The knowledge-leveraging paradox: How to achieve scale without making knowledge imitable

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 452-465

  Coff, Russell W ^a,d   Coff, David C ^b   Eastvold, Roger ^c  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Xtelesis ^*

^c e Diagnostic Network

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646394632     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMR.2006.20208690     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Akerlof, G. A. 1970. The market for "lemons": Qualitative uncertainty and the market mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84: 488-500.
2. Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. 2001. Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25: 107-136.
3. Arrow, K. 1974. The limits of organization. New York: Norton.
4. Barnard, C. 1938. The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5. Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.
6. Becker, G. S. 1964. Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press.
7. Bharadwaj, A. S. 2000. A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: An empirical investigation. MIS Quarterly, 24: 169-196.
8. Birkinshaw, J., Nobel, R., & Ridderstrale, J. 2002. Knowledge as a contingency variable: Do the characteristics of knowledge predict organization structure? Organization Science, 13: 274-289.
9. Castanias, R. P., & Helfat, C. E. 1991. Managerial resources and rents. Journal of Management, 17: 155-171.
10. Chiang, S.-H., & Chiang, S.-C. 1990. General human capital as a shared investment under asymmetric information. Canadian Journal of Economics, 23: 175-189.
11. Coff, R. W. 1997. Human assets and management dilemmas: Coping with hazards on the road to resource-based theory. Academy of Management Review, 22: 374-402.
12. Coff, R. W. 1999. When competitive advantage doesn't lead to performance: The resource-based view and stakeholder bargaining power. Organization Science, 10: 119-133.
13. Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. 1996. A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7: 477-501.
14. deHeer, W. 2004. Nanotubes and the pursuit of applications. MRS Bulletin, 29: 281-286.
15. Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35: 1504-1511.
16. Gerhardus, D. 2003. Robot-assisted surgery: The future is here. Journal of Healthcare Management, 48: 242-251.
17. Gill, T. G. 1996. Expert systems usage: Task change and intrinsic motivation. MIS Quarterly, 20: 301-329.
18. Grant, R. M. 1996. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 109-122.
19. Griffith, T. L., Sawyer, J. E., & Neale, M. A. 2003. Virtualness and knowledge in teams: Managing the love triangle of organizations, individuals, and information technology. MIS Quarterly, 27: 265-287.
20. Hall, R. 1993. A framework linking intangible resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 607-618.
21. Hedlund, G. 1994. A model of knowledge management and the N-form corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 73-91.
22. Heracleous, L., & Barrett, M. 2001. Organizational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of information technology implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 755-778.
23. Kogut, B., & Zander, U. 1992. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3: 383-397.
24. Lado, A. A., & Zhang, M. J. 1998. Expert systems, knowledge development and utilization, and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based model. Journal of Management, 24: 489-509.
25. Lippman, S. A., & Rumelt, R. P. 1982. Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. Bell Journal of Economics. 13: 418-438.
26. Mata, F. I., Fuerst, W. L., & Barney, J. B. 1995. Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based analysis. MIS Quarterly, 19: 487-505.
27. McEvily, S., & Chakravarthy, B. 2002. The persistence of knowledge-based advantage: An empirical test for product performance and technological knowledge. Strategic Management Journal. 23: 285-305.
28. Montgomery, C. A., & Wernerfelt, B. 1988. Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q. Rand Journal of Economics. 19: 623-632.
29. Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
30. Nonaka, I. 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5: 14-37.
31. Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. 2000. Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organization Science, 11: 538-550.
32. Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-191.
33. Pitzer, J., Kumar, S., & Chin, B. 2004. Company update: KLA-Tencor Corp. New York: Credit Suisse First Boston.
34. Polanyi, M. 1966. The tacit dimension. New York: Anchor Day Books.
35. Rivkin, J. W. 2001. Reproducing knowledge: Replication without imitation at moderate complexity. Organization Science, 12: 274-293.
36. Simon, H. A. 1987. Making management decisions: The role of intuition and emotion. Academy of Management Executive, 1(1): 57-65.
37. Smith, A. 1776. The wealth of nations. Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books.
38. Spender, J. C. 1989. Industry recipes: An enquiry into the nature and sources of managerial judgement. Oxford: Blackwell.
39. Stanley, D. 1991. Network links rural doctors to technology. Austin American-Statesman, October 6: B1.
40. Sykes, D., & McIntosh, W. 1999. Telemedicine, hospital viability, and community embeddedness: A case study. Journal of Healthcare Management, 44: 59-71.
41. Szulanski, G. 1996. Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 27-43.
42. Teece, D. 1982. Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 3: 39-63.
43. Teece, D. J. 1977. Technology transfer by multinational firms: The resource cost of transferring technological knowhow. Economic Journal, 87: 242-261.
44. Teece, D. J. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing, and public policy. Research Policy. 15: 285-305.
45. Tsai, W. 2001. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal. 44: 996-1005.
46. Vought, R. G., Grigsby, R. K., Adams, L. N., & Shevitz, S. A. 2000. Telepsychiatry: Addressing mental health needs in Georgia. Community Mental Health Journal, 36: 525-536.
47. Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
48. Zander, U., & Kogut, B. 1995. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilitiesan empirical test. Organization Science. 6: 76-92.
49. Zollo, M., & Winter, S. 2002. Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13: 339-354.