메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 77, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 306-313

Hepatocyte nuclear structure and subcellular distribution of copper in zebrafish Brachydanio rerio and roach Rutilus rutilus (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) exposed to copper sulphate

Author keywords

Copper; Cyprinidae; Fish; Liver; Nucleolus; Nucleus; Roach; Ultrastructure; Zebrafish

Indexed keywords

COPPER; COPPER SULFATE;

EID: 33646109817     PISSN: 0166445X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 0002302163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les métallothionéines
    • Lagadic L., Caquet T., Amiard J.C., and Ramade F. (Eds), Masson, Paris
    • Amiard J.C., and Cosson R.P. Les métallothionéines. In: Lagadic L., Caquet T., Amiard J.C., and Ramade F. (Eds). Biomarqueurs en Ecotoxicologie: Aspects Fondamentaux (1997), Masson, Paris 53-66
    • (1997) Biomarqueurs en Ecotoxicologie: Aspects Fondamentaux , pp. 53-66
    • Amiard, J.C.1    Cosson, R.P.2
  • 2
    • 0036743335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular distribution of trace elements in liver of sea turtles
    • Anan Y., Kunito T., Sakai H., and Tanabe S. Subcellular distribution of trace elements in liver of sea turtles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45 (2002) 224-229
    • (2002) Mar. Pollut. Bull. , vol.45 , pp. 224-229
    • Anan, Y.1    Kunito, T.2    Sakai, H.3    Tanabe, S.4
  • 3
    • 0002828891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytological alterations in fish hepatocytes following in vivo sublethal exposure to xenobiotics - structural biomarkers of environmental contamination
    • Braunbeck T., Hinton D.E., and Streit B. (Eds), Birkhäuser, Berlin
    • Braunbeck T. Cytological alterations in fish hepatocytes following in vivo sublethal exposure to xenobiotics - structural biomarkers of environmental contamination. In: Braunbeck T., Hinton D.E., and Streit B. (Eds). Fish Ecotoxicology (1998), Birkhäuser, Berlin 61-140
    • (1998) Fish Ecotoxicology , pp. 61-140
    • Braunbeck, T.1
  • 4
    • 0028161286 scopus 로고
    • Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Brown trout Salmo trutta (L.) over extended exposure periods
    • Brown V., Shurden D., Miller W., and Crane M. Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Brown trout Salmo trutta (L.) over extended exposure periods. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 29 (1994) 38-46
    • (1994) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety , vol.29 , pp. 38-46
    • Brown, V.1    Shurden, D.2    Miller, W.3    Crane, M.4
  • 5
    • 0014878377 scopus 로고
    • Histochemical indications for lysosomal localization of heavy metals in normal rat brain and liver
    • Brun A., and Hunk U. Histochemical indications for lysosomal localization of heavy metals in normal rat brain and liver. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18 (1970) 820-822
    • (1970) J. Histochem. Cytochem. , vol.18 , pp. 820-822
    • Brun, A.1    Hunk, U.2
  • 6
    • 0023509708 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient fertilization, copper toxicity and growth in three grassland species in the Netherlands
    • Bunton A.T.H., Tensen D., Duijh B.J., and Pasman F.J.M. Nutrient fertilization, copper toxicity and growth in three grassland species in the Netherlands. J. Appl. Ecol. 24 (1987) 1001-1010
    • (1987) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.24 , pp. 1001-1010
    • Bunton, A.T.H.1    Tensen, D.2    Duijh, B.J.3    Pasman, F.J.M.4
  • 7
    • 0018755625 scopus 로고
    • Effects of separate and combined chronic mercurid chlorid and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney
    • Carmichael N.G., and Fowler B.A. Effects of separate and combined chronic mercurid chlorid and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 3 (1975) 399-412
    • (1975) J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , vol.3 , pp. 399-412
    • Carmichael, N.G.1    Fowler, B.A.2
  • 8
    • 0018755625 scopus 로고
    • Effects of separate and combined chronic mercuric chloride and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney
    • Carmichael N.G., and Fowler B.A. Effects of separate and combined chronic mercuric chloride and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 3 (1979) 399-412
    • (1979) J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , vol.3 , pp. 399-412
    • Carmichael, N.G.1    Fowler, B.A.2
  • 9
    • 0023160923 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular compartmentation of metals in aquatic organisms: roles in mechanisms of cell injury
    • Fowler B.A. Intracellular compartmentation of metals in aquatic organisms: roles in mechanisms of cell injury. Environ. Health Perspect. 71 (1987) 121-128
    • (1987) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.71 , pp. 121-128
    • Fowler, B.A.1
  • 10
    • 0016699722 scopus 로고
    • The effects of chronic oral methyl mercury exposure on the lysosome system of rat kidney. Morphometric and biochemical studies
    • Fowler B.A., Brown H.W., Lucier G.W., and Krigman M.R. The effects of chronic oral methyl mercury exposure on the lysosome system of rat kidney. Morphometric and biochemical studies. Lab. Invest. 32 (1975) 313-322
    • (1975) Lab. Invest. , vol.32 , pp. 313-322
    • Fowler, B.A.1    Brown, H.W.2    Lucier, G.W.3    Krigman, M.R.4
  • 11
    • 0019127159 scopus 로고
    • Chronic low level lead toxicity in the rat. Part III. An integrated toxicological assessment with special reference to the kidney
    • Fowler B.A., Kimmel C.A., Woods J.S., McConnell E.E., and Grant L.D. Chronic low level lead toxicity in the rat. Part III. An integrated toxicological assessment with special reference to the kidney. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56 (1980) 59-77
    • (1980) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.56 , pp. 59-77
    • Fowler, B.A.1    Kimmel, C.A.2    Woods, J.S.3    McConnell, E.E.4    Grant, L.D.5
  • 12
    • 0020608099 scopus 로고
    • Alteration of hepatic mocrosomal structure and function by acute indium administration. Ultrastructure, morphometric and biochemical studies
    • Fowler B.A., Kardish R., and Woods J.S. Alteration of hepatic mocrosomal structure and function by acute indium administration. Ultrastructure, morphometric and biochemical studies. Lab. Invest. 48 (1983) 471-478
    • (1983) Lab. Invest. , vol.48 , pp. 471-478
    • Fowler, B.A.1    Kardish, R.2    Woods, J.S.3
  • 13
    • 33646108428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Programme de recherche: toxicologie - Ecotoxicologie des pesticides et des métaux lourds
    • G.E.R.B.E, Laboratory of Eco-Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne, Ardenne, France p. 39
    • G.E.R.B.E. Programme de recherche: toxicologie - Ecotoxicologie des pesticides et des métaux lourds. Deuxième rapport d'activités (1998), Laboratory of Eco-Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne, Ardenne, France p. 39
    • (1998) Deuxième rapport d'activités
  • 14
    • 0031905094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal Cu and Na excretion and hepatic Cu metabolism in both Cu acclimated and non acclimated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    • Grosell M.H., Hogstrand C., and Wood C.M. Renal Cu and Na excretion and hepatic Cu metabolism in both Cu acclimated and non acclimated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 40 (1998) 275-291
    • (1998) Aquat. Toxicol. , vol.40 , pp. 275-291
    • Grosell, M.H.1    Hogstrand, C.2    Wood, C.M.3
  • 15
    • 0032936235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper chaperones: function and copper binding properties
    • Harrisson M.D., Jones C.E., and Dameron C.T. Copper chaperones: function and copper binding properties. JBIC 4 (1999) 145-153
    • (1999) JBIC , vol.4 , pp. 145-153
    • Harrisson, M.D.1    Jones, C.E.2    Dameron, C.T.3
  • 16
    • 0029978576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathobiology of copper-induced injury in Bedlington terriers: ultrastructural and microanalytical studies
    • Haywood S., Fuentealba I.C., Foster J., and Ross G. Pathobiology of copper-induced injury in Bedlington terriers: ultrastructural and microanalytical studies. Anal. Cell Pathol. 10 3 (1996) 229-241
    • (1996) Anal. Cell Pathol. , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 229-241
    • Haywood, S.1    Fuentealba, I.C.2    Foster, J.3    Ross, G.4
  • 17
    • 0000290119 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of copper to aquatic biota
    • Nriagu J.O.L.K. (Ed), Wilet, J., New York
    • Hodson P.V., Borgman U., and Shear H. Toxicity of copper to aquatic biota. In: Nriagu J.O.L.K. (Ed). Copper in the Environment (1979), Wilet, J., New York 308-372
    • (1979) Copper in the Environment , pp. 308-372
    • Hodson, P.V.1    Borgman, U.2    Shear, H.3
  • 18
    • 0030903289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear histo- and cytopathology as indicators of disturbed liver metabolism in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from acidic high alpine lakes
    • Hofer R., Köck G., and Braunbeck T. Nuclear histo- and cytopathology as indicators of disturbed liver metabolism in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from acidic high alpine lakes. Dis. Aquat. Org. 28 (1997) 139-150
    • (1997) Dis. Aquat. Org. , vol.28 , pp. 139-150
    • Hofer, R.1    Köck, G.2    Braunbeck, T.3
  • 19
    • 0033782829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proliferative potential in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with metallothionein expression and tissue zinc levels
    • Jayasurya A., Bay B.H., Yap W.M., Tan N.G., and Tan B.K.H. Proliferative potential in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with metallothionein expression and tissue zinc levels. Carcinogenesis 21 10 (2000) 1809-1812
    • (2000) Carcinogenesis , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 1809-1812
    • Jayasurya, A.1    Bay, B.H.2    Yap, W.M.3    Tan, N.G.4    Tan, B.K.H.5
  • 20
    • 0035024820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electron microscopic detection of copper in the liver of two patients with morbus Wilson by EELS and EDX
    • Jonas L., Fulda G., Salameh T., Schmidt W., Kroning G., Hopt U.T., and Nize H. Electron microscopic detection of copper in the liver of two patients with morbus Wilson by EELS and EDX. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 25 2 (2001) 111-118
    • (2001) Ultrastruct. Pathol. , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-118
    • Jonas, L.1    Fulda, G.2    Salameh, T.3    Schmidt, W.4    Kroning, G.5    Hopt, U.T.6    Nize, H.7
  • 22
    • 0026770093 scopus 로고
    • Copper-induced hepatic ultrastructural alterations in the snake-headed fish, Channa punctatus
    • Khangarot B.S. Copper-induced hepatic ultrastructural alterations in the snake-headed fish, Channa punctatus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 23 3 (1992) 282-293
    • (1992) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-293
    • Khangarot, B.S.1
  • 23
    • 0020643583 scopus 로고
    • Tumor inhibition by metallocenes: ultrastructural localization of titanium and vanadium in treated tumor cells by electron energy loss spectroscopy
    • Kopf-Maier P., and Krahl D. Tumor inhibition by metallocenes: ultrastructural localization of titanium and vanadium in treated tumor cells by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Chem. Biol. Interact. 44 33 (1983) 317-328
    • (1983) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.44 , Issue.33 , pp. 317-328
    • Kopf-Maier, P.1    Krahl, D.2
  • 24
    • 0010729441 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of juvenile rainbow trout and mature brown trout exposed to copper and zinc
    • Leland H.V. Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of juvenile rainbow trout and mature brown trout exposed to copper and zinc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2 (1983) 353-368
    • (1983) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , vol.2 , pp. 353-368
    • Leland, H.V.1
  • 25
    • 0037930523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular localization of cadmium in the root cells of Allium sativum by electron energy loss specrtoscopy and cytochemistry
    • Liu D., and Kottke I. Subcellular localization of cadmium in the root cells of Allium sativum by electron energy loss specrtoscopy and cytochemistry. J. Biosci. 28 4 (2003) 471-479
    • (2003) J. Biosci. , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 471-479
    • Liu, D.1    Kottke, I.2
  • 26
    • 4644291115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular localization of cadmium in the root cells of Allium cepa by electron energy loss specrtoscopy and cytochemistry
    • Liu D., and Kottke I. Subcellular localization of cadmium in the root cells of Allium cepa by electron energy loss specrtoscopy and cytochemistry. J. Biosci. 29 3 (2004) 329-335
    • (2004) J. Biosci. , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-335
    • Liu, D.1    Kottke, I.2
  • 27
    • 2542424765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular localization of copper in the root cells of Allium sativum by electron energy loss specrtoscopy and cytochemistry (EELS)
    • Liu D., and Kottke I. Subcellular localization of copper in the root cells of Allium sativum by electron energy loss specrtoscopy and cytochemistry (EELS). Bioresour. Technol. 94 2 (2004) 153-161
    • (2004) Bioresour. Technol. , vol.94 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-161
    • Liu, D.1    Kottke, I.2
  • 28
    • 0036172171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion Allium cepa L: an ultrastructrual study
    • Marcano L., Carruyo I., Del Campo A., and Montiel X. Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion Allium cepa L: an ultrastructrual study. Environ. Res. 88 1 (2002) 30-35
    • (2002) Environ. Res. , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-35
    • Marcano, L.1    Carruyo, I.2    Del Campo, A.3    Montiel, X.4
  • 29
    • 0015687948 scopus 로고
    • Lead-induced inclusion bodies: solubility, amino acid content and relationship to residual acidic nuclear proteins
    • Moore J.F., Goyer R.A., and Wilson M. Lead-induced inclusion bodies: solubility, amino acid content and relationship to residual acidic nuclear proteins. Lab. Invest. 29 (1973) 488-494
    • (1973) Lab. Invest. , vol.29 , pp. 488-494
    • Moore, J.F.1    Goyer, R.A.2    Wilson, M.3
  • 30
    • 33646098757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris-Palacios, S., 1999. Ecotoxicologie des pesticides et des métaux lourds susceptibles d'être présents dans le vignoble champenois: Etude de leur impact hépatique chez les cyprinidés. PhD thesis of Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France.
  • 31
    • 0034120688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metallothioneins analysis in liver of Rutilus rutilus exposed to Cu with three methods: metal summation, SH determination and original spectrofluorimetric method
    • Paris-Palacios S., Biagianti-Risbourg S., and Vernet G. Metallothioneins analysis in liver of Rutilus rutilus exposed to Cu with three methods: metal summation, SH determination and original spectrofluorimetric method. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 126 (2000) 113-122
    • (2000) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C , vol.126 , pp. 113-122
    • Paris-Palacios, S.1    Biagianti-Risbourg, S.2    Vernet, G.3
  • 32
    • 0033883754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical and (ultra)structural hepatic perturbations of Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei Cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate
    • Paris-Palacios S., Biagianti-Risbourg S., and Vernet G. Biochemical and (ultra)structural hepatic perturbations of Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei Cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate. Aquat. Toxicol. 50 (2000) 109-124
    • (2000) Aquat. Toxicol. , vol.50 , pp. 109-124
    • Paris-Palacios, S.1    Biagianti-Risbourg, S.2    Vernet, G.3
  • 33
    • 0029667026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular alterations in collembolan midgut cells as a marker of heavy metal exposure: ultrastructure and intracellular metal distribution
    • Pawert M., Triebskorn R., Graff S., Berkus M., Schulz J., and Kohler H.R. Cellular alterations in collembolan midgut cells as a marker of heavy metal exposure: ultrastructure and intracellular metal distribution. Sci. Total Environ. 181 3 (1996) 187-200
    • (1996) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.181 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-200
    • Pawert, M.1    Triebskorn, R.2    Graff, S.3    Berkus, M.4    Schulz, J.5    Kohler, H.R.6
  • 34
    • 0030616634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual differences in mortality and sublethal stress in channel catfish following a 10 weeks exposure to copper sulfate
    • Perkins E.J., Griffin B., and Hobbs M. Sexual differences in mortality and sublethal stress in channel catfish following a 10 weeks exposure to copper sulfate. Aquat. Toxicol. 37 (1997) 327-339
    • (1997) Aquat. Toxicol. , vol.37 , pp. 327-339
    • Perkins, E.J.1    Griffin, B.2    Hobbs, M.3
  • 35
    • 52649114611 scopus 로고
    • The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy
    • Reynolds E.S. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Biophys. Cytol. 17 (1963) 208-212
    • (1963) J. Biophys. Cytol. , vol.17 , pp. 208-212
    • Reynolds, E.S.1
  • 36
    • 84907126089 scopus 로고
    • Embedding in epoxy resin for ultrathin sectioning in electron microscopy
    • Richardson K.C., Jarett L., and Finke E.H. Embedding in epoxy resin for ultrathin sectioning in electron microscopy. Stain Technol. 35 (1960) 313-323
    • (1960) Stain Technol. , vol.35 , pp. 313-323
    • Richardson, K.C.1    Jarett, L.2    Finke, E.H.3
  • 37
    • 0026558757 scopus 로고
    • Morphometric, structural and ultrastructural studies of tench (Tinca tinca L.) hepatocytes after copper sulfate administration
    • Roncero V., Duran E., Soler F., Masot J., and Gomez L. Morphometric, structural and ultrastructural studies of tench (Tinca tinca L.) hepatocytes after copper sulfate administration. Environ. Res. 57 (1992) 45-58
    • (1992) Environ. Res. , vol.57 , pp. 45-58
    • Roncero, V.1    Duran, E.2    Soler, F.3    Masot, J.4    Gomez, L.5
  • 38
    • 0020292782 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the acute toxicities of copper, mercury, and cadmium to Danio malabaricus and Puntius ticto
    • Saxenas A.B., Subba Rao D., and Khan Z.U. Studies on the acute toxicities of copper, mercury, and cadmium to Danio malabaricus and Puntius ticto. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 17 5 (1982) 657-665
    • (1982) J. Environ. Sci. Health A , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 657-665
    • Saxenas, A.B.1    Subba Rao, D.2    Khan, Z.U.3
  • 39
    • 0025160048 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive changes of liver composition and structure in golden ide during winter acclimatization
    • Segner H., and Braunbeck T. Adaptive changes of liver composition and structure in golden ide during winter acclimatization. J. Exp. Zool. 255 (1990) 171-185
    • (1990) J. Exp. Zool. , vol.255 , pp. 171-185
    • Segner, H.1    Braunbeck, T.2
  • 40
    • 0342763690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of glutathione depletion on cadmium-induced metallothioneine synthesis, cytotoxicity, and proto-oncogene expression in cultured rat myoblast
    • Shimizu M., Hochadel J.F., and Waalkes T. Effects of glutathione depletion on cadmium-induced metallothioneine synthesis, cytotoxicity, and proto-oncogene expression in cultured rat myoblast. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 103 (1997) 28-39
    • (1997) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , vol.103 , pp. 28-39
    • Shimizu, M.1    Hochadel, J.F.2    Waalkes, T.3
  • 42
    • 0038078287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular distribution of cadmium and its cellular ligands in mussel digestive gland cells as revealed by combined autometallography and X-ray microprobe analysis
    • Soto M., Zaldibar B., Cancio I., Taylor M.G., Turner M., Morgan A.J., and Marigomez I. Subcellular distribution of cadmium and its cellular ligands in mussel digestive gland cells as revealed by combined autometallography and X-ray microprobe analysis. Histochem. J. 35 6/7 (2002) 273-280
    • (2002) Histochem. J. , vol.35 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 273-280
    • Soto, M.1    Zaldibar, B.2    Cancio, I.3    Taylor, M.G.4    Turner, M.5    Morgan, A.J.6    Marigomez, I.7
  • 45
    • 0023834910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium and zinc
    • Woodall C., MacLean N., and Crossley F. Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium and zinc. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89C (1998) 93-99
    • (1998) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , vol.89 C , pp. 93-99
    • Woodall, C.1    MacLean, N.2    Crossley, F.3
  • 46
    • 0034702120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ on root growth, cell division, and nucleolus of Helianthus annuus L
    • 2+ on root growth, cell division, and nucleolus of Helianthus annuus L. Sci. Total Environ. 256 1 (2000) 59-65
    • (2000) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.256 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-65
    • Wusheng, J.1    Donghua, L.2    Haifeng, L.3
  • 47
    • 3142654673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear bodies and compartments: functional roles and cellular signaling in health and disease
    • Zimber A., Nguyen Q.D., and Gespach C. Nuclear bodies and compartments: functional roles and cellular signaling in health and disease. Cell Signal. 16 10 (2004) 1085-1104
    • (2004) Cell Signal. , vol.16 , Issue.10 , pp. 1085-1104
    • Zimber, A.1    Nguyen, Q.D.2    Gespach, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.