Survival, cause-specific mortality, sex, and ages of American black bears in Washington state, USA

Ursus

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 157-166

  Koehler, Gary M ^a   Pierce, D John ^a  

^a WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE   (United States)

Author keywords

American black bear; Cause specific mortality; Survival; Ursus americanus; Washington

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; URSUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 33646008623     PISSN: 15376176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0157:SCMSAA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. BAILEY, J.A. 1984. Principles of wildlife management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
2. BECK, T.D.I. 1991. Black bears of west-central Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Technical Publication 39.
3. BEECHAM, J.J. 1983. Population characteristics of black bears in west central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 47: 405-412.
4. -, AND J. ROHLMAN. 1994. A shadow in the forest: Idaho's black bear. University of Idaho Press, Moscow Idaho, USA.
5. BERINGER, J., S.G. SEIBERT, S. REAGAN, A.J. BRODY, M.R. PELTON, AND L.D. VANGILDER. 1998. The influence of a small sanctuary on survival rates of black bears in North Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:727-734.
6. BUNNELL, F.L., AND D.E.N. TAIT. 1980. Bears in models and in reality - implications to management. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:15-23.
7. CAUGHLEY, G. 1977. Analysis of vertebrate populations. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
8. -, AND A.R.E. SINCLAIR. 1994. Wildlife ecology and management. Blackwell, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA.
9. COLLINS, G.H., R.B. WIELGUS, AND G.M. KOEHLER. 2002. Effects of sex and age on American black bear conifer damage and control. Ursus 13:231-236.
10. GARSHELIS, D.L. 1990. Monitoring effects of harvest on black bear populations in North America: a review and evaluation of techniques. Eastern workshop on black bear research and management 10:120-144.
11. HEBBLEWHITE, M., M. PERCY, AND R. SERROYA. 2003. Black bear (Ursus americanus) survival and demography in the Bow Valley of Banff National Park, Alberta. Biological Conservation 112:415-425.
12. HELLGREN, E.C., AND M.R. VAUGHAN. 1989. Demographic analysis of a black bear population in the Great Dismal Swamp. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:969-977.
13. KANE, D.M., AND J.A. LITVAITIS. 1992. Age and sex composition of live-captured and hunter-killed samples of black bears. Journal of Mammalogy 73:215-217.
14. KASWORM, W.F., AND T.J. THIER. 1994. Adult black bear reproduction, survival, and mortality sources in Northwest Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9(1):223-230.
15. KOEHLER, G.M., P.B. HALL, M.H. NORTON, AND D.J. PIERCE. 2001. A comparison of implant and collar transmitter use on black bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:600-605.
16. -, AND D.J. PIERCE. 2003. Black bear home-range sizes in Washington: climatic, vegetative, and social influences. Journal of Mammalogy 84:81-91.
17. KOLENOSKY, G.B. 1986. The effects of hunting on an Ontario black bear population. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 6:45-55.
18. -, AND S.M. STRATHEARN. 1987. Black bear. Pages 443-454 in M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, and B. Mallock, editors. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada.
19. LECOUNT, A.L. 1982. Characteristics of a central Arizona black bear population. Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 861-868.
20. MCLELLAN, B.N., F.W. HOVEY, J.D. MACE, J.G. WOODS, D.W. CARNEY, M.L. GIBEAU, W.L. WAKKINEN, AND W.F. KASWORM. 1999. Rates and causes of grizzly bear mortality in the interior mountains of British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, Washington, and Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:911-920.
21. PELTON, M.R. 1982. Black bear. Pages 504-514 in J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild mammals of North America. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
22. POELKER, R.J., AND H.D. HARTWELL. 1973. Black bear of Washington. Washington State Game Department Biological Bulletin 14.
23. POLLOCK, K.H., S.R. WINTERSTEIN, C.M. BUNCK, AND P.D. CURTIS. 1989. Survival analysis in telemetry studies: the staggered entry design. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:7-15.
24. POWELL, R.A., J.W. ZIMMERMAN, D.E. SEAMAN, AND J.F. GILLIAM. 1996. Demographic analyses of a hunted black bear population with access to a refuge. Conservation Biology 10:224-234.
25. ROGERS, L.L. 1987. Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movements, and population growth on black bears in Northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 97.
26. SCHWARTZ, C.C., AND A.W. FRANZMANN. 1992. Dispersal and survival of subadult black bears from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:426-431.
27. SORENSEN, V.A., AND R.A. POWELL. 1998. Estimating survival rates of black bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 1335-1343.
28. STEWART, W.B., G.W. WITMER, AND G.M. KOEHLER. 1999. Black bear damage to forest stands in western Washington. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14:128-131.
29. STONEBERG, R.P., AND C.J. JONKEL. 1966. Age, determination in black bears by cementum layers. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:411-414.
30. WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE. 1996. Environmental impact statement for the Washington State Management Plan for Black Bear. Wildlife Management Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA.
31. -. 2003. Game management plan. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA.
32. WHITE, G.C., AND R.A. GARROTT. 1990. Analysis of wildlife radio-tracking data. Academic Press San Diego, California, USA.
33. ZAR, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
34. ZIEGLTRUM, G.J., AND D.L. NOLTE. 2001. Black bear forest damage in Washington state, USA: economic, ecological, social aspects. Ursus 12:169-172.