Evaluations of older adult assertiveness in problematic clinical encounters

Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 129-145

  Ryan, Ellen Bouchard ^a,c   Anas, Ann P ^a   Friedman, Daniela B ^b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aging; Assertiveness; Communication; Person perception

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646404897     PISSN: 0261927X     EISSN: 15526526     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0261927X06286350     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Adelman, R. D., Greene, M. G., & Ory, M. G. (2000). Communication between older patients and their physicians. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 16, 1-24.
2. Adler, S. R., McGraw, S. A., & McKinlay, J. B. (1998). Patient assertiveness in ethnically diverse older women with breast cancer: Challenging stereotypes of the elderly. Journal of Aging Studies, 12, 331-350.
3. Baltes, M. M., Neumann, E. M., & Zank, S. (1994). Maintenance and rehabilitation of independence in old age: An intervention program for staff. Psychology and Aging, 9, 179-188.
4. Bell, R. A., Kravitz, R. L., Thom, D., Krupat, E., & Azari R. (2001). Unsaid but not forgotten: Patients' unvoiced desires in office visits. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1977-1984.
5. Bieman-Copland, S., & Ryan, E. B. (2001). Social perceptions of failures in memory monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 16, 357-361.
6. Biernat, M. (2003). Toward a broader view of social stereotyping. American Psychologist, 58, 1019-1027.
7. Bilodeau, B. A., & Degner, L. F. (1996). Information needs, sources of information, and decisional roles in women with breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 23, 691-696.
8. Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2005). Do we get better at picking our battles? Age group differences in descriptions of behavioral reactions to interpersonal tensions. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 60B, P121 - P128.
9. Bonnesen, J. L., & Hummert, M. L. (2002). Painful self-disclosures of older adults in relation to aging stereotypes and perceived motivations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21, 275-301.
10. Braithwaite, D. O., & Eckstein, N. (2003). Reconceptualizing supportive interactions: How persons with disabilities communicatively manage assistance. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 31, 1-26.
11. Cameron, S., & Horsburgh, M. E. (1998). Comparing issues faced by younger and older women with breast cancer. Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal, 8, 40-44.
12. Caporael, L. R. (1981). The paralanguage of caregiving: Baby talk to the institutionalized aged. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 876-884.
13. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.
14. Cassileth, B. R., Zupkis, R. V., Sutton-Smith, K., & March, V. (1980). Information and participation preferences among cancer patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 92, 832-836.
15. Coupland, N., Coupland, J., & Giles, H. (1991). Language, society and the elderly. Cambridge, UK: Basil Blackwell.
16. Doty, L. (1987). Communication and assertion skills for older adults. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
17. Engels, M. L. (1991). The promotion of positive social interaction through social skills training. In P. A. Wisocki (Ed.), Handbook of clinical behavior therapy with the elderly client (pp. 185-202). New York: Plenum.
18. Franzke, A. W. (1987). The effects of assertiveness training on older adults. The Gerontologist, 27, 13-16.
19. Furnham, A., & Pendleton, D. (1983). The assessment of social skills deficits in the elderly. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 17, 29-38.
20. Gallois, C. (2004). Communicating disability: Stereotypes, identity, and motivation. In S. H. Ng, C. N. Candlin, & C. Y. Chiu (Eds.), Language matters: Communication, identity, and culture (pp. 355-374). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.
21. Giles, H., Fox, S., & Smith, E. (1993). Patronizing the elderly: Intergenerational evaluations. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 26, 129-149.
22. Gomez, R. G., & Madey, S. F. (2001). Coping-with-hearing-loss model for older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56B, P223 - P225.
23. Greene, M. G., Adelman, R. D., & Rizzo, C. (1996). Problems in communication between physicians and older patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, 13-32.
24. Harwood, J., & Giles, H. (1996). The role of response strategy and attributed thoughts in mediating evaluations of intergenerational patronizing talk. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 395-421.
25. Harwood, J., Giles, H., Fox, S., Ryan, E. B., & Williams, A. (1993). Patronizing young and elderly adults: Response strategies in a community setting. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 211-226.
26. Harwood, J., Ryan, E. B., Giles, H., & Tysoski, S. (1997). Evaluations of patronizing speech and three response styles in a non-service-providing setting. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 25, 170-184.
27. Hickson, L., & Worrall, L. (2003). Beyond hearing aid fitting: Improving communication for older adults. International Journal of Audiology, 42, 2S84-2S91.
28. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Ryan, E. B., & Bonnesen, J. L. (2004). The role of age stereotypes in interpersonal communication. In J. F. Nussbaum & J. Harwood (Eds.), The handbook of communication and aging (2nd ed., pp. 91-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
29. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., & Shaner, J. L. (1995). Beliefs about language performance: Adults' perceptions about self and elderly targets. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 235-259.
30. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., & Shaner, J. (1997). Stereotyping of older adults: The role of target facial cues and perceiver characteristics. Psychology and Aging, 12, 107-114.
31. Hummert, M. L., & Mazloff, D. C. (2001). Older adults' responses to patronizing advice: Balancing politeness and identity in context. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 168-196.
32. Hummert, M. L., & Morgan, M. (2001). Negotiating decisions in the aging family. In M. L. Hummert & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), Aging, communication, and health: Linking research and practice for successful aging (pp. 177-202). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33. Hummert, M. L., & Ryan, E. B. (1996). Toward understanding variations in patronizing talk addressed to older adults: Psycholinguistic features of care and control. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, 12, 149-169.
34. Hummert, M. L., & Ryan, E. B. (2001). Patronizing. In W. P. Robinson & H. Giles (Eds.), The new handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 253-269). London: Wiley.
35. Hummert, M. L., Shaner, J. L., Garstka, T. A., & Henry, C. (1998). Communication with older adults: The influence of age stereotypes, context, and communicator age. Human Communication Research, 25, 124-151.
36. Kemper, S., & Harden, T. (1999). Experimentally disentangling what's beneficial about elder speak from what's not. Psychology and Aging, 14, 656-670.
37. Krupat, E., Irish, J. T., Kasten, L. E., Freund, K. M., Burns, R. B., Moskowitz, M. A., & McKinlay, J. B. (1999). Patient assertiveness and physician decision making among older breast cancer patients. Social Science and Medicine, 49, 449-457.
38. Levy, B. R. (2003). Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58B, P203 - P211.
39. Meyer, B. J., Russo, C., & Talbot, A. (1995). Discourse comprehension and problem solving: Decisions about the treatment of breast cancer by women across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 10, 84-103.
40. Morrow, D. (1997). Improving consultations between health-care professionals and older clients: Implications for pharmacists. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 44, 47-72.
41. Mulac, A., & Giles, H. (1996). You're only as old as you sound: Perceived vocal age and social meanings. Health Communication, 8, 199-215.
42. Nelson, T. D. (Ed.). (2002). Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Northrop, L. M. E., & Edelstein, B. A. (1998). An assertive-behavior competence inventory for older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 4, 315-331.
44. Orr, A. L., & Rogers, P. (2003). Self-advocacy skills training for older individuals: Training manual, participant manual, family guide to self-advocacy. New York: AFB Press.
45. Palmore, E. B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and positive (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
46. Paterson, R. J. (2000). The assertiveness workbook: How to express your ideas and stand up for yourself at work and in relationships. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
47. Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. (1991). Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
48. Pichora-Fuller, K., & Carson, A. (2001). Hearing health and the listening experiences of older communicators. In M. L. Hummert & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), Aging, communication and health: Linking research and practice for successful aging (pp. 43-74). Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
49. Pushkar, D., Basevitz, P., Arbuckle, T., Nohara-LeClair, M., Lapidus, S., & Peled, M. (2000). Social behavior and off-target verbosity in elderly people. Psychology and Aging, 15, 361-374.
50. Rakos, R. F. (1991). Assertive behavior: Theory, research, and training. London: Routledge.
51. Rodin, J., & Langer, E. (1980). Aging labels: The decline of control and the fall of self-esteem. Journal of Social Issues, 36, 12-29.
52. Ryan, E. B., Anas, A. P., & Mays, H. (forthcoming). When to be assertive: Evaluations of response alternatives for older adults with visual impairment.
53. Ryan, E. B., Bajorek, S., Beaman, A., & Anas, A. P. (2005). "I just want you to know that 'them' is me": Intergroup perspectives on communication and disability. In J. Harwood & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 117-137). New York: Peter Lang.
54. Ryan, E. B., Bieman-Copland, S., Kwong See, S. T., Ellis, C. H., & Anas, A. P. (2002). Age excuses: Conversational management of memory failures in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, 256-267.
55. Ryan, E. B., Giles, H., Bartolucci, G., & Henwood, K. (1986). Psycholinguistic and social psychological components of communication by and with the elderly. Language and Communication, 6, 1-24.
56. Ryan, E. B., Hamilton, J. M., & Kwong See, S. (1994). Patronizing the old: How do younger and older adults respond to baby talk in the nursing home? International Journal on Aging and Human Development, 39, 21-32.
57. Ryan, E. B., Hummert, M. L., & Boich, L. (1995). Communication predicaments of aging: Patronizing behavior toward older adults. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 144-166.
58. Ryan, E. B., Kennaley, D. E., Pratt, M. W., & Shumovich, M. A. (2000). Evaluations by staff, residents, and community seniors of patronizing speech: Impact of passive, assertive, or humorous responses. Psychology and Aging, 15, 272-285.
59. Ryan, E. B., Kwong See, S., Meneer, W. B., & Trovato, D. (1992). Age-based perceptions of language performance among younger and older adults. Communication Research (Special Issue on Language and Aging), 19, 423-443.
60. Ryan, E. B., MacLean, M., & Orange, J. B. (1994). Inappropriate accommodation in communication to elders: Inferences about nonverbal correlates. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39, 273-291.
61. Ryan, E. B., Meredith, S. D., MacLean, M. J., & Orange, J. B. (1995). Changing the way we talk with elders: Promoting health using the Communication Enhancement Model. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41, 87-105.
62. Ryan, E. B., Meredith, S. D., & Shantz, G. D. (1994). Evaluative perceptions of patronizing speech addressed to institutionalized elders in contrasting conversational contexts. Canadian Journal on Aging, 13, 236-248.
63. Street, R. L., Jr. (2001). Active patients as powerful communicators. In W. P. Robinson & H. Giles (Eds.), The new handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 541-560). London: Wiley.
64. Taylor, S., & Epstein, R. (1999). Living well with a hidden disability: Transcending doubt and shame and reclaiming your life. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
65. Thimm, C., Rademacher, U., & Kruse, L. (1998). Age stereotypes and patronizing messages: Features of age-adapted speech in technical instructions to the elderly. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26, 66-82.
66. Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.
67. Whitbourne, S. K., & Wills, K. J. (1993). Psychological issues in institutional care of the aged. In S. Goldsmith (Ed.), Longterm care administration handbook (pp. 19-32). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
68. Wilson, K., & Gallois, C. (1993). Assertion and its social context. New York: Pergamon.