Antiphospholipid syndrome

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 242-248

  Erkan, Doruk ^a,b   Lockshin, Michael D ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticardiolipin antibodies; Antiphospholipid antibodies; Antiphospholipid syndrome; Lupus anticoagulant test

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID PLUS DIPYRIDAMOLE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ARGATROBAN; CLOPIDOGREL; CORTICOSTEROID; DIPYRIDAMOLE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LEPIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; THROMBOXANE A2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; TICLOPIDINE; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FETUS WASTAGE; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOSIS;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; FEMALE; HUMANS; MICE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; THROMBOSIS; WARFARIN;

EID: 33646688863     PISSN: 10408711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000218943.89365.13     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the preliminary classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost (in press).
2. Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T, et al. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:1309-1311.
3. Erkan D, Lockshin MD. What is antiphospholipid syndrome? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004; 6:451-457. This article reviews the definition of APS in a structured approach and discusses the APS-related controversies.
4. Erkan D, Ortel TL, Lockshin MD. Warfarin in antiphospholipid syndrome: time to explore new horizons. J Rheumatol 2005; 32:208-212.
5. Erkan D, Lockshin MD. New treatments for antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North America (in press).
6. Erkan D, Sammaritano L, Levy R, et al. APLASA study 2004 update: primary thrombosis prevention in asymptomatic aPL-positive patients with aspirin [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:S640-S641.
7. Cooper C, Choy E. The Arthritis Research Campaign's Clinical Trials Committee. The blossoming of evidence-based clinical rheumatology: the Arthritis Research Campaign's Clinical Trials Collaboration in association with the MRC Clinical Trials Unit, BSR and BOA. Rheumatology 2003; 42:713-715.
8. Giron-Gonzalez JA, Garcia del Rio E, Rodriguez C, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome and asymptomatic carriers of antiphospholipid antibody: prospective analysis of 404 individuals. J Rheumatol 2004; 31:1560-1567.
9. Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004; 291:576-584.
10. van Goor MP, Alblas CL, Leebeek FW, et al. Do antiphospholipid antibodies increase the long-term risk of thrombotic complications in young patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke? Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 109:410-415.
11. Derksen RH, de Groot PG, Kappelle LJ. Low dose aspirin after ischemic stroke associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Neurology 2003; 61:111-114.
12. Kaul M, Erkan D, Artim-Esen B, et al. Warfarin alternatives for secondary thrombosis prophylaxis in antiphospholipid syndrome [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:3595.
13. Kearon C. Long-term management of patients after venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2004; 110 (Suppl 1):I10-I18. An extensive review of the long-term management of aPL-negative patients after venous thromboembolism.
14. Weitz JI, Middeldorp S, Geerts W, Heit JA. Thrombophilia and new anticoagulant drugs. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2004; 424-438.
15. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. Comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1133-1138.
16. Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS) J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:848-853. The second prospective randomized controlled trial of two intensities of warfarin concluding that both moderate and high-intensity anticoagulation are similarly protective in APS patients after the first thrombosis.
17. Scully MF. Moderate dose oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome? Yes. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:840-841.
18. Rickles FR, Marder VJ. Moderate dose oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome? No. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:842-843.
19. Khamashta MA, Hunt BJ. Moderate dose oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome? No. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:844-845.
20. Anderson DR. Oral anticoagulation for the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: can we now say less is more? J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:846-847.
21. Dentali F, Manfredi E, Crowther M, Ageno W. Long-duration therapy with low molecular weight heparin in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome resistant to warfarin therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2121-2123.
22. Linkins LA, Weitz JI. New anticoagulants. Semin Thromb Hemost 2003; 29:619-631.
23. Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon JE. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004; 10:1222-1226. An animal pregnancy model demonstrating that heparin, but not fondaparinux or hirudin, prevents aPL-induced complement activation.
24. Statkute L, Traynor A, Oyama Y, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2005; 106:2700-2709.
25. Sailer T, Vormittag R, Pabinger I, et al. Inflammation in patients with lupus anticoagulant and implications for thrombosis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32:462-468.
26. Bobba R, Landolt-Marticoren C, Fortin PR. Thrombosis and inflammation: a question in need of an answer. J Rheumatol 2005; 32:397-399.
27. Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Beta-2-glycoprotein-I, infections, antiphospholipid syndrome and therapeutic considerations. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:190-199.
28. Erkan D, Cervera R, Asherson RA. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: where do we stand? Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:3320-3327.
29. Bayraktar D, Erkan D, Bucciarelli S, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): poor prognostic factors for mortality [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:3594.
30. Cervera R, Font J, Gomez-Puerta JA, et al. Validation of the preliminary criteria for the classification of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1205-1209. The validation of the first international consensus statement on the classification criteria for definite and probable catastrophic APS.
31. Uthman I, Shamseddine A, Taher A. The role of therapeutic plasma exchange in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 33:11-17.
32. Vero S, Asherson RA, Erkan D. Critical care review: catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Intensive Care Med (in press).
33. Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, et al. Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Registry Project Group. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 2003; 12:530-534.
34. Ehresmann S, Arkfeld D, Shinada S, et al. A novel therapeutic approach for catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) when conventional therapy with anticoagulants and steroids were unsuccessful [abstract]. Ann Rheum 2004; 64 (Supp 1):FR10278.
35. Carp H, Asherson RA, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin in pregnancies complicated by the antiphospholipid syndrome: what is its role? J Clin Rheumatol 2001; 7:291-294.
36. Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, Scott J. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2:CD002859. A systematic review of randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of interventions in pregnant women with a history of pregnancy loss and aPL positivity.
37. Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ 1997; 314:253-257.
38. Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174:1584-1589.
39. Bats AS, Lejeune V, Cynober E, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome and second-or third-trimester fetal death: follow-up in the next pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 114:125-129.
40. Stone S, Hunt BJ, Khamashta MA, et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: an analysis of outcome in a cohort of 33 women treated with a rigorous protocol. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:243-245.
41. Stephenson MD, Ballem PJ, Tsang P, et al. Treatment of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) in pregnancy: a randomized pilot trial comparing low molecular weight heparin to unfractionated heparin. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004; 26:729-734.
42. Carlin AJ, Farquharson RG, Quenby SM, et al. Prospective observational study of bone mineral density during pregnancy: low molecular weight heparin versus control. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:1211-1214.
43. Franklin RD, Kutteh WH. Effects of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin on antiphospholipid antibody binding in vitro. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:455-462.
44. Di Simone N, Ferrazzani S, Castellani R, et al. Heparin and low-dose aspirin restore placental human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion abolished by antiphospholipid antibody-containing sera. Hum Reprod 1997; 12:2061-2065.
45. Girardi G. Heparin treatment in pregnancy loss: potential therapeutic benefits beyond anticoagulation. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 66:45-51.
46. Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1644-1654.
47. Pierangeli SS, Vega-Ostertag M, Liu X, et al. An anti C5 monoclonal antibody reverses antiphopholipid-induced thrombosis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:S639.
48. Berman J, Girardi G, Salmon JE. TNF-alpha is a critical effector and a target for therapy in antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss. J Immunol 2005; 174:485-490.
49. Tenedious F, Erkan D, Lockshin MD. Rituximab in the primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum (in press).
50. Jancinova V, Nosal R, Petrikova M. On the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on blood platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1994; 74:495-504.
51. Yoon KH. Sufficient evidence to consider hydroxychloroquine as an adjunct therapy in antiphospholipid antibody (Hughes') syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002; 29:1574-1575.
52. Lombard-Flatlet S, Bertolino P, Deng H, et al. Inhibition by chloroquine of the class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted presentation of endogenous antigens varies according to the cellular origin of the antigen-presenting cells, the nature of the T-cell epitope, and the responding T cell. Immunology 1993; 80:566-573.
53. Goldman FD, Gilman AL, Hollenback C, et al. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits calcium signals in T cells: a new mechanism to explain its immunomodulatory properties. Blood 2000; 95:3460-3466.
54. Edwards MH, Pierangeli S, Liu X, et al. Hydroxychloroquine reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in mice. Circulation 1997; 96:4380-4384.
55. Pierangeli SS, Vega-Ostertag M, Harris EN. Intracellular signaling triggered by antiphospholipid antibodies in platelets and endothelial cells: a pathway to targeted therapies. Thromb Res 2004; 114:467-476.
56. Johnson R, Charnley J. Hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism following hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979; 144:174-177.
57. Wallace DJ. Does hydroxychloroquine protect against clot formation in systemic lupus erythematosus? Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30:1435-1436.
58. Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine use in the Baltimore Lupus Cohort: effects on lipids, glucose and thrombosis. Lupus 1996; 5 (Suppl 1):S16-S22.
59. Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG, et al. A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41:924-929.
60. McCarty GA, Cason TE. Use of hydroxychloroquine in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome at three academic rheumatology units over two years: improvement in antibody titer and symptoma management [abstract]. In: 7th International Congress on SLE and related conditions abstract book. New York 2004. p. M17A.
61. Erkan D, Derksen WJ, Kaplan V, et al. Real world experience with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL): how stable and significant are aPL? Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1321-1325.
62. Ferrara DE, Liu X, Espinola RG, et al. Inhibition of the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of antiphospholipid antibodies by fluvastatin in an in vivo animal model. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:3272-3279.
63. Meroni PL, Raschi E, Testoni C, et al. Statins prevent endothelial cell activation induced by antiphospholipid (anti-beta2-giycoprotein I) antibodies: effect on the proadhesive and proinflammatory phenotype. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2870-2878.
64. Ferrara DE, Swerlick R, Casper K, et al. Fluvastatin inhibits up-regulation of tissue factor expression by antiphospholipid antibodies on endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1558-1563.
65. Kinlay S, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, et al. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering Study Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin enhances the decline in inflammatory markers in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL study. Circulation 2003; 108:1560-1566.