Bacillus anthracis multiplication, persistence, and genetic exchange in the rhizosphere of grass plants

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 72, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 3168-3174

  Saile, Elke ^a,b   Koehler, Theresa M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTICS; CELLS; GENE TRANSFER; HEAT RESISTANCE; PLANTS (BOTANY); SOILS;

COLONY FORMING UNIT (CFU); PLASMIDS; SAPROPHYTIC SOIL ORGANISMS; SPORES;

BACTERIA;

ANTHRAX; MAMMAL; RHIZOSPHERE; SOIL MICROORGANISM;

ANTHRAX; ARTICLE; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CELL POPULATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GRASS; NONHUMAN; RHIZOSPHERE; SOIL ANALYSIS; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; STRAIN DIFFERENCE;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; GENE TRANSFER, HORIZONTAL; HEAT; PLANT ROOTS; PLASMIDS; POACEAE; SOIL MICROBIOLOGY; SPORES, BACTERIAL;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACILLUS CEREUS GROUP; MAMMALIA;

EID: 33646571157     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.72.5.3168-3174.2006     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Agaisse, H., M. Gominet, O. A. Økstad, A.-B. Kolstø, and D. Lereclus. 1999. PlcR is a pleiotropic regulator of extracellular virulence factor gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis. Mol. Microbiol. 32:1043-1053.
2. Andersson, J. O., and S. G. Andersson. 1999. Insights into the evolutionary process of genome degradation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9:664-671.
3. Battisti, L., B. D. Green, and C. B. Thorne. 1985. Mating system for transfer of plasmids among Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Bacteriol. 162:543-550.
4. Böckelmann, U., U. Szewzyk, and E. Grohmann. 2003. A new enzymatic method for the detachment of particle associated soil bacteria. J. Microbiol. Methods 55:201-211.
5. Callegan, M. C., M. C. Booth, B. D. Jett, and M. S. Gilmore. 1999. Pathogenesis of gram-positive bacterial endophthalmitis. Infect. Immun. 67:3348-3356.
6. Cataldi, A., E. Labruyere, and M. Mock. 1990. Construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient Bacillus anthracis strain. Mol. Microbiol. 4:1111-1117.
7. Chen, Y., F. C. Tenover, and T. M. Koehler. 2004. β-Lactamase gene expression in a penicillin-resistant Bacillus anthracis strain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:4873-4877.
8. Cormack, B. P., R. H. Valdivia, and S. Falkow. 1996. FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene 173:33-38.
9. Curl, E. A., and B. Truelove. 1986. The rhizosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
10. Dai, Z., J.-C. Sirard, M. Mock, and T. M. Koehler. 1995. The atxA gene product activates transcription of the anthrax toxin genes and is essential for virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 16:1171-1181.
11. Dalhammar, G., and H. Steiner. 1984. Characterization of inhibitor A, a protease from Bacillus thuringiensis which degrades attacins and cecropins, two classes of antibacterial proteins in insects. Eur. J. Biochem. 139:247-252.
12. de Vos, V. 1990. The ecology of anthrax in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Salisbury Med. Bull. 68:19-23.
13. Dickinson, D. N., M. T. La Duc, W. E. Haskins, I. Gornushkin, J. D. Winefordner, D. H. Powell, and K. Venkateswaran. 2004. Species differentiation of a diverse suite of Bacillus spores by mass spectrometry-based protein profiling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:475-482.
14. Drobniewski, F. 1993. Bacillus cereus and related species. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 6:324-338.
15. Druett, H. A., D. W. Henderson, L. Packman, and S. Peacock. 1953. Studies on respiratory infection. I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores. J. Hyg. (London) 51:359-371.
16. Duc, M. T. L., M. Satomi, and K. Venkateswaran. 2004. Bacillus odysseyi sp. nov., a round-spore-forming bacillus isolated from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:195-201.
17. Dunn, A. K., and J. Handelsman. 1999. A vector for promoter trapping in Bacillus cereus. Gene 226:297-305.
18. Dunn, A. K., A. K. Klimowicz, and J. Handelsman. 2003. Use of a promoter trap to identify Bacillus cereus genes regulated by tomato seed exudate and a rhizosphere resident, Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Appl. Environ Microbiol. 69:1197-1205.
19. Edlund, T., I. Sidén, and H. G. Boman. 1976. Evidence for two immune inhibitors from Bacillus thuringiensis interfering with the humoral defense system of saturniid pupae. Infect. Immun. 14:934-941.
20. Emmert, E. A. B., and J. Handelsman. 1999. Biocontrol of plant disease: a (Gram-) positive perspective. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 171:1-9.
21. Ezzell, J. W., Jr., T. G. Abshire, S. F. Little, B. C. Lidgerding, and C. Brown. 1990. Identification of Bacillus anthracis by using monoclonal antibody to cell wall galactose-N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:223-231.
22. Fedhila, S., M. Gohar, L. Slamti, P. Nel, and D. Lereclus. 2003. The Bacillus thuringiensis PlcR-regulated gene inhA2 is necessary, but not sufficient, for virulence. J. Bacteriol. 185:2820-2825.
23. Fedhila, S., P. Nel, and D. Lereclus. 2002. The lnhA2 metalloprotease of Bacillus thuringiensis strain 407 is required for pathogenicity in insects infected via the oral route. J. Bacteriol. 184:3296-3304.
24. Green, B. D., L. Battisti, T. M. Koehler, C. B. Thorne, and B. E. Ivins. 1985. Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 49:291-297.
25. Green, B. D., L. Battisti, and C. B. Thorne. 1989. Involvement of Tn4430 in transfer of Bacillus anthracis plasmids mediated by Bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pXO12. J. Bacteriol. 171:104-113.
26. Hernandez, E., F. Ramisse, J.-P. Ducoureau, T. Cruel, and J.-D. Cavallo. 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. konkukian (serotype H34) superinfection: case report and experimental evidence of pathogenicity in immunosuppressed mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2138-2139.
27. Heyrman, J., B. Vanparys, N. A. Logan, A. Balcaen, M. Rodríguez-Díaz, A. Felske, and P. De Vos. 2004. Bacillus novalis sp. nov., Bacillus vireti sp. nov., Bacillus soli sp. nov., Bacillus bataviensis sp. nov. and Bacillus drentensis sp. nov., from the Drentse A grasslands. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:47-57.
28. Hoffmaster, A. R., J. Ravel, D. A. Rasko, G. D. Chapman, M. D. Chute, C. K. Marston, B. K. De, C. T. Sacchi, C. Fitzgerald, L. W. Mayer, M. C. J. Maiden, F. G. Priest, M. Barker, L. Jiang, R. Z. Cer, J. Rilstone, S. N. Peterson, R. S. Weyant, D. R. Galloway, T. D. Read, T. Popovic, and C. M. Fraser. 2004. Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:8449-8454.
29. Hugh-Jones, M. E., and V. de Vos. 2002. Anthrax and wildlife. Rev. Sci. Technol. 21:359-383.
30. Ivanova, N., A. Sorokin, I. Anderson, N. Galleron, B. Candelon, V. Kapatral, A. Bhattacharyya, G. Reznik, N. Mikhailova, A. Lapidus, L. Chu, M. Mazur, E. Goltsman, N. Larsen, M. D'Souza, T. Walunas, Y. Grechkin, G. Pusch, R. Haselkorn, M. Fonstein, S. Dusko Ehrlich, R. Overbeek, and N. Kyrpides. 2003. Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis. Nature 423:87-91.
31. Jensen, G. B., B. M. Hansen, J. Eilenberg, and J. Mahillon. 2003. The hidden lifestyles of Bacillus cereus and relatives. Environ. Microbiol. 5:631-640.
32. Kaufmann, A. F. 1989. Presented at the International Workshop on Anthrax, Winchester, United Kingdom.
33. Kazmar, E. R., R. M. Goodman, C. R. Grau, D. W. Johnson, E. V. Nordheim, D. J. Undersander, and J. Handelsman. 2000. Regression analyses for evaluating the influence of Bacillus cereus on alfalfa yield under variable disease intensity. Phytopathology 90:657-665.
34. 2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters. J. Bacteriol. 176:586-595.
35. Koehler, T. M., and C. B. Thorne. 1987. Bacillus subtilis (natto) plasmid pLS20 mediates interspecies plasmid transfer. J. Bacteriol. 169:5271-5278.
36. Kotiranta, A., M. Haapasalo, K. Kari, E. Kerosuo, I. Olsen, T. Sorsa, J. H. Meurman, and K. Lounatmaa. 1998. Surface structure, hydrophobicity, phagocytosis, and adherence to matrix proteins of Bacillus cereus cells with and without the crystalline surface protein layer. Infect. Immun. 66:4895-4902.
37. Lindeque, P. M., and P. C. Turnbull. 1994. Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 61:71-83.
38. Little, S. F., and B. E. Ivins. 1999. Molecular pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis infection. Microbes Infect. 1:131-139.
39. Milner, J. L., L. Silo-Suh, J. C. Lee, H. He, J. Clardy, and J. Handelsman. 1996. Production of kanosamine by Bacillus cereus UW85. Appl. Environ Microbiol. 62:3061-3065.
40. Milner, J. L., E. A. Stohl, and J. Handelsman. 1996. Zwittermicin A resistance gene from Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 178:4266-4272.
41. Moayeri, M., and S. H. Leppla. 2004. The roles of anthrax toxin in pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 7:19-24.
42. Mock, M., and A. Fouet. 2001. Anthrax. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:647-671.
43. Priest, F. G. 1993. Systematics and ecology of Bacillus, p. 3-16. In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
44. Rasko, D. A., J. Ravel, O. A. Økstad, E. Helgason, R. Z. Cer, L. Jiang, K. A. Shores, D. E. Fouts, N. J. Tourasse, S. V. Angiuoli, J. Kolonay, W. C. Nelson, A.-B. Kolstø, C. M. Fraser, and T. D. Read. 2004. The genome sequence of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 reveals metabolic adaptations and a large plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis pXO1. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:977-988.
45. Read, T. D., S. N. Peterson, N. Tourasse, L. W. Baillie, I. T. Paulsen, K. E. Nelson, H. Tettelin, D. E. Fouts, J. A. Eisen, S. R. Gill, E. K. Holtzapple, O. A. Okstad, E. Helgason, J. Rilstone, M. Wu, J. F. Kolonay, M. J. Beanan, R. J. Dodson, L. M. Brinkac, M. Gwinn, R. T. DeBoy, R. Madpu, S. C. Daugherty, A. S. Durkin, D. H. Haft, W. C. Nelson, J. D. Peterson, M. Pop, H. M. Khouri, U. Radune, J. L. Benton, Y. Mahamoud, L. Jiang, I. R. Hance, J. F. Weidman, K. J. Berry, R. D. Plaut, A. M. Wolf, K. L. Watkins, W. C. Nierman, A. Hazen, R. Cline, C. Redmond, J. E. Thwaite, O. White, S. L. Salzberg, B. Thomason, A. M. Friedlander, T. M. Koehler, P. C. Hanna, A. B. Kolsto, and C. M. Fraser. 2003. The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature 423:81-86.
46. Read, T. D., S. L. Salzberg, M. Pop, M. Shumway, L. Umayam, L. Jiang, E. Holtzapple, J. D. Busch, K. L. Smith, J. M. Schupp, D. Solomon, P. Keim, and C. M. Fraser. 2002. Comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms in Bacillus anthracis. Science 296:2028-2033.
47. Reddy, A., L. Battisti, and C. B. Thorne. 1987. Identification of self-transmissible plasmids in four Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies. J. Bacteriol. 169:5263-5270.
48. Rhodes, L. H. 1992, posting date. Fescue toxicosis. In Agronomy facts. Ohio State University Extension Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Columbus. [Online.] http://ohioline.osu.edu/agf-fact/0008.html.
49. Sacchi, C. T., A. M. Whitney, L. W. Mayer, R. Morey, A. Steigerwalt, A. Boras, R. S. Weyant, and T. Popovic. 2002. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene: a rapid tool for identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1117-1123.
50. Saile, E., and T. M. Koehler. 2002. Control of anthrax toxin gene expression by the transition state regulator abrB. J. Bacteriol. 184:370-380.
51. Sanchis, V., H. Agaisse, J. Chaufaux, and D. Lereclus. 1997. A recombinase-mediated system for elimination of antibiotic resistance gene markers from genetically engineered Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:779-784.
52. Schnepf, E., N. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson, D. R. Zeigler, and D. H. Dean. 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:775-806.
53. Silo-Suh, L. A., E. V. Stabb, S. J. Raffel, and J. Flandelsman. 1998. Target range of zwittermicin A, an aminopolyol antibiotic from Bacillus cereus. Curr. Microbiol. 37:6-11.
54. Slamti, L., S. Perchat, M. Gominet, G. Vilas-Bôas, A. Fouet, M. Mock, V. Sanchis, J. Chaufaux, M. Gohar, and D. Lereclus. 2004. Distinct mutations in PlcR explain why some strains of the Bacillus cereus group are nonhemolytic. J. Bacteriol. 186:3531-3538.
55. Sonensbein, A. L., J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick. 1993. Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
56. Sterne, M. 1937. The effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth of virulent anthrax strains. Pathogenicity and immunity tests on guinea pigs and sheep with anthrax variants derived from virulent strains. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 9:49-67.
57. Sterne, M. 1937. Variation in Bacillus anthracis. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 8:271-349.
58. Stohl, E. A., J. L. Milner, and J. Handelsman. 1999. Zwittermicin A biosynthetic cluster. Gene 237:403-411.
59. Titball, R. W., P. C. Turnbull, and R. A. Hutson. 1991. The monitoring and detection of Bacillus anthracis in the environment. Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser. 20:9S-18S.
60. Toschkoff, A., and D. Veljanov. 1970. Sporulation und Virulenz von Bacillus anthracis in geöffneten und nicht geöffneten Tierleichen. Arch. Exp. Veterinärmed. 24:1153-1160.
61. Turnbull, P. C. B. 2002. Anthrax history, disease and ecology, p. 1-19. In T. M. Koehler (ed.), Anthrax, vol. 271. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
62. Turnbull, P. C. B., R. Böhm, O. Cosivi, M. Doganay, M. E. Hugh-Jones, D. D. Joshi, M. K. Lalitha, and V. de Vos. 1998. Guidelines on surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
63. Van Ness, G. B. 1971. Ecology of anthrax. Science 172:1303-1307.