Postnatal allometry of the skeleton in Tupaia glis (Scandentia: Tupaiidae) and Galea musteloides (Rodentia: Caviidae) - A test of the three-segment limb hypothesis

Zoology

Volumn 109, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 148-163

  Schilling, Nadja ^a   Petrovitch, Alexander ^b  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^b JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Altricial; Intralimb proportion; Mammalia; Precocial; Scaling

Indexed keywords

CAVIIDAE; EUTHERIA; GALEA MUSTELOIDES; MAMMALIA; RODENTIA; SCANDENTIA; TETRAPODA; THERIA; TUPAIA GLIS; TUPAIIDAE;

EID: 33646055128     PISSN: 09442006     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2005.11.004     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Alexander R.M. Allometry of the limbs of antelopes (Bovidae). J. Zool. London 183 (1977) 125-146
2. Alexander R.M. Terrestrial locomotion. In: Alexander R.M., and Goldspink G. (Eds). Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion (1977), Chapman and Hall, London 168-203
3. Alexander R.M. Body support, scaling, and allometry. In: Hildebrand M., Bramble D.M., Liem K.F., and Wake D.B. (Eds). Functional Vertebrate Morphology (1985), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, England 26-37
4. Alexander R.M., and Jayes A.S. A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J. Zool. London 201 (1983) 135-152
5. Alexander R.M., Jayes A.S., Maloiy G.M.O., and Wathuta E.M. Allometry of the limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta). J. Zool. London 189 (1979) 305-314
6. Alexander R.M., Jayes AS., Maloiy G.M.O., and Wathuta E.M. Allometry of leg muscles of mammals. J. Zool. London 194 (1981) 539-552
7. Bagnall K.M., Harris P.F., and Jones P.R. A radiographic study of the human fetal spine. 2. The sequence of development of ossification centres in the vertebral column. J. Anat. 124 (1977) 791-802
8. Biewener A.A. Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size?. J. Exp. Biol. 98 (1982) 289-301
9. Biewener A.A. Locomotory stresses in limb bones of two small mammals: the ground squirrel and chipmunk. J. Exp. Biol. 103 (1983) 131-154
10. Biewener A.A. Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245 (1989) 45-48
11. Biewener A.A. Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion. Science 250 (1990) 1097-1103
12. Biewener A.A. Musculoskeletal design in relation to body size. J. Biomech. 24 (1991) 19-29
13. Blackstone N.W. Allometry and relative growth: pattern and process in evolutionary studies. Syst. Zool. 36 (1987) 76-78
14. Blumberg-Feldman H., and Eilam D. Postnatal development of synchronous stepping in the gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus). J. Exp. Biol. 198 (1995) 363-372
15. Campbell M.T., and Dobson F.S. Growth and size in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Am. Midl. Nat. 128 (1992) 180-190
16. Carrier D.R. Postnatal ontogeny of the musculo-skeletal system in the black-tailed jack rabbit (Lepus californicus). J. Zool. London 201 (1983) 27-55
17. Carrier D.R., and Leon L.R. Skeletal growth and function in the California gull (Larus californicus). J. Zool. London 222 (1990) 375-389
18. Derrickson E.M. Comparative reproductive strategies of altricial and precocial eutherian mammals. Funct. Ecol. 6 (1992) 57-65
19. Driesch, A.v.d., 1976. Das Vermessen von Tierknochen aus vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungen. München.
20. Duerst J.U. Vergleichende Untersuchungsmethoden am Skelett bei Säugern. Handb. Biol. Arbeitsmeth. 7 (1925) 125-530
21. Fischer M.S. Crouched posture and high fulcrum, a principle in the locomotion of small mammals: the example of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (Mammalia: Hyracoidea). J. Hum. Evol. 26 (1994) 501-524
22. Fischer M.S. Kinematics, EMG, and inverse dynamics of the therian forelimb - a synthetic approach. Zool. Anz. 238 (1999) 41-54
23. Fischer M.S., and Lehmann R. Application of cineradiography for metric and kinematic study of in-phase gaits during locomotion of pika (Ochotona rufescens, Mammalia: Lagomorpha). Zoology 101 (1998) 148-173
24. Fischer M.S., and Witte H. The functional morphology of the three-segmented limb of mammals and its specialities in small and medium-sized mammals. Proc. Eur. Mech. Coll. Euromech. 375 (1998) 10-17
25. Fischer M.S., Schilling N., Schmidt M., Haarhaus D., and Witte H.F. Basic limb kinematics of small therian mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 1315-1338
26. Flecker H. Time of appearance and fusion of ossification centres as observed by roentgenographic methods. Am. J. Roentgenol. 47 (1942) 97-159
27. Fox M.W. A phylogenetic analysis of behavioral neuro-ontogeny in precocial and non-precocial mammals. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 28 (1964) 197-202
28. Garland T.J. Ontogenetic and individual variation in size, shape, and speed in the Australian agamid lizard Amphibolorus nuchalis. J. Zool. London 207 (1985) 425-439
29. Glassman D.M. The relation of long bone diaphyseal length to chronological age in immature saddle-back tamarius, Saguinus fuscicollis. Primates 25 (1984) 352-361
30. Günther M., Keppler V., Seyfarth A., and Blickhan R. Human leg design: optimal axial alignment under constraints. J. Math. Biol. 48 (2004) 623-646
31. Hamrick M.W. Development of epiphyseal structure and function in Didelphis virginiana (Marsupiala, Didelphidae). J. Morphol. 239 (1999) 283-296
32. Heglund N.C., and Taylor C.R. Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?. J. Exp. Biol. 138 (1988) 301-318
33. Heglund N.C., Taylor C.R., and McMahon T.A. Scaling stride frequency and gait to animal size: mice to horses. Science 186 (1974) 1112-1113
34. Hill A.V. The dimensions of animal and their muscular dynamics. Sci. Prog. London 38 (1950) 209-230
35. Hirasaki E., Kumakura H., and Matano S. Biomechanical analysis of vertical climbing in the spider monkey and the Japanese macaque. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 113 (2000) 456-472
36. Hopson J.A. Endothermy, small size and the origin of mammalian reproduction. Am. Nat. 107 (1973) 446-451
37. Hu Y., Wang Y., Luo Z., and Li C. A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution. Nature 390 (1997) 137-142
38. Huxley J.S. Problems of Relative Growth (1956), Dover Publications, New York (pp. 1-312)
39. Jenkins F.A.J., and Parrington F.R. The postcranial skeletons of the triassic mammals Eozostrodon, Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B 273 (1976) 387-431
40. Jenkins F.A.J., and Schaff C.R. The early cretaceous mammal Gobiconodon (Mammalia, Triconodonta) from the cloverly formation on Montana. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 8 (1988) 1-24
41. Jungers W.L. Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates. In: Jungers W.L. (Ed). Size and Scaling in Primate Biology (1985), Plenum Press, New York and London 345-381
42. Jungers W.L., and Fleagle J.G. Postnatal growth allometry of the extremities in Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella: a longitudinal and comparative study. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53 (1980) 471-478
43. Kielan-Jaworowska Z. Evolution of the therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part III. Postcranial skeleton in Zalambdalestidae. Palaeontol. Pol. 30 (1978) 3-41
44. Kimura T. Centre of gravity of the body during the ontogeny of chimpanzee bipedal walking. Folia Primatol. 66 (1996) 126-136
45. Klingenberg C.P. Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 73 (1998) 79-123
46. Knußmann R. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie und Humangenetik. 2. Aufl (1996), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, Lübeck, Ulm
47. Krebs B. Das Skelett von Henkelotherium guimarotae gen. et sp. nov. (Eupantotheria, Mammalia) aus dem Oberen Jura von Portugal. Berl. Geowiss. Abh. 133 (1991) 1-110
48. Lammers A.R., and German R.Z. Ontogenetic allometry in the locomotor skeleton of specialized half-bounding mammals. J. Zool. London 258 (2002) 485-495
49. Lilje K.E., Tardieu C., and Fischer M.S. Scaling of long bones of ruminants, with respect to the scapula. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 41 (2003) 118-126
50. Liu M.F., He R., Aherne F.X., and Berg R.T. Postnatal limb bone growth in relation to live weight in pigs from birth to 84 days of age. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (1999) 1693-1701
51. Lumer H., and Schultz A.H. Relative growth of the limb segments and tail in Ateles geoffroyi and Cebus capucinus. Hum. Biol. 19 (1947) 53-67
52. Marsh R.L. Ontogenesis of contractile properties of skeletal muscle and sprint performance in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. J. Exp. Biol. 137 (1988) 119-139
53. Maunz M., and German R.Z. Ontogeny and limb bone scaling in two New World marsupials, Monodelphis domestica and Didelphis virginiana. J. Morphol. 231 (1997) 117-130
54. McMahon T.A. Using body size to understand the structural design of animals: quadrupedal locomotion. J. Appl. Physiol. 39 (1975) 619-627
55. Miller R.L., and Kahn J.S. Statistical Analysis in the Geological Sciences (1962), Wiley, New York
56. Mollison T. Die Körperproportionen der Primaten. Morph. Jahrb. 42 (1911) 79-304
57. Nassar-Montoya F., Sainsbury A.W., Kirkwood J.K., and du Boulay G.H. Age determination of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by radiographic examination of skeletal development. J. Med. Primatol. 21 (1992) 259-264
58. Peters S.E. Postnatal development of gait behavior and functional allometry in the domestic cat (Felis catus). J. Zool. London 199 (1983) 461-486
59. Petri C. Die Skelettentwicklung beim Meerschweinchen. Vierteljahresschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich 80 (1935) 157-240
60. Portmann A. Nesthocker und Nestflüchter als Entwicklungszustände von verschiedener Wertigkeit bei Vögeln und Säugern. Rev. Suisse Zool. 46 (1939) 385-390
61. Portmann A. Über die Evolution der Tragzeit der Säugetiere. Rev. Suisse Zool. 72 (1965) 657-666
62. Preuschoft H., Witte H., Christian A., and Fischer M.S. Size influences on primate locomotion and body shape, with special emphasis on the locomotion of "small mammals". Folia Primatol. 66 (1996) 93-112
63. Richmond R.J., and Berg R.T. Bone growth and distribution in swine as influenced by live weight, breed, sex, and ration. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 52 (1972) 47-56
64. Roth V.L. How elephants grow: heterochrony and the calibration of developmental stages in some living and fossil species. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 4 (1984) 126-145
65. Schepens B., Willems P.A., and Cavagna G.A. The mechanics of running in children. J. Physiol. London 509 (1998) 927-940
66. Schilling N. Development of locomotion and of the locomotory apparatus in the ontogeny of small mammals. In: Blickhan R. (Ed). Motions Systems 2001: Collected Short Papers of the Innovationskolleg "Bewegungssysteme" (2001), Shaker Verlag, Aachen 118-121
67. Schilling N. Ontogenetic development of locomotion in small mammals - a kinematic study. J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 4013-4034
68. Schilling N., and Fischer M.S. Kinematic analysis of treadmill locomotion of tree shrews, Tupaia glis (Scandentia: Tupaiidae). Int. J. Mamm. Biol. 64 (1999) 129-153
69. Schilling N., and Fischer M.S. Postnatal development of muscles in small mammals. J. Morphol. 248 (2001) 281
70. Schmidt M., and Fischer M.S. Cineradiographic study of forelimb movements during quadrupedal walking in the Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus, Primates: Lemuridae). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111 (2000) 245-262
71. Seyfarth A., Günther M., and Blickhan R. Stable operation of an elastic three-segment leg. Biol. Cybern. 84 (2001) 365-382
72. Seyfarth A., Geyer H., Günther M., and Blickhan R. A movement criterion for running. J. Biomech. 35 (2002) 649-655
73. Shea B.T. Ontogenetic scaling of skeletal proportions on the talapoin monkey. J. Hum. Evol. 23 (1992) 283-307
74. Shigehara N. Epiphyseal union, tooth eruption, and sexual maturation in the common tree shrew, with special reference to its systematic problem. Primates 21 (1980) 1-19
75. Sokal R.R., and Rohlf F.J. Biometry. second ed (1981), W.H. Freemann and Company, New York
76. Strang K.T., and Steudel K.L. Explaining the scaling of transport costs: the role of stride frequency and stride length. J. Zool. London 221 (1990) 343-358
77. Taylor A.B. Relative growth, ontogeny, and sexual dimorphism in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla and G. g. beringei): evolutionary and ecological considerations. Am. J. Primatol. 43 (1997) 1-31
78. Torre C., Giacobini G., and Ardito G. Skeletal development of an Orang-Utan premature newborn: a comparative study with man. J. Hum. Evol. 7 (1978) 143-149
79. Turnquist J.E., and Wells J.P. Ontogeny of locomotion in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): I. Early postnatal ontogeny of the muskuloskeletal system. J. Hum. Evol. 26 (1994) 487-499
80. Vilensky J.A., and Gankiewicz E. Effects of size on vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) gait parameters: a preliminary analysis. Folia Primatol. 46 (1986) 104-117
81. Watkins M.A., and German R.Z. Ontogenetic allometry of ossified fetal limb bones. Growth Dev. Aging 56 (1992) 259-267
82. Witte H.F., Biltzinger J., Hackert R., Schilling N., Schmidt M., Reich C., and Fischer M.S. Torque patterns of the limbs of small therian mammals during locomotion on flat ground. J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 1339-1353
83. Zar J.H. Calculation and miscalculation of the allometric equation as a model in biological data. Bioscience 18 (1968) 1118-1120
84. Zuck T.T. Age order of epiphyseal union of the guinea pig. Anat. Rec. 70 (1938) 389-400