Evaluation of criteria for temporary external fixation in risk-adapted damage control orthopedic surgery of femur shaft fractures in multiple trauma patients: "Evidence-based medicine" versus "reality" in the trauma registry of the German Trauma Society

Journal of Trauma - Injury, Infection and Critical Care

Volumn 59, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1375-1394

  Rixen, Dieter ^a   Grass, Guido ^b   Sauerland, Stefan ^b   Lefering, Rolf ^b   Raum, Marcus R ^a   Yücel, Nedim ^a   Bouillon, Bertil ^a   Neugebauer, Edmund A M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WITTEN HERDECKE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Evidence based medicine; Femur fracture; Multiple trauma; Risk adapted damage control orthopedics; Trauma registry

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALKALOSIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA ANALYSIS; DEATH; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; FEMUR SHAFT FRACTURE; FRACTURE EXTERNAL FIXATION; GERMANY; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; MALE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; MULTIPLE TRAUMA; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; OSTEOSYNTHESIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REGISTER; RISK ADAPTED DAMAGE CONTROL ORTHOPEDICS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX INJURY; ADOLESCENT; AGED; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMUR FRACTURE; FRACTURE FIXATION; INFANT; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK ASSESSMENT; TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMORAL FRACTURES; FRACTURE FIXATION; GERMANY; HUMANS; INFANT; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIPLE TRAUMA; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; REGISTRIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 33646175699     PISSN: 00225282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000198364.50334.39     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Bone LB, Johnson KD, Weigelt J, Scheinberg R. Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures: a prospective randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg. 1989;71A:336-340.
2. Charash WE, Fabian TC, Croce MA. Delayed surgical fixation of femur fractures is a risk factor for pulmonary failure independent of thoracic trauma. J Trauma. 1994;37:667-672.
3. Taeger G, Ruchholtz S, Zettl R, Waydhas C, Nast-Kolb D. Primärer Fixateur externe mit konsekutivem Verfahrenswechsel beim Polytrauma. Unfallchirurg. 2002;105:315-321.
4. Scalea TM, Boswell SA, Scott JD, et al. External fixation as a bridge to intramedullary nailing for patients with multiple injuries and with femur fractures: damage control orthopedics. J Trauma. 2000;48:613-623.
5. Giannoudis PV, Smith RM, Bellamy MC, et al. Stimulation of the inflammatory system by reamed and unreamed nailing of femoral fractures - an analysis of the second hit. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81:356-361.
6. Pape HC, van Griensven M, Sott AH, et al. Impact of intramedullary instrumentation versus damage control for femoral fractures on immunoinflammatory parameters: prospective randomized analysis by the EPOFF study group. J Trauma. 2003;55:7-13.
7. Dencker H. Shaft fractures of the femur: A comparative study of the results of various methods of treatment in 1003 cases. Acta Chir Scand. 1965;130:173-184.
8. Strecker W, Gonschorek O, Fleischmann W, et al. Thromboxane -cofactor of pulmonary disturbances in intramedullary nailing. Injury. 1993;24(Suppl 3):68-72.
9. Waydhas C, Nast-Kolb D, Trupka A, et al. Posttraumatic inflammatory response, secondary operations, and late multiple organ failure. J Trauma. 1996;40:624-631.
10. Kröpfl A, Berger U, Redl H, Schlag G, Hertz H. Pulmonary response in hypovolemic shock, lung contusion and femoral fracture fixation. Shock. 1999;12(Suppl 1):49.
11. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence 2001. Available at www.cebm.net/levels_of_evidence.asp. Accessed 2004.
12. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Scoring der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU). Das Traumaregister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Unfallchirurg. 1994;97:230-237.
13. Rubin DB. Estimating causal effects from large data sets using propensity scores. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:757-763.
14. Trentz O, Oestern HJ, Hempelmann G, et al. Kriterien für die Operabilität von Polytraumatisierten. Unfallheilkunde. 1978;81:451-458.
15. Seibel R, LaDuca J, Hassett JMBG, et al. Blunt multiple trauma (ISS 36), femur traction, and the pulmonary failure-septic state. Ann Surg. 1985;202:283-295.
16. Lozman J, Deno DC, Feustel PJ, et al. Pulmonary and cardiovascular consequences of immediate fixation or conservative managemnt of long-bone fractures. Arch Surg. 1986;121:992-999.
17. Nast-Kolb D, Waydhas C, Jochum M, et al. Günstigster Operationszeitpunkt für die Versorgung von Femurschaftfrakturen beim Polytrauma? Chirurg. 1990;61:259-265.
18. Nast-Kolb D. Prä- und perioperative Mediatoifreisetzung nach Oberschenkelfraktur beim Polytrauma. Hefte zu Der Unfallchirurg. 1993;233:27-29.
19. Williams MM, Askins V, Hinkes EW, Zych GA. Primary reamed intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1995;318:182-190.
20. Nast-Kolb D, Waydhas C, Schweiberer L. Marknagelung beim Polytrauma. Orthopäde. 1996;25:266-273.
21. Turcic J, Cavcic J, Smud D, et al. Osteosynthesenwechsel bei Kriegsfrakturen. Unfallchirurg. 1998;101:476-481.
22. Pape HC, van Griensven M, Rice J, et al. Major secondary surgery in blunt trauma patients and perioperative cytokine liberation: determination of clinical relevance of biochemical markers. J Trauma. 2001;50:989-1000.
23. Riska EB, von Bonsdorff H, Hakkinen S, et al. Prevention of fat embolism by early internal fixation of fractures in patients with multiple injuries. Injury. 1976;8:110-116.
24. Riska EB, von Bonsdorff H, Hakkinen S, et al. Primary operative fixatin of long bone fractures in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma. 1977;17:111-121.
25. Vecsei V, Trojan E, Euler-Rolle J, Mühlbacher F. Der Zeitpunkt der Osteosynthese von Extremitätenfrakturen bei schwerem Schädel-Hirntrauma. Hefte zur Unfallheilkunde. 1978;132:263-267.
26. LaDuca JN, Bone LL, Seibel RW, Border JR. Primary open reduction and internal fixation of open fractures. J Trauma. 1980;20:580-586.
27. Riska EB, Myllynen P. Fat embolism in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma. 1982;22:891-894.
28. Goris JRA, Gimbrère JSF, van Niekerk JLM, Schoots FJ, Booy LHD. Early osteosynthesis and prophylactic mechanical ventilation. J Trauma. 1982;22:895-903.
29. Wallraf R, Wissing H. Infektraten nach primärer und sekundärer Osteosynthese geschlossener Frakturen bei Polytraumatisierten. Hefte zur Unfallheilkunde. 1982;157:91-92.
30. Sturm JA, Oestern HJ, Nerlich ML, Lobenhoffer P. Die primäre Oberschenkelosteosynthese beim Polytrauma: Gefahr oder Gewinn für den Patienten? Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1984;364:325-327.
31. Johnson KD, Dadambi A, Seibert GB. Incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with multiple muscoloskeletal injuries: effect of early operative stabilization of fractures. J Trauma. 1985;25:375-384.
32. Kwasny O, Orthner E, Hertz H. Der Stellenwert der Primärstabilisierung von Oberschenkelschaftfrakturen bei einfach-und mehrfachverletzten Patienten. Akt Traumatol. 1986;16:55-57.
33. Meek RN, Vivoda EE, Pirani S. Comparison of patients with mulitple injuries according to type of fracture treatment - a retrospective age- and injury matched series. Injury. 1988;17:2-4.
34. Broos PLO, Stappaerts KH, Luiten EJT, Gruwez JA. The importance of early internal fixation in multiply injured patients to prevent late death due to sepsis. Injury. 1987;18:235-237.
35. Svenningsen S, Nesse O, Finsen V, Hole A, Benum P. Prevention of fat embolism syndrome in patients with femoral fractures - immediate or delayed operative fixation? Ann Chir Gyn. 1987;76:163-166.
36. Beckman SB, Scholten DJ, Bonnell BW, Bukrey CD. Long bone fractures in the polytrauma patient. The role of early operative fixation. Am Surg. 1989;55:356-358.
37. Weise K, Karnatz N. Umsteigen vom Fixateur externe und wann beim Polytraumatisierten. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1989;2(Suppl):451-458.
38. Behrmann SW, Fabian TC, Kudsk KA, Taylor JC. Improved outcome with femur fractures: early vs. delayed fixation. J Trauma. 1990;30:792-798.
39. Burchardi H, Sydow M, Crozier TA, Burgdorff J. Organversagen bei Polytraumapatienten: Einfluß einer frühen Osteosynthese von Frakturen auf Komplikationen. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed. 1990;25:64-71.
40. Kotwica Z, Balcewicz L, Jagodzinski Z. Head injuries coexistent with pelvic or lower extremity fractures - early or delayed osteosynthesis. Acta Neurochir. 1990;102:19-21.
41. Hofman PAM, Goris RJA. Timing of osteosynthesis of major fractures in patients with severe brain injury. J Trauma. 1991;31:261-263.
42. Poole GV, Miller JD, Agnew SG, Griswold JA. Lower extremity fracture fixation in head-injured patients. J Trauma. 1992;32:654-659.
43. Bone LB, McNamara K, Shine B, Border J. Mortality in multiple trauma patients with fractures. J Trauma. 1994;37:262-265.
44. Nutz V, Katholnigg D. Einfluß der Femurstabilisierung auf den Verlauf des Polytraumas mit Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Unfallchirurg. 1994;97:399-405.
45. van Os JP, Roumen RMH, Schoots FJ, Heystraten FMJ, Goris RJA. Is early osteosynthesis safe in multiple trauma patients with severe thoracic trauma and pulmonary contusion? J Trauma. 1994;36:495-498.
46. Friedl HP, Stocker R, Czermak B, Schmal H, Trentz O. Primary fixation and delayed nailing of long bone fractures in severe trauma. Techniques Orthop. 1996;11:59-66.
47. Boulanger BR, Stephen D, Brenneman FD. Thoracic trauma and intramedullary nailing of femur fractures: are we doing harm? J Trauma. 1997;43:24-28.
48. McKee MD, Schemitsch EH, O'Sullivan L, Sullivan I, Yoo D. The effect of a femoral fracture on concomitant closed head injury in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma. 1997;42:1041-1045.
49. Ziran BH, Le T, Zhou H, Fallon W, Wilber JH. The impact of the quantity of skeletal injury on mortality and pulmonary morbidity. J Trauma. 1997;43:916-921.
50. Starr AJ, Hunt JL, Chason DP, Reinert CM, Walker J. Treatment of femur fracture with associated head injury. J Orthop Trauma. 1998;12:38-45.
51. Scalea TM, Scott JD, Brumback RJ, et al. Early fracture fixation may be, "just fine" after head injury: no difference in central nervous system outcomes. J Trauma. 1999;46:839-846.
52. Kutscha-Lissberg F, Hopf FK, Kollig E, Muhr G. How risky is early intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in polytraumatized patients? Injury. 2001;32:289-293.
53. Brundage SI, McGhan R, Jurkovich GJ, Mack CD, Maier RV. Timing of femur fracture fixation: effect on outcome in patients with thoracic and head injuries. J Trauma. 2002;52:299-307.
54. Smith JEM. The results of early and delayed internal fixation of fractures of the shaft of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1964;46:28-31.
55. Larena A, Jussen A, Reichmann W. Zeitpunkt der Osteosynthese bei Kombinationsverletzten. Chirurg. 1972;43:116-118.
56. Schmidt-Neuerburg KP. Die Mehrfachverletzung-Besonderheiten der Indikationsstellung zur Knochenbruchbehandlung an den Extremitäten. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1974;337:435-442.
57. Nast-Kolb D, Keßler S, Duswald KH, Betz A, Schweiberer L. Extremitätenverletzungen polytraumatisierter Patienten: stufengerechte Behandlung. Unfallchirurg. 1986;89:149-154.
58. Martens F, Ectors P. Priorities in the management of polytraumatised patients with head injury: partially resolved problems. Acta Neurochir. 1988;94:70-73.
59. Sanker P, Frowein RA, Richard KE. Multiple injuries: coma and fractures of the extremities. Neurosurg Rev. 1989;12(suppl 1):51-54.
60. Davlin L, Johnson E, Thomas T, Lian G. Open versus closed nailing of femoral fractures in the polytrauma patient. Contemp Orthop. 1991;22:557-563.
61. Pape HC, Aufm'Kolk M, Paffrath T, et al. Primary intramedullary femur fixation in multiple trauma patients with associated lung contusion - a cause of posttraumatic ARDS. J Trauma. 1993;34:540-548.
62. Fakhry SM, Rutledge R, Dahners LE, Kessler D. Incidence, management, and outcome of femoral shaft fracture: a statewide population based analysis of 2805 adult patients in a rural state. J Trauma. 1994;37:255-265.
63. Sutcliffe AJ. Does early fixation of fractures reduce mortality in severely injured patients. Eur J Emerg Med. 1994;1:55-61.
64. Jaicks RR, Cohn SM, Moller BA. Early fracture fixation may be deleterious after head injury. J Trauma. 1997;42:1-5.
65. Townsend RN, Lheureau T, Protetch J, Riemer B, Simon D. Timing of fracture repair in patients with severe brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale Score <9). J Trauma. 1998;44:977-983.
66. Talucci RC, Manning J, Lampard S, Bach A, Canico CJ. Early intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: a cause of fat embolism syndrome. Am J Surg. 1983;146:107-111.
67. Pelias ME, Townsend MC, Flancbaum L. Long bone fractures predispose to pulmonary dysfunction in blunt chest trauma despite early operative fixation. Surgery. 1992;111:576-579.
68. Malisano LP, Hunter GA. The management of long bone fractures in the head-injured polytrauma patient. J Orthop Trauma. 1994;8:1-5.
69. Reynolds MA, Richardson JD, Spain DA, et al. Is the timing of fracture fixation important for the patient with multiple trauma? Ann Surg. 1995;222:470-481.
70. Kalb DC, Ney AL, Rodriguez JL, et al. Assessment of the relationship between timing of fixation of the fracture and secondary brain injury in patients with multiple trauma. Surgery. 1998;124:739-745.
71. Velmahos GC, Arroyo H, Ramicone E, et al. Timing of fracture fixation in blunt trauma patients with severe head injuries. Am J Surg. 1998;176:324-330.
72. Lehmann U, Rickels E, Krettek C. Polytrauma mit Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Primär definitive operative Versorgung der langen Röhrenknochen? Unfallchirurg. 2001;104:196-209.
73. Mendelson SA, Dominick TS, Tyler-Kabara E, Moreland MS, Adelson PD. Early versus late femoral fracture stabilization in multiply injured pediatric patients with closed head injury. J Ped Orthop. 2001;21:594-599.
74. Rixen D, Raum M, Bouillon B, Schlosser LE, Neugebauer E und die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Polytrauma der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Prognoseabschätzung des Schwerverletzten - eine Analyse von 2069 Patienten des Traumaregisters der DGU. Unfallchirurg. 2001;104:230-239.
75. Egger M, Schneider M, Smith GD. Spurious precision? Meta-analyses of observational studies. BMJ. 1998;316:140-144.
76. Petticrew M. Systematic reviews from astronomy to zoology: myths and misconceptions. BMJ. 2001;322:98-101.
77. Owen JL, Bolenbaucher RM, Moore ML. Trauma registry databases: a comparison of data abstraction, interpretation, and entry at two Level I trauma centers. J Trauma. 1999;46:1100-1104.
78. Dunham CM, Bosse MJ, Clancy TV, et al. Practice management guidlines for the optimal timing of long-bone fracture stabilzation in polytrauma patients: the EAST practice management guidelines work group. J Trauma. 2001;50:958-967.
79. Grass G, Sauerland S, Lefering R, Rixen D, Neugebauer EAM. Early versus delayed internal fixation of long bone fractures of the leg in patients with multiple injuries. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2002.
80. Baethmann A, Kempski O, Plesnila N, Staub F. Mechanisms of secondary brain damage in cerebral ischemia and trauma. Acta Neurochir. 1996;66(Suppl.):1-122.
81. Pietrapaoli JA, Rogers FA, Shackford SR, et al. The deleterious effects of intraoperative hypotension on outcome in patients with severe injury. J Trauma. 1992;33:403-407.
82. De Vries HE, Blom-Roosemalen MC, van Oosten M, et al. The influence of cytokines on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in vitro. J Neuroimmunol. 1996;64:37-43.
83. Waydhas C, Nast-Kolb D, Kick M, et al. Operationsplanung von sekundären Eingriffen nach Polytrauma. Unfallchirurg. 1994;97:244-249.
84. Hensler T, Sauerland S, Bouillon B, et al. Association between injury pattern of patients with multiple injuries and circulating levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase. J Trauma. 2002;52:962-970.
85. Ertel W, Trentz O. Die Bedeutung der Stabilisierung von zentralen Frakturen für die Inzidenz von ARDS und MODS nach schwerem Trauma. In: Nast-Kolb D, Waydhas C, Schweiberer L, eds. Posttraumatisches Multiorganversagen. Hefte zu "Der Unfallchirurg." Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1996.
86. Rixen D, Siegel JH, Friedman HP. Sepsis/SIRS, physiologic classification, severity stratification, relation to cytokine elaboration and outcome prediction in posttrauma critical illness. J Trauma. 1996;41:1-17.
87. Murphy CP, D'Abrosia RD, Dabezies EJ, et al. Complete femur fractures: treatment with Wagner external fixation device or the Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail. J Trauma. 1988;32:1553-1561.
88. Alonso J, Geissler W, Hughes JL. External fixation of femoral fractures. Clin Orthop. 1989;241:83-88.
89. Mohr VD, Eickhoff U, Haaker R, et al. External fixation of open femoral shaft fractures. J Trauma. 1995;39:648-652.
90. van Niekerk JLM, ten Duis HJ, Binnendijk B. Duration of fracture healing after early versus delayed internal fixation of fractures of the femoral shaft. Injury. 1987;18:120-122.
91. Alberts KA, Looghagen G, Einarsdottir H. Open tibial fractures: faster union after unreamed nailing than external fixation. Injury. 1999;30:519-523.