Black crusts and patinas on Pentelic marble from the Parthenon and Erechtheum (Acropolis, Athens): Characterization and origin

Analytica Chimica Acta

Volumn 532, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 187-198

  Maravelaki Kalaitzaki, P ^a  

^a Ministry of Culture   (Greece)

Author keywords

Crusts; Erechtheum; Lead; Oxalates; Parthenon; Patina; Silicon

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERICS; CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; GYPSUM; HYDROXYAPATITE; IMPURITIES; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

BLACK CRUSTS; ENCRUSTATION; HEMATITE; PATINAS;

MARBLE;

ALUMINUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CALCIUM SULFATE; ELEMENT; FERRIC OXIDE; HYDROXYAPATITE; INFUSORIAL EARTH; IRON; LEAD; MANGANESE; PHOSPHORUS; SILICON; SULFUR; TITANIUM; ZINC;

AIR POLLUTANT; ARTICLE; COLOR; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; MICROSCOPY; MORPHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; THICKNESS; X RAY ANALYSIS; X RAY DIFFRACTION; X RAY FLUORESCENCE;

EID: 14744274214     PISSN: 00032670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.065     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. G. Amoroso, and V. Fassina Wet and dry deposition of air pollutants on stone and the formation of black scabs Stone Decay and Conservation 1983 Elsevier Science Amsterdam p. 135
2. C. Sabbioni Sci. Total Environ. 167 1995 49
3. L. Lazzarini, and O. Salvadori Stud. Conserv. 34 1989 20
4. M. Korres, X. Bouras, The Restoration of the Parthenon, Ministry of Culture, Committee for the Preservation of the Acropolis Monuments, Athens, 1983.
5. I.D. Jenkins, and A.P. Middleton Annu. Br. Sch. Archaeol. Athens 83 1988 183
6. J. Liebig Ann. D. Chemie und Pharm. LXXXVI 1853 113
7. T.L. Donaldson Roy. Inst. Br. Arch - RIBA Trans. 1 Ser. 5.2 1837-1842 100
8. A.R. Rangabe, Antiques Helleniques, Ephemeris Epigraphica Athens, 1842, p. 63.
9. H. Koch, Studien zum Theseus Tempel in Athens, Abhandlungen der Sachsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Philologisch-historische klasse Bd. 47/2, 1955, p. 106.
10. K. Kouzeli, N. Beloyiannis, C. Tolias, and Y. Dogani Monochromatic layers with and without oxalates on the Parthenon Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Oxalate Films: Origin and Significance in the Conservation of Works of Art Milan 1989 Centro CNR Gino Bozza Milan 327
11. E. Papakonstantinou Observations and research on the West Zoforos of the Parthenon Study for the Restoration of the Parthenon Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference for the Restoration of the Acropolis Monuments Athens 1994 Greek Ministry of Culture Athens 97
12. P. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki Innovative techniques for the characterization of encrustation on Pentelic marble from the Parthenon Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Non-Destructive Testing and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of Cultural and Environmental Heritage Antwerp, Belgium 2002 12 (book of extended abstracts)
13. K. Polikreti, and Y. Maniatis Sci. Total Environ. 308 2003 111
14. M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni, and G. Zappia Sci. Total Environ. 67 1987 17
15. V. Fassina Le pellicole ad ossalato - Lo stato delle conoscenze attuali Proceedings of the International Symposium on the oxalate Films: Origin and Significance in the Conservation of Works of Art Milan 1989 Centro CNR Gino Bozza Milan 5
16. V. Fassina Sci. Total Environ. 167 1995 185
17. N. Kallithrakas-Kontos, K. Zoumi, S. Nikolalaki, and P. Kritidis J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 227 1998 61
18. P. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, and N. Kallithrakas-Kontos Anal. Chim. Acta 497 2003 209
19. V.C. Farmer Infrared Spectra of Minerals 1974 Mineralogical Society London
20. J.R. Ferraro The Sadtler Infrared Spectra Handbook of Minerals and Clays 1982 Sadtler Philadelphia, PA
21. K. Torfs, and R. Van Grieken Atmos. Environ. 31 1997 2179
22. B. Mason Principles of Geochemistry 1996 Wiley New York p. 44
23. G. Galletti, P. Bocchini, D. Cam, G. Chiavari, and R. Mazzeo Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 357 1977 1211
24. F. De Angelis, A. Di Tullio, R. Ceci, R. Quaresima, and M. Marsili J. Sep. Sci. 25 2002 29
25. D. Sikiotis, and P. Kirkitsos Sci. Total Environ. 171 1995 173
26. Th. Skoulikidis, and P. Papakonstantinou-Ziotis Br. Corros. J. 16 1981 63
27. N.L. Rosse, S. Juggins, and J. Watt Atmos. Environ. 33 1999 2699
28. P. Ausset, F. Bannery, M. Del Monte, and R.A. Lefevre Atmos. Environ. 32 1998 2859
29. P. Elfving, I. Panas, and O. Lindqvist Appl. Surf. Sci. 78 1994 373
30. F. Zezza, and F. Macri Sci. Total Environ. 167 1995 123
31. C. Manganelli del Fa', M. Camaiti, G. Borselli, and P. Maravelaki Variazione del grado di idratazione dell'ossalato di calcio in funzione delle condizioni termoigrometriche Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Oxalate Films: Origin and Significance in the Conservation of Works of Art Milan 1989 Centro CNR Gino Bozza Milan 91
32. I. Petrov, and B. Soptrajanov Spectrochim. Acta A 31 1975 309
33. T. Oka, T. Koide, and T. Sonoda J. Urol. 134 1985 813
34. R.J. Meilunas, J.G. Bentsen, and A. Steinberg Stud. Conserv. 35 1990 35
35. H.P. Klug, and L.E. Alexander X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials 1954 Wiley New York
36. F. Mallouxou-Tufano, The restoration of ancient monuments in Greece (1834-1939), The work of the Archaeological Society at Athens and the Greek Archaeological Service, Library of the Archaeological Society at Athens, Athens, 1988, p. 63.
37. J. Philippon, D. Jeannette, and R.A. Lefevre La Conservation de la Pierre Monumentale en France 1992 éd. CNRS Paris p. 119
38. A.E.L. Bellford, F. Kuhlmann, Cements: stone, preserving and colouring, British Patent 320 (February 10, 1855).
39. Vitruvius, On Architecture VII. 7.1, Loeb Transl.
40. V. Protonotarios, N. Petsas, and A. Moutsatsou J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52 2002 1263
41. A. Galanos, and Y. Doganis Stud. Conserv. 48 2003 3
42. M.A. De Buergo, and R.F. Gonzalez Constr. Build. Mater. 17 2003 83
43. L. Rampazzi, A. Andreortti, I. Bonaduce, M.P. Colombini, C. Colombo, and L. Toniolo Talanta 63 2004 967