"An ideal life in the woods for boys": Architecture and culture in the earliest summer camps

Winterthur Portfolio

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 3-29

  Maynard, W Barksdale ^a  

^a PRATT INSTITUTE   (United States)

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EID: 33645767330     PISSN: 00840416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/496760     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. On camping statistics, see 1987 Parents' Guide to Accredited Camps (Martinsville, Ind.: American Camping Assoc., 1987), pp. 1-2.
2. Eliot is quoted in Herbert H. Twining, "Camps of Fifty Years Ago," Nation's Schools 21, no. 4 (April 1938): 18.
3. Charles Ledyard Norton, "Summer Camps for Boys," Christian Union 38, no. 8 (August 23, 1888): 193.
4. On the Gunnery School, see Adam Korpalski, The Gunnery, 1850-1975: A Documentary History of Private Education in America (Washington, Conn.: By the author, 1977), pp. 14-15.
5. The American Camping Association has emphasized Gunn, perhaps inordinately, as the founder of the summer camping movement; see "Summer Camp Celebration Salutes 125 Years of History," 1987 Parents' Guide, pp. iv-v.
6. On the Boston Asylum and Farm School, see [John Dix], Local Loiterings and Visits in the Vicinity of Boston (Boston: Redding, 1845), p. 103.
7. James McLachlan, American Boarding Schools: An Historical Study (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970), p. 123.
8. On YMCA youth initiatives, see David I. Macleod, Building Character, in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), pp. 72-82. Of the 500 camps existing in 1905, 300 were YMCA camps, and 200 were private;
9. see Winthrop T. Talbot, "Summer Camps for Boys," World's Work 10 (May 1905): 6167;
10. and Winthrop T. Talbot, "Some Physical Abnormalities of Boys Which Boys' Club Leaders Should Understand," Education 23, no. 5 (January 1903): 299-304.
11. On the history of summer camps, see Porter Sargent, A Handbook of Summer Camps (12th ed.; Boston: P. Sargent, 1935);
12. H. W. Gibson, "History of Organized Camping," Camping Magazine (January-April 1936);
13. Stanley M. Ulanoff, "The Origin and Development of Organized Camping in the United States, 1861-1961" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1968);
14. Elizabeth B. Smith, "The Origin of Summer Camping: An Educational Adventure" (B.A. honors thesis, Middlebury College, 1984);
15. Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 96-105;
16. and Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy, pp. 233-47.
17. The Pasquaney counselor is quoted in Pasquaney Annual 17 (1915): 14,
18. Pasquaney Archives, Concord, N.H. Theodore Roosevelt, "The American Boy," St. Nicholas 27, no. 7 (May 1900): 571-74,
19. reprinted in Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses (New York: Century Co., 1902), pp. 155-64.
20. Ernest Thompson Seton, Wild Animals I Have Known (1898; reprint, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1900).
21. Daniel Carter Beard, What to Do and How to Do It: The American Boy's Handy Book (1882; reprint, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1905).
22. On Seton and Beard, see H. Allen Anderson, The Chief: Ernest Thompson Seton and the Changing West (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986);
23. Betty Keller, Black Wolf: The Life of Ernest Thompson Seton (Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas and Mclntyre, 1984);
24. Brian Morris, "Ernest Thompson Seton and the Origins of the Woodcraft Movement," Journal of Contemporary History 5 (1970): 183-94;
25. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy, pp. 130-33.
26. On the Boy Scouts, see William D. Murray, The History of the Boy Scouts of America (New York: Boy Scouts of America, 1937);
27. David I. Macleod, "Act Your Age: Boyhood, Adolescence, and the Rise of the Boy Scouts of America," Journal of Social History 16, no. 2 (Winter 1982): 3-30;
28. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy;
29. Tim Jeal, Baden-Powell (London: Hutchinson, 1989);
30. Robert H. MacDonald, Sons of the Empire: The Frontier and the Boy Scout Movement, 1890-1918 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993);
31. Michael Rosenthal, The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986).
32. On Gulick, see Ethel Josephine Dorgan, Luther Halsey Gulick, 1865-1918 (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1934);
33. and Helen Buckler, Wo-He-Lo: The Story of the Camp Fire Girls, 1910-1960 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1961).
34. On the Balch family, see Edric A. Weld, "Holderness School" (Holderness School Archives, Holderness, N.H., 1954, pamphlet).
35. E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modem Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 62.
36. On Flint's Pond, see Raymond R. Borst, The Thoreau Log: A Documentary Life of Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862 (New York: G. K. Hall, 1992), p. 27;
37. and John Olin Eidson, Charles Stearns Wheeler, Friend of Emerson (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1951), p. 50.
38. Rotundo, American Manhood, pp. 63, 55.
39. On daily activities at Chocorua, see Gen. Samuel C. Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record (Hampton, Va.) 18, no. 10 (October 1889): 101.
40. Chocorua enrolled "about forty boys, principally from New York and Boston" in 1887 (White Mountain Echo [Bethlehem, N.H.],July 23, 1887, p. 6). There were 22 boys and 8 faculty in 1888;
41. see Gen. Samuel C. Armstrong, "Summer Camps for Boys," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record 17, no. 9 (October 1888): 99. At least 28 persons were said to be in camp in 1889;
42. see Among the Clouds (Mt. Washington, N.H.), August 23, 1889, p. 1.
43. A group photograph probably taken that year shows 38 persons. On boys' ages, see Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101.
44. In 1886 the summer was "divided into 2 terms: from the 23rd of June to the 1st of August, and from the 1st of August to the 9th of September" ("Camp Chocorua: A Summer Camp for Boys," Chocorua Chapel Association Archives, Ashland, N.H. [hereafter CCA Archives], 1886, circular).
45. The reference to Chocorua's closing as a "smashup" is in Julian Coolidge diary, 1890, CCA Archives; Chocorua advertisement, The Churchman (March 18, 1882),
46. is cited in Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, p. 56.
47. Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936),
48. s.v. "Armstrong, Samuel Chapman," 1:360;
49. Elizabeth Balch, "The Boys' Paradise," St. Nicholas 13, no. 2 (June 1886): 604-7;
50. Alfred Balch, "A Boys' Republic," McClure's 1, no. 242 (June-November 1893): 242-54.
51. Balch is quoted in Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, p. 63.
52. Some tourist newspaper references to Chocorua are: Among the Clouds (Mt. Washington, N.H.), August 23, 1889, p. 1;
53. and "Camp Chocorua: Training the Rising Generation for a Life in the Woods, " White Mountain Echo (Bethlehem, N-H.), July 9, 1881, p. 5.
54. On Camp Harvard, at Lake Monomonock near Rindge, N.H., see "A Boys' Camp," St. Nicholas 13, no. 2 (June 1886): 607-12.
55. Research by Charles Platt and myself has shown that the founder of the camp was not, as Balch later recalled, William Ford Nichols. Instead it was probably John F. Nichols of Palmyra, N.Y., who attended Harvard University and ran Camp Harvard while enrolled at the Episcopal Divinity School, from which he graduated in 1887. Talbot's family likely summered at the Asquam House in the 188os, and in September 1886, Talbot's father and brother bought land near that hotel (personal communication with Platt, 1993). On the camp's leadership, see White Mountain Echo (Bethlehem, N.H.), August 6, 1887, p. 14.
56. On "camps for the sons of the well-to-do classes," of which there were a dozen by 1900, see Louis Rouillion, "Summer Camps for Boys," Review of Reviews 21 (June 1900): 697-703.
57. On Asquam's enrollment and size, see Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101;
58. and Asquam Record, no. 2 (July-August 1902): 19, Camp Deerwood Archives, Holderness, N.H.
59. On tourism statistics, see Lakes and Summer Resorts in New Hampshire (Manchester, N.H.: John B. Clarke, 1891), pp. 5-6;
60. Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101.
61. On vacation camps, see William Henry Bishop, "Hunting an Abandoned Farm in Upper New England," Century Magazine 48, no. 1 (May 1894): 42;
62. Summer Saunterings by the B. and L. (1886; reprint, Needham, Mass.: Travel Service Bureau, 1970), p. 116.
63. The proliferation of summer cottages is explored in Bryant F. Tolles, Jr., Summer Cottages of the White Mountains: The Architecture of Leisure and Recreation, 1870-1930 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, forthcoming).
64. For the history of 2 family camps on Squam Lake, see Megan Thorn, ed., Roots and Recollections: A Century of Rockywold-Deephaven Camps (Squam Lake, N.H.: Rockywold-Deephaven Camps, 1997). The 11 camps known to have existed in 1895, with locations and starting dates, are as follows: Asquam (N.H., 1885); Dudley (N.Y., 1885); Algonquin (N.H., 1886);Arey (N.Y., 1890); Idlewild (N.H., 1892); St. Ann (Vt, 1892); Adirondack Summer Art School (N.Y., 1893); Groton School Camp (N.H., 1893); Champlain (Vt, 1894); Pasquaney (N.H., 1895); Pine Bluff (N.Y., 1895). The list is highly incomplete, as a number of early camps were tiny, short-lived, and vanished without record. Such was the case, for example, with all but 1 of the 20 YMCA camps said by Rouillion to have been in operation in 1900; Rouillion, "Summer Camps for Boys." Camps Dudley and Pasquaney survive today, and Groton School Camp has a descendant in Camp Mayhew. Keewaydin claims a founding date of 1894, but 1897 is perhaps more accurate, that being the year that Keewaydin's founder, E. S. G. Clarke, first established a permanent camp named Kahkou;
65. see Brian Back, The Keewaydin Way (Temagami, Can.: Keewaydin Camp, 1983).
66. On the creation of the camp, see Edward S. Wilson, "The Making of Pasquaney," Pasquaney Annual 9 (1907): 14, Pasquaney Archives.
67. On statistics, see "Camp Pasquaney" (Pasquaney Archives, 1895, circular), p. 1; newspaper clipping, 1900, Edward S. Wilson scrapbook, Pasquaney Archives (hereafter Wilson scrapbook).
68. On Pasquaney to 1905, see W. Barksdale Maynard, "Nineteenth-Century Pasquaney: The Origins and Early Years of a Boys' Camp in New Hampshire" (Pasquaney Archives, 1994, manuscript); the manuscript was prepared for the camp's centennial.
69. Edward S. Wilson to George S. Roberts, December 1, 1894, Pasquaney Archives. For scions, see Joshua Hall Bates, Jr., "Oddest Summer Camp in America," Cincinnati Commercial Tribune [Spring 1899], Wilson scrapbook;
70. Sargent is quoted in Charles F. Stanwood, Portrait of Pasquaney (Bristol, N.H.: Pasquaney Trust, 1985), p. 18.
71. On Bullitt at camp, see Will Brownell and Richard N. Billings, So Close to Greatness (New York: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 22-26;
72. on Edison, see Neil Baldwin, Edison: Inventing the Century (New York: Hyperion, 1995), p. 311. Camps influenced by Pasquaney include the following (with locations indicated; surviving camps in italics): Choconut (Pa., 1896); Yapeechu (Pa., 1900); Redcroft (N.H., 1900); Awosting (Conn., 1900); Mowglis (N.H., 1903); Pasquaney Nature Club (N.H., 1905); South Pond Cabins (N.H., 1908); Onaway (N.H., 1911); Wikiva (N.H.[?], 1914); Le Bourget (France, 1922); Kieve (Maine, 1926); and Mayhew (N.H., 1969).
73. On Redcroft, see Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, p.93.
74. On the Adirondack camps, see Daniel D. Reiff, "Smaller Camps of the Adirondacks," Nineteenth Century 12, no. 2 (1993): 22-29;
75. Daniel D. Reiff, "Architectural History and the Great Camps," Nineteenth Century 10, no. 2 (1990): 14-19;
76. Harvey H. Kaiser, Great Camps of the Adirondacks (Boston: David R. Godine, 1982);
77. Craig Gilborn, Adirondack Furniture and the Rustic Tradition (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1987);
78. Craig Gilborn, Durant: The Fortunes and Woodland Camps of a Family in the Adirondacks (Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.: Adirondack Museum, 1981).
79. See also Vincent J. Scully, The Architecture of the American Summer: The Flowering of the Shingle Style (New York: Rizzoli, 1989). Abigail Van Slyck, University of Arizona, is currently researching the architecture of twentieth-century summer camps.
80. Norton, "Summer Camps for Boys," p. 193. Camp Dudley, founded in 1885, is today the oldest camp in existence;
81. see Thomas Hale et al., eds., Camp Dudley: The First Hundred Years (Camp Dudley, N.Y., 1984).
82. For historical photographs of Dudley, see Twining, "Camps of Fifty Years Ago," pp. 18-21.
83. "Camp Chocorua," White Mountain Echo, p. 5;
84. on the buildings, see Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, pp. 65-66;
85. "Camp Chocorua," 1886, CCA Archives. Photographs of Chocorua and its architecture are in 2 collections: Gray Twombly family album, private collection, Squam Lake, N.H., and CCA Archives. On the architecture of family camps, see Bryant F. Tolles, Jr., "Comfortable and Practical Rustic: The Architecture of Rockywold-Deephaven Camps," in Thorn, Roots and Recollections, pp. 31-33.
86. Asquam Record, no. 3 (1906): 1, Camp Deerwood Archives, Holderness, N.H. Reiff, "Smaller Camps," p. 25.
87. Wilson to Roberts, December 1, 1894, Pasquaney Archives. Talbot, "Summer Camps for Boys," p. 6173.
88. On Adams, see Stanwood, Portrait of Pasquaney, pp. 96-97.
89. The White Birch (Pasquaney annual), 1900, Pasquaney Archives. On Water Sports, see newspaper clipping, 1900, Wilson scrapbook.
90. Newspaper clipping, 1900, Wilson scrapbook; Diane Balmori, "Architecture, Landscape, and the Intermediate Structure: Eighteenth-Century Experiments in Mediation," Journal of the Society ofArchitectural Historians 50, no. 1 (March 1991): 38-56. The concept of mediation will appear frequently in this essay.
91. Reiff, "Architectural History." On the rustic tradition, see Robert McCracken Peck, "The Cult of the Rustic in Nineteenth-Century America" (Master's thesis, University of Delaware, 1976);
92. Gilborn, Adirondack Furniture;
93. and Harvey H. Kaiser, Landmarks in the Landscape: Historic Architecture in the National Parks of the West (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1997).
94. On the villa books, see Edmund Bartell, Hints for Picturesque Improvements in Ornamented Cottages (London: J. Taylor, 1804);
95. John Archer, The Literature of British Domestic Architecture, 1715-1842 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985);
96. John E. Crowley, "'In Happier Mansions, Warm, and Dry': The Invention of the Cottage as the Comfortable Anglo-American House," Winterthur Portfolio 32, nos. 2/3 (Summer/Autumn 1997): 169-88;
97. Michael McMordie, "Picturesque Pattern Books and Pre-Victorian Designers," Architectural History 18 (1975): 43-59;
98. David Paul Schuyler, "English and American Cottages, 1795-1855: A Study in Architectural Theory and the Social Order" (Master's thesis, University of Delaware, 1976);
99. and Dell Upton, "Pattern Books and Professionalism: Aspects of the Transformation of Domestic Architecture in America, 1800-1860," Winterthur Portfolio 19, nos. 2/3 (Summer/Autumn 1984): 107-50.
100. On Downing and the Picturesque, see Judith K. Major, To Live in the New World: A. J. Downing and American Landscape Gardening (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997);
101. and Jane B. Davies, "Davis and Downing: Collaborators in the Picturesque," in George B. Tatum and Elisabeth Blair MacDougall, eds., Prophet with Honor: The Career of Andrew Jackson Downing, 1815-1852 (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1987), pp. 81-124.
102. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence (1904; reprint, New York: D. Appleton, 1922).
103. John Higham, Writing American History: Essays on Modem Scholarship (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1970), pp. 77, 81;
104. E. Anthony Rotundo, "Boy Culture: Middle-Class Boyhood in Nineteenth-Century America," in Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 35.
105. For more on boy culture and male development in the late nineteenth century, see Mark C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), chap. 4.
106. Winthrop T. Talbot, "Summer Camping for Boys," American Physical Education Review (March 1899): 33;
107. Washington Gladden, "The Disadvantages of City Boys," St. Nicholas 7, no. 5 (March 1880): 409.
108. On nineteenth-century childhood, see R. Richard Wohl, "The 'Country Boy' Myth and Its Place in American Urban Culture: The Nineteenth-Century Contribution," Perspectives in American History 3 (1969): 77-156;
109. and T.J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), pp. 144-49.
110. Armstrong, "Summer Camps for Boys," p. 99;
111. Wilson, "Making of Pasquaney."
112. On boarding schools, see J. R. de S. Honey, Tom Brown's Universe: The Development of the English Public School in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977);
113. and McLachlan, American Boarding Schools.
114. "'Camping-out' fever" is quoted in Charles A. J. Farrar, Farrar's Illustrated Guide Book to the Androscoggin Lakes (Boston: Lee and Shepherd, 1887), p. 19.
115. The camping-out tides mentioned are C. F. Huffman, Wild Scenes in the Forest and Prairie, with Sketches of American Life, 2 vols. (New York: William H. Colyer, 1843);
116. Henry David Thoreau, The Maine Woods, ed. Joseph J. Moldenhauer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972);
117. Joel Tyler Headley, Life in the Woods; or, The Adirondack (Dublin: James M'Glashan, 1850);
118. Theodore Winthrop, Life in the Open Air (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863);
119. and William H. H. Murray, Adventures in the Wilderness; or, Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869).
120. On Murray as a pioneer of back-to-nature, see David Strauss, "Toward a Consumer Culture: 'Adirondack Murray' and the Wilderness Vacation," American Quarterly 39, no. 2 (Summer 1987): 270-86.
121. The youngster is quoted in "Boys' Camp," p. 607.
122. John M. Gould, How to Camp Out (1877; reprint, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1880), p. 97;
123. John H. Peel, "Going A-Gypsying," St. Nicholas 4, no. 9 (July 1877): 620-21;
124. Farrar, Illustrated Guide Book, pp. 31, 79.
125. On the early Wandervogel movement in Germany (ca. 1896-1914), analogous to the camping-out craze in America, see Walter Z. Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement (New York: Basic Books, 1962), pp. 3-31;
126. and Peter D. Stachura, The German Youth Movement, 1900-1945 (London: Macmillan Press, 1981), pp. 13-17.
127. "Boys' Camp," p. 610;
128. William W. Rockwell, Song: Camp Pasquaney, July 30, 1895, Pasquaney Archives.
129. Gould, How to Camp Out, pp. 26-87.
130. On William Alexander Smith's Boys' Brigade in Glasgow (1883), see W. McG. Eagar, Making Men: The History of Boys' Clubs and Related Movements in Great Britain (London: University of London Press, 1953), pp. 319-85.
131. On Boys' Brigade camping trips.1890s-1900s, see John Springhall, Youth, Empire, and Society: British Youth Movements, 1883-1940 (London: Croom Helm, 1977), pp. 98-109.
132. On Boys' Brigades in America, see Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy, pp. 83-93;
133. and David E. Shi, "Ernest Thompson Seton and the Boy Scouts: A Moral Equivalent of War?" South Atlantic Quarterly 84, no. 4 (Autumn 1985): 379-91.
134. The Gunnery Camp made explicit use of a military system; see Korpalski, Gunnery, p. 15. Talbot, "Summer Camping for Boys," p. 33.
135. Balch is quoted in Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, pp. 63, 83;
136. and Balch, "Boys' Republic," p. 250.
137. Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101.
138. Higham, Writing American History, p. 88.
139. Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101, corroborates the 5-hours-a-day duties statistic at Chocorua: "I found that wood-chopping, carrying water, dish washing and lamp cleaning, occupied about one third of the time."
140. Rotundo, "Boy Culture," pp. 38-33.
141. Gladden, "Disadvantages of City Boys," p. 409.
142. Balch is quoted in Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, p. 59.
143. Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101.
144. Balch is quoted in Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, pp. 65, 83. Although Balch claimed that various social classes were represented at Chocorua, it should be noted that the camp was as expensive as Asquam; Camp Chocorua listed in its circular "Term Fees, $100. For the two terms, $175" ("Camp Chocorua," 1886, CCA Archives).
145. Edward S. Wilson to William W. Rockwell, April 34, 1895 (transcript), Pasquaney Archives.
146. On Mascoma Lake, see Summer Saunterings by the B. and L., p. 80.
147. Pocono Highland Camps advertisement, New York Times Magazine (May 10, 1998): 59.
148. Asquam Record (1902): 20, Camp Deerwood Archives, Holderness, N.H. Newspaper clipping, 1898, Wilson scrapbook.
149. On Wilson's temper, see C. Mifflin Frothingham, The Story of Pasquaney (Bristol, N.H.: Pasquaney Trust, 1960), p. 35.
150. "'PASQUANEY.' A Camp for Boys at the Lake," newspaper clipping, 1895, Wilson scrapbook. Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, p. 67.
151. Armstrong, "Summer Camps for Boys," p. 99; Wilson to Roberts, September 19, 1892, and October 23, 1892, Pasquaney Archives. Anonymous poem, 1890s, Pasquaney Archives;
152. Bates, "Oddest Summer Camp."
153. For an overview of the back-to-nature movement, see Schmitt, Back to Nature;
154. and Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3d ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
155. Bates, "Oddest Summer Camp."
156. Armstrong, "Summer Camps for Boys," p. 99;
157. Andrew Jackson Downing, Cottage Residences (1842; 5th ed., New York: John Wiley and Son, 1873), p. 43;
158. Jay Appleton, The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley, 1975);
159. Andrew Jackson Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses ( 1850; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1969), p. 263;
160. Camp Pasquaney (1895), p. 3, Pasquaney Archives;
161. Jay Mechling, "'Playing Indian' and the Search for Authenticity in Modern White America," Prospects 5 (1980): 18;
162. Ernest Thompson Seton, Two Little Savages: Being the Adventures of Two Boys Who Lived as Indians and What They Learned (1903; reprint, Garden City, NJ.: Doubleday, 1959).
163. Rotundo, "Boy Culture," p. 33;
164. Armstrong, "Editorial Correspondence," p. 101.
165. On nineteenth-century concerns about the feminization of youth, see David Macleod, "A Live Vaccine: The YMCA and Male Adolescence in the United States and Canada, 1870-1920," Histoire sociale - Social History 11, no. 21 (May 1978): 5-25:
166. and Jeffrey P. Hantover, "The Boy Scouts and the Validation of Masculinity, "Journal of Social Issues 34, no. 1 (1978): 184-95.
167. Murray, Adventures in the Wilderness, pp. 195, 197.
168. On the Romantic notion, see William Cullen Bryant, "A [Forest] Hymn," United States Literary Gazette (April 1,1825),
169. quoted in Walter Blair et al., The Literature of the United States (New York: Scott Foresman, 1949), p. 228.
170. Armstrong, "Summer Camps for Boys," p. 99.
171. On similar outdoor worship at the Gunnery Camp, see Korpalski, Gunnery, p. 15.
172. On the Chocorua Chapel, see Reflections: Chocorua Island Chapel (Holderness, N.H.: Chocorua Chapel Assoc., 1993).
173. On the nineteenth-century camp meeting, see Ellen Weiss, City in the Woods: The Life and Design of an American Camp Meeting on Martha's Vineyard (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);
174. and Charles H. Lippy, "The Camp Meeting in Transition: The Character and Legacy of the Late Nineteenth Century," Methodist History 34, no. 1 (October 1995): 3-17.
175. Lavinia Wilson to Capt. John Wall Wilson, September 24, 1894, Pasquaney Archives. On Talbot's choice of site, see White Birch, 1900, Pasquaney Archives. Aristocracy Hall was likewise a model for Dana; it measures 63 ft. X 36.3 ft. and Dana is 66.75 ft. X 36.3 ft. Each stands about 100 in. high at the eaves. The gable end of Aristocracy is 195 in. wide; the narrow end of southern Dana is 200 in. wide. For certain details of Dana's history and construction, I am indebted to Nelson C. Adams, grandson of its builder, who has lived at Pasquaney since 1917.
176. Farrar, Illustrated Guide Book;
177. Gould, How to Camp Out, p. 97;
178. Talbot, Asquam Record (1901): 4, 36,
179. Camp Deerwood, Holderness, N.H.; Winthrop, Life in the Open Air, p. 36.
180. "Camp Pasquaney" (1895), Pasquaney Archives; Rockwell, Song: Camp Pasquaney.
181. Cottage Number 883 in Shoppell's Modern Houses (New York: Cooperative Building Plan Assoc., 1895), p. 79, apparently inspired a preliminary sketch for the first Pasquaney Headquarters, one that is framed today in the Pasquaney Office.
182. Farrar, Illustrated Guide Book, p. 169.
183. Bement is quoted in Sargent, Handbook of Summer Camps, p. 82;
184. Bullitt is quoted in Frothingham, Story of Pasquaney, pp. 65-66.
185. Wilson to Roberts, December 1, 1894, Pasquaney Archives.