 118-119.
211. As a policy advisor stated: "A communist Indonesia was considered to be an infection that would sweep westward through all South Asia", in Chomsky, N. Year 501: The Conquest Continues. London: Verso, 1993, p. 121;
212. see also Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Pubhshing, 2000, p. 127.
213. Chomsky, N. in Evans, T. ed. Human Rights Fifty Years On. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 42.
214. Chomsky, N. "East Timor is Not Yesterday's Story" (23 October 1999) http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articl es/9910-timor-story.htm〉.
215. Chomsky, N. Year 501: The Conquest Continues. London: Verso, 1993, pp. 135-136.
216. Chomsky, N. "East Timor is Not Yesterday's Story" (23 October 1999) 〈http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articles/9910-timor-story.htm 〉;
217. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Pubhshing, 2000, pp. 127-131.
218. Chomsky, N. "East Timor is Not Yesterday's Story" (23 October 1999) 〈 http://www.zmag.org/chornsky/articles/9910-timor-story.htm 〉.
219. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, p. 130.
220. Lewis, N. in Evans, T. ed. Human Rights Fifty Years On. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, 89;
221. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, pp. 119-123.
222. Donnelly, J. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 90-91.
223. Donnelly, J. in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. eds. Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 91.
224. Ross, R. ed. East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp. 250-251.
225. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. A Report on Human Rights and the Lack of Progress Towards Democracy in Burma (Myanmar). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995, p. 86.
226. Baseman, J. "ASEAN: the Security Implications - Burma and Vietnam" (1995) 4 (5-6) Human Rights Defender 7, p. 7;
227. Catley, B. "Burma - the Next Frontier?' (1996) 40 (7-8) Ouadrant 48, p. 49.
228. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. A Report on Human Rights and the Lack of Progress Towards Democracy in Burma (Myanmar). Canberra: Australian Government PubUshing Service, 1995, p. 88.
229. Human Rights Watch "Burma: World Report 1999" 〈http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/asia/burma.html〉.
230. Bello, W. "Out Task in Revitalising Democracy in Asian Region" (22 July 1997) 〈http://www.focusweb.org/focus/library/Deve... sing%20democracy%20in%20Asian%20region.htm
231. Acharya, A. in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, p. 167.
232. Acharya, A. in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, p. 174.
233. Albinski, H. "Responding to Asia-Pacific Human Rights Issues: Implications for Australian-American Relations" (1996) 50(1) Australian Journal of International Affairs 43, pp. 54-55.
234. Acharya, A. in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, p. 175.
235. Acharya, A. in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, p. 176.
236. United States Department of State. "Conditions in Burma and US Policy Toward Burma" (2 November 1999) 〈http://www.state.gov/www/ regions/eap/991102-us-burma-report.html 〈.
237. Acharya, A. in Tang, T. ed. Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific. London: Pinter, 1995, p. 179.
238. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart PubUshing, 2000, pp. 137-138.
239. Velasquez, M. Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. 4 ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998, pp. 18-21.
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241. th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998, p. 162.
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244. see also: Wells, L. "A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Why Unocal Should be Liable Under U.S. Law for Human Rights Abuses in Burma" (1998) 32 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 35.
245. McGrew, A. in Evans, T. ed. Human Rights Fifty Years On. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, pp. 188-189.
246. Taylor, P. in Jackson, R. ed. Sovereignty at the Millennium. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 129-130.
247. For example, see John Howard's statements: "It is only through building market access that many of the least-developed countries can ever hope to lift their standards of living", in Howard, J. "Open Markets keep poor in the race for riches" The Australian, 12 September 2000, p. 11.
248. Glanz, D. "World prosperity or poverty trap" The Australian, 4 September 2000, p. 11;
249. Latham, M. "Mutual obligation should apply to high rollers, too" The Australian, 4 September 2000, p. 11.
250. See for example: United States Department of State. "1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma" (25 February 2000) 〈http://www.state.gov/www/global/h...rights/1999-rirp-report/burma.html 〉.
251. Earthrights. "Destructive Engagement: A Decade of Foreign Investment in Burma" 〈http://www.earthrights.org/our-publications/Dest-Eng/ eriburma.html〉.;
252. Free Burma Coalition. "Corporations vs Human Rights" 〈http://www.freeburmacoalition.org/events/burmalaw/massachusetts. html〉.
253. Harvard Law Review. "Foreign affairs power, the Massachusetts Burma law is found to encroach on the federal government's exclusive constitutional authority to regulate foreign affairs" (1999) 12(8) 2013;
254. Benson, R. "A Memorandum of Legal Opinion Re: Constitutionality of Local Laws Restricting Government Transactions With Companies Doing Business in Burma" (1 October 1997) 〈http://www.heed.net/burma/burmop.html〉.
255. Zar m. "Trade Trumps Human Rights in Supreme Court Decision: FBC Special Posting 6/21/00", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 21 June 2000. Copy on file with author.
256. Goldsmith, J. "State Foreign Policies After the Burma Case" 〈http://writ.findlaw.com/conmientary/2000626-goldsmith.html〉.
257. Carriere, R. in Carey, P. ed. Burma: The Challenge of Change in a Divided Society. London: Macmillan, 1997, p. 222.
258. Weissbrodt, D. in Meron, T. ed. Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, pp. 403-404;
259. Teubner, G. ed. Global Law Without a State. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997, pp. 188-189.
260. Pokempner, D. "Human Rights on the Eve of the Next Century: Human Rights and Non-Governmental Organisations: Asia's Activists and the Future of Human Rights" (1997) 66 Fordham Law Review 677, pp. 678-681.
261. See Harris, D.J. Cases and Materials on International Law. 5th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998, p. 627.
262. KCS Website. "Declaration of Asian Human Rights Charter" (14-18 May 1998) 〈http://www.ahrchk.net/charter/declaration.htm 〉.
263. KCS Website. "Declaration of Asian Human Rights Charter" (14-18 May 1998) 〈 http://www.ahrchk.net/charter/declaration.htm 〈;
264. see also: Pokempner, D. "Human Rights on the Eve of the Next Century: Human Rights & Non-Governmental Organisations: Asia's Activists and the Future of Human Rights" (1997) 66 Fordham Law Review 677, pp. 679-680.
265. This is due to the military regime's disapproval of interdependent, internal monitoring the and subsequent lack of safeguards to undertake such projects successfully. See Arnott, D. "Should NGOs Go into Burma?" (7 October 1995) 〈http://wwwlibrary.wustl.edu?~listmgr/devel-l/Oct1995/002l. html〉;
266. for a consolidated list of organisations related to Burma, see: The Burma Project. "Organisations" 〈http://www.soros.org/burma/orgs. html〉;
267. Carriere, R. in Carey, P. ed. Burma: The Challenge of Change in a Divided Society. London: Macmillan, 1997, p. 222.
268. See for example: Soros, G. "Testimony on Burma" 〈 http://www.freeburmacoalition.org/old/137.html 〉.
269. Time Asia. "Burma: Signs of Hope?" (15 November 1999) 〈 http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/magazine/99/1115/burma.economic.ruin.html〉.
270. Pokempner, D. "Human Rights on the Eve of the Next Century: Human Rights and Non-Governmental Organisations: Asia's Activists and the Future of Human Rights" (1997) 66 Fordham Law Review 677, pp. 680-682.
271. See examples of effective NGO campaigns such as in Chile, Argentina, Mexico and El Salvador in, Farer, T. ed. Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Sovereignty in the Americas. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp. 162-165.
272. Douzinas, C. The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, p. 140.
273. Farer, T. ed. Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Sovereignty in the Americas. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp. 165-166;
274. "Our Document: Bangkok Declaration on Human Rights" 〈http://www.hr-alliance.org/aphr-ft/bangkok.htm〉;
275. see also: Corpuz-Brock, J. and Pritchard, S. "Asia-Pacific Regional Dialogue on Human Rights: A Submission to the Human Rights Subcommittee of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade" (1998) 5(1) Australian Journal of Human Rights 225, pp. 229-230.
276. See their website at 〈http://www.freeburmacoalition.org〉.
277. Zar Ni. "US Pushing issue onto UN Security Council Agenda: FBC Commentary 9/27/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 27 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
278. Zar Ni. "US Pushing issue onto UN Security Council Agenda: FBC Commentary 9/27/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 27 September 2000. Copy on file with author;
279. Zar ni. "FBC Statement (Draft) on 'Unseat Myanmar Junta from the UN' campaign: FBC Posting 9/7/2000", forwarded to rach@global.net.au, 7 September 2000. Copy on file with author.
280. Soros, G. "Testimony on Burma" 〈http://www. freeburmacoalition.org/old/137.html〉.
281. Hader, L. "US Sanctions Against Burma: A Failure on All Fronts" 〈http.//www.freetrade.org/pubs/pas/tpa-001.html〉.
282. Aung San Suu Kyi in: Soros, G. "Testimony on Burma" 〈http://www.freeburmacoalition.org/old/137.html〉.
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286. Silverstein, J. "Don't expect the junta to respect human rights" 〈http://www.theaustralian.com/this-wheel/1weekAug22. html〉.
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