Air pollution effect on the decay of carbonate building stones in Old Town of Tallinn

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Volumn 172, Issue 1-4, 2006, Pages 239-271

  Bityukova, Liidia ^a  

^a TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Airborne pollution; Black crust; Chemical and mineralogical composition; Limestone; Sulphur isotope

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; CARBONATES; COMPOSITION; DEGRADATION; ISOTOPES; LIMESTONE; WEATHERING; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

AIRBORNE POLLUTION; BLACK POLLUTION; CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION; SULFUR ISOTOPES;

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS;

ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; CALCIUM SULFATE; CARBONIC ACID; COPPER; IRON; LEAD; LIMESTONE; MAGNESIUM; POTASSIUM; SILICON; SODIUM; SULFUR; TITANIUM; ZINC;

AIR POLLUTION; CARBONATES; COMPOSITION; DEGRADATION; ISOTOPES; LIMESTONE; SEDIMENTARY ROCKS; WEATHERING; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; GYPSUM; LIMESTONE; POLLUTION EFFECT; SULFUR ISOTOPE;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BUILDING MATERIAL; CALCULATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEGRADATION; DISSOLUTION; ESTONIA; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MINERALOGY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; ROCK; WEATHERING; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

BALTIC STATES; ESTONIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; TALLINN;

EID: 33646457378     PISSN: 00496979     EISSN: 15732932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11270-006-9078-1     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Acid Rain in Washington: 1999, Eastern Publications Group Web Team. Word Wide Web Address: http://pubs.usgs.gov/stones/acid-rain.html
2. Albasel, N. and Cottenie, A.: 1985, 'Heavy metal contamination near major highways, industrial and urban areas in Belgian grassland', Water, Air and Soil Pollution 24(1), 103-110.
3. 2 in degradation of limestone', British Corrosion Journal 35(1), 35-38.
4. Berthelsen, B. O., Steinnes, E., Solberg, W. and Jingsen, L.: 1995, 'Heavy-metal concentrations in plants in relation to atmospheric heavy-metal deposition', Journal of Environmental Quality 24(5), 1018-1026.
5. Bilos, C., Colombo, J. C., Skorupka, C. N. and Rodriguez Presa, M. J.: 2001, 'Sources, distribution and variability of airborne trace metals in La Plata City area, Argentina', Environmental Pollution 111, 149-158.
6. Bityukova, L., Shogenova, A. and Götze, H.-J.: 1998, 'Influence of chemical composition on petrophysical properties of early paleozoic carbonate rocks in Estonia', Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 23, 309-316.
7. Bityukova, L., Shogenova, A. and Birke M.: 2000, 'Urban geochemistry: A study of elements distribution in the topsoils of Tallinn (Estonia)', Environmental Geochemistry and Health 22(2), 173-195.
8. Britannica Student Encyclopedia (BSE): Retrieved August 27, 2004, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.britannica.com/ebi/
9. Buzek, F. and Sramek, J.: 1985, 'Sulfur isotopes in the study of stone monument conservation', Studies in Conservation 30, 171-176.
10. Buzek, F., Cerny, J. and Sramek, J.: 1991, 'Sulphur isotope studies of atmospheric S and the corrosion of monuments in Prague, Czechoslovakia', in H. R. Krouse and V. A. Grinenko (eds.), Stable Isotopes, Natural and Anthropogenic Sulphur in the Environment, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 399-405.
11. Camuffo, D. and Sturaro, G.: 2001, 'The climate of Rome and its action on monument decay', Climate Research 16, 145-155.
12. Casiday, R. and Frey, R.: 1998, Acid Rain. Inorganic Reactions Experiment, Washington University, Word Wide Web Address: http://www.chemistry. wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/ Water/FreshWater/acidrain.html
13. Cezar, T. M.: 1998, 'Calcium oxalate: A surface treatment for limestone', Journal of Conservation & Museums Studies 4, Word Wide Web Address: http://www.jcms.ucl.ac.uk/issue4/cezar.html
14. Charola, A. E.: 2004, 'Stone deterioration in historical buildings and monuments', in D. Kwiatkowski and R. Löfvendahl (eds.), 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, vol. I, ICOMOS, Sweden, Stockholm, pp. 3-14.
15. Chester, R., Nimmo, M., Alarcon, M., Saydam, C., Murphy, K., Sanders, G. and Corcoran, P.: 1993, 'Defining the chemical character of aerosols from the atmosphere of the Mediterranean Sea and surroundings regions', Ocean Acta. 16, 231-246.
16. Colombo, C., Sansonetti, A., Rampazzi, L., Realini, M. and Toniolo, L.: 2002, 'Trento cathedral (Italy) - The decay of the calcareous stone', Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Special Issue 3, 281-282.
17. Delalieux, F., Cardell-Fernandez, C., Torfs, K., Vleugels, G. and van Grieken, R.: 2002, 'Damage functions and mechanism equations derived from limestone weathering in field exposure', Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 139, 75-94.
18. Einasto, R.: 2002, 'Lasnamäe ehituspaekivi ajaloolised murdmiskihid Tallinna ümbruses', Tallinna College of Engineering Proceedings 1, 56-69 (in Estonian).
19. Estonica: 2002, Encyclopedia about Estonia. Creative Commons. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.estonica.org.
20. Ghedini, N., Bonazza, A., Sabbioni, C., Gobbi, G., Favoni, O. and Zappia, G.: 2004, 'The Corner Palace in Venice: A case of study on stone damage in an urban area', in D. Kwiatkowski and R. Löfvendahl (eds.), 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, vol. II, ICOMOS, Sweden, Stockholm, pp. 883-890.
21. Güllü, G., Dogan, G. and Tuncel, G.: 2005, 'Atmospheric trace element and major ion concentrations over the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Identification of anthropogenic source regions', Atmospheric Environment 39, 6376-6387.
22. Jaagus, J.: 2002, 'Kliima', in J. J. Dubov and J. Kaarma (eds.), Eesti Entsüklopeedia, vol. 11, Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, Tallinn, pp. 112-118.
23. Jürgenson, E.: 1960, 'History of Estonian limestone's use', Eesti Loodus 6, 321-328 (in Estonian).
24. Kasperowicz, E., Slaby, E. and Koscinski, M.: 2004, 'Preliminary data on sulphur origin in gypsum efflorescences formed in stone buildings and monuments of Warsaw (central Poland)', Przegld Geologiczny 52, 223-228 (in Polish).
25. Kiipli, T., Batchelor, R. A., Bernal, J. P., Cowing, Ch., Hagel-Brunnstrom, M., Ingham, M. N., Johnson, D., Kivisilla, J., Knaack, Ch., Kump, P., Lozano, R., Michiels, D., Orlova, K., Pirrus, E., Rousseau, R. M., Ruzicka, J., Sandstrom, H. and Willis, J. P.: 2000, 'Seven sedimentary rock reference samples from Estonia', Oil Shale 17, 215-223.
26. Kloppmann, W. and Bromblet, P.: 2004, 'Isotope study (S, O) of sulphate neoformations involved in the degradation of stones on Bourged Cathedral (France): Internal Versus external salt sources', in D. Kwiatkowski and R. Löfvendahl (eds.), 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, vol. 2, ICOMOS, Sweden, Stockholm, pp. 595-602.
27. Koslowski, R., Magiera, J., Weber, J. and Haber, J.: 1990, 'Decay and conservation of Pinczow porous limestone - lithology and weathering', Studies in Conservation. 35 205-221.
28. Krouse, H. R.: 1980, 'Sulphur isotopes in our environment', in P. Fritz and J. Ch. Fontes (eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, I A. Elsevier Science Publications, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, pp. 435-471.
29. Kucera, V., Tidblad, U. J. and Yates, T.: 2004, 'Trends of pollution and of heritage materials', in D. Kwiatkowski and R. Löfvendahl (eds.), 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, vol. 2, ICOMOS, Sweden, Stockholm, pp. 15-26.
30. Liiv, S., Sander, E. and Eensaar, A.: 2002, 'Raskmetallide sadenemise bioindikatsiooniline hindamine. Atmosfäärse raskmetallisaaste hindamine sammalde abil', Tallinna Botaanikaaed. Contract 1-5/81. Report. Tallinn. World Wide Web Address: http://www.seiremonitor.ee/alam/ 02/?leht=02_6_aru01#kokkuv (in Estonian)
31. Longinelli, A. and Bartelonni, M.: 1978, 'Atmospheric pollution in Venice, Italy, as indicated by isotope analyses', Water, Air and Soil Pollution 10, 335-343.
32. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P.: 2001, 'Environmental impact on stones & mortars from historic buildings: Case studies from Venice, Athens and Crete', Workshop "Environmental Effects on Artworks", Heraclion, October 18-19, 2001, Abstract, pp. 4-5. Word Wide Web Address:http://alpha1.infim.ro/ cost/pagini/workshop%20abstracts2.doc
33. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P.: 2005, 'Black crusts and patinas on Pentelic marble from the Parthenon and Erechtheum (Acropolis, Athens): Characterization and origin', Analytica Chimica Acta. 532, 187-198.
34. Mason, B.: 1966, Principles of Geochemistry, Wiley, New York.
35. Moropoulou, A., Bisbikou, K., Torfs, K., Van Grieken, R., Zezza, F. and Marci, F.: 1998, 'Origin and growth of weathering crusts on ancient marbles in industrial atmosphere', Atmospheric Environment. 32, 967-982.
36. Nestor, H.: 1990, 'Some aspects of lithology of the Ordovician and Silurian rocks', in D. Kaljo and H. Nestor (eds.), Field Meeting. Estonia, 1990. An Excursion Guidbook, EK "Bit", Tallinn, pp. 27-32.
37. Nord, A. G. and Tronner, K.: 1991, Stone Weathering. Air Pollution Effects Evidenced by Chemical Analysis, Conservation Institute of National Antiquities. The Central Board of National Antiquities and the National Historical Museums. Rapport. RIK 4. Gotab, Stockholm, pp. 80.
38. Nord, A. G. and Tronner, K.: 1995, 'Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The royal palace and the Riddarholm church, Stockholm', Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 85, 2719-2724.
39. Nord, A. G. and Tronner, K.: 1996, 'Stone damage and chemical analysis', in E. Österlund (ed.). Degradation of Materials and the Swedish Heritage 1992-1995. A report from the Air Pollution and Heritage Programme. RIK 11. Central Board of National Antiquities National Historical Museums. Conservation Institute, pp. 101-114.
40. Nord, A. G., Tronner, K. and Boyce, A. J.: 2001, 'Atmospheric bronze and copper corrosion as an environmental indicator. A study based on chemical and sulphur isotope data', Water, Air and Soil Pollution 127, 193-204.
41. Ojanen, C., Pakkanen, T., Aurela, M., Mäkelä, T., Meriläinen, J., Hillamo, R., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Hämekoski, K., Rantanen, L. and Lappi, M.: 1998, Size Distribution, Composition and Sources of Inhalable Particles in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area C 1998:7 (in Finnish).
42. Otsa, E., Truuts, T. M. and Kimmel, V.: 1999, 'Monitoring of heavy metals in city air', Report for the Environmental Foundation. Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn (in Estonian).
43. Otsa, E., Kört, M. and Pajuste, M.: 2002, 'State Environmental Monitoring Subprogram. The Monitoring of Precipitation in Northern Estonia', Contract 1-5/70. Report, Tallinn. Word Wide Web Address: http://www. seiremonitor.ee/alam/02/02_8_aru2001.pdf (in Estonian).
44. Otsa, E., Kört, M. and Kimmel, V.: 2003, 'National Environmental Monitoring Program for year 2002. Air Quality Monitoring. Monitoring of Air Quality', Contract 2002/1-5/253. Tallinn. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.seiremonitor.ee/alam/02/.
45. Otsa, E., Kört, M. and Teinemaa, E.: 2004, 'State Environmental Monitoring Subprogram. Air Monitoring', Contract 1-5/253, Appendix 3 for Contract M-13-1-2003/103, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Tallinn (in Estonian).
46. Pajuste, K., Kimmel, V., Kohv, N. and Truuts, T.: 2003, 'Estonian EMEP assessment report. Part II', Ministry of the environment, environment information centre, Tallinn, pp. 63-70.
47. Perens, H.: 2003, Paekivi Eesti Ehitistes I. Üldiseloomustus. Lääne-Eesti. Eesti Geoloogia Keskus, Tallinn, pp. 132 (in Estonian).
48. Prasad, P. S. R., Pradhan, A. and Gowd, T. N.: 2001, 'In situ micro-Raman investigation of dehydration mechanism in natural gypsum', Current Science 80(9), 1203-1207.
49. Põlma, L.: 1982, Comparative lithology of the Ordovician carbonate rocks in the Northern and Middle East Baltic, Valgus, Tallinn, 164pp. (in Russian with English summary).
50. Quiterio, S. L., Sousa, S. R., Arbilla, G. and Escaleira, V.: 2005, 'Evaluation of levels, sources and distribution of airborne trace metals in seven districts of the Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil', Atmospheric Environment 39, 3503-3512.
51. Reyment, R. A. and Jöreskog, K. G.: 1993, Applied Factor Analysis in the Natural Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 371.
52. Rodriguez-Navarro, C. and Doehne, E.: 1999, 'Salt weathering: Influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern', Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24, 191-209.
53. Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E. and Sebastian, E.: 2000, 'How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials', Cement and Concrete Research 30, 1527-1534.
54. Shogenova, A. and Puura, V.: 1998, 'Composition and Physical Properties of Estonian Early Palaeozoic Carbonate Rocks', in M. F. Middleton (ed.), Nordic Petroleum Technology Series IV, Research in Petroleum Technology, Nordisk Energi-Forskningsprogram's, Saghellinga A, Norway, pp. 183-202.
55. Sjöberg, K., Kindbom, K. and Iverfeldt, Å.: 1999, 'Mapping of Air Pollution Levels in Tallinn. Measurement campaigns with diffusive samplers', Final Report Göteborg Institutet för Vattenoch Luftvå rdsforskningl. Contract L 99/04. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.conexor.se/ estonia/IVL_Final_Report_Diffusive_Sampler_1996-1998.pdf (Assessed 18 January 1999).
56. Sjöberg, K.: 2002, 'Mapping of Air Pollution Levels in Tallinn. Measurement campaigns with diffusive samplers during 2000-2002', Göteborg 2002-12-21. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.conexor.se/estonia/ IVL_Final_Report_Diffusive_Sampler_2000-2002.pdf
57. Smith, B. J. and McGreevy, J. P., Urban stone decay and acid deposition: an introduction to the problem and its causes. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.qub.ac.uk/geog/documents/research/ weathering/usd.html
58. State of Environment in Estonia. On threshold of XXI century. ©EECI 2001. Data cource Estonian Environmental Information Centre. Word Wide Web Address: http://grida.no/enrin/ htmls/estonia/env2001/content/soe/air_2-6.htm
59. Statistical Office of Estonia: Word Wide Web Address: http://pub.stat.ee/
60. Tallinn, 2001: ©Tallinn.ee Official city website. Word Wide Web Address: http://investor.tallinn.ee/
61. Tallinn, Facts & Figures: 2003, Tallinn City Enterprise Board.
62. Tallinna Keskkond: 2000, Word Wide Web Address: http://www.tallinn.ee/ keskkonnaamet
63. Tallinna Keskkonnainfo: 2003, Tallinna Transpordi- ja Keskkonnaameti Keskkonnateenistuse infoleht. Õhk. Keskkonnauuringute Keskus. Report 2003. Word Wide Web Address: http://veeb.tallinn.ee/keskkond/õhk.php
64. Teedumäe, A.: 1997, 'Carbonate rocks', in A. Raukas and A. Teedumäe (eds.), Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia, Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn, pp. 348-356.
65. Torfs, K. M., Van Grieken, R. and Buzek, F.: 1997, 'Use of stable isotopes measurements of evaluate the origin of sulfur in gypsum layers on limestone buildings', Environmental Science and Technology. 31, 2650-2655.
66. UNEP/GRID-Arendal: 2005. ©Copyright United Nations Environment Programme. Word Wide Web Address: http://grida.no/enrin/htmls/estonia/env2001/ content/soe/tables_pages/table2-1.htm.
67. Vallius, M.: 2005, 'Characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter in urban air crust', Academic Dissertation. Publications of the National Public Health Institute, A6/2005, Kuopio, Finland, pp. 79
68. Van Grieken, R., Delalieux, F. and Gysels, K.: 1998, 'Cultural heritage and the environment', Pure & Applied Chemistry 70(12), 2327-2331.
69. Välisõhu kaitse seadus (The air protection law). Riigi Teataja, I 19.05.1998, 41/42 624 (in Estonian)
70. Vingisaar, P., Oraspõld, A., Einasto, R. and Jurgenson, E.: 1965, 'Classification and legend of carbonate rocks', ENSV TA, Tallinn (in Russian), pp. 49.
71. Vitina, I., Krage, L., Igaune, S., Sidraba, I. and Lusis, R.: 2004, 'Degradation of Stone Materials Caused by Salts and its Prevention', in D. Kwiatkowski and R. Löfvendahl (eds.) 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, 2004, ICOMOS, Sweden, I, pp. 219-226.
72. Weatherbase: 2005 .©Copyright Canty and Associates LLC Webmaster. Word Wide Web Address: http://www.weatherbase.com
73. White, J. C., Holt, G. S., Parker, D. F. and Ren, M.: 2003, 'Trace-element partitioning between alkali feldspar and peralkalic quartz trachyte to rhyolite magma. Part I: Systematics of trace-element partitioning', American Mineralogist 88, 316-329.
74. Willey, J. D.: 2004, 'The effect of ionic strength on the solubility of an electrolyte', Journal of Chemical Education 81, 1644-1646.