"In happier mansions, warm, and dry": The invention of the cottage as the comfortable anglo-american house

Winterthur Portfolio

Volumn 32, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 169-188

  Crowley, John E ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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EID: 33750278574     PISSN: 00840416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/496713     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility (1811; reprint, New York: Signet, 1995), chap. 14;
2. Fanny Burney to her father, October 1796, as quoted in John Middleton, "Camilla Cottage, Westhumble," Georgian Group Journal (1993): 94;
3. [Benjamin Thompson], "Of Chimney Fire-places," in Sanborn C. Brown, ed., Collected Works of Count Rumford, 5 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968-70), 2:221-307.
4. Daniel Defoe, The Life and Times of Robinson Crusoe (1719; reprint, London: Penguin Books, 1965);
5. Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees; or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, ed. F. B. Kaye, 2 vols. (1924; reprint, Indianapolis: LibertyPress, 1988), 1:107-8, 155;
6. David Hume, "Of Refinement in the Arts," in Eugene F. Miller, ed., Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1987), p. 268;
7. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, 2 vols. (1976; reprint, Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1981), 1:10, 47, 52, 95-96.
8. Christopher Dyer, "Towns and Cottages in Eleventh-Century England," in Henry Mayr-Harting and R. I. Moore, eds., Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. H. C. Davis (London: Hambledon Press, 1985), pp. 91-106;
9. "Poor Law Amendment Act, 1662," and "Gregory King's Estimate of the Numbers and Incomes of Different Classes," in Andrew Browning, ed., English Historical Documents, 1660-1714, 13 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), 8:464, 517;
10. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost Further Explored (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984), pp. 32-33;
11. Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols. (1775; reprint, London: J. F. and C. Rivington et al., 1785), s.v. "cottage."
12. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), pp. 76, 136;
13. Carl R. Lounsbury, An Illustrated Glossary of Early Southern Ar chitecture and Landscape (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 97.
14. The cottage design was first published in J. B. Bordley, Country Habitations (Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1798)
15. and subsequently appeared in J. B. Bordley, Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs (2d ed., Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1801), pl. 5, fig. 2.
16. Lucy Simler, "The Landless Worker: An Index of Economic and Social Change in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1750-1820," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 114, no. 2 (April 1990): 168-69, 175-76, 179, 187;
17. Lucy Simler, "Tenancy in Colonial Pennsylvania: The Case of Chester County, Pennsylvania," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 43, no. 3 (October 1986): 562-68;
18. Lucy Simler to author, March 26, 1996. Bordley, Essays and Notes on Husbandry, p. 389.
19. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (1785; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1976), pp. 145-48;
20. Edward A. Chappell, "Housing a Nation: The Transformation of Living Standards in Early America," in Cary Carson, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albright, eds., Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the Eighteenth Century (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), pp. 167-233;
21. Jack Larkin, "From 'Country Mediocrity' to 'Rural Improvement': Transforming the Slovenly Countryside in Central Massachusetts, 1775-1840," in Catherine E. Hutchins, ed., Everyday Life in the Early Republic (Winterthur, Del.: Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1994), pp. 175-200;
22. Lee Soltow, Distribution of Wealth and Income in the United States in 1798 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), p. 57;
23. Bernard L. Herman, Architecture and Rural Life in Central Delaware, 1700-1900 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), pp. 14-41, 109-14;
24. Bernard L. Herman, The Stolen House (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), pp. 183-95, 206-10, 817-82.
25. John Claudius London, Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture and Furniture (1833; reprint, London: Longman, Rees, Orne, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1835);
26. Alexander Jackson Davis, Rural Residences . . . with a View to the Improvement of Amer ican Country Architecture (New York: By the author, 1837-38);
27. Andrew Jackson Downing, Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening . . . with Remarks on Rural Architecture (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1841);
28. Andrew Jackson Downing, Cottage Residences . . . Designs for Rural Cottages and Cottage Villas and Their Gardens and Grounds, Adapted to North America (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1842);
29. Andrew Jackson Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses, Including Designs for Cottages, Farm Houses, and Villas (New York: D. Appleton, 1850);
30. David Schuyler, "Apostle of Taste": Andrew Jackson Downing, 1815-1852 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996);
31. John E. Crowley, "Houses, Gender, and the Picturesque Landscape: The Designs of Catherine Beecher and Andrew Jackson Downing," in Moira Donald and Linda Hurcombe, eds., Gender and Material Culture: Historical Per spectives (London: Macmillan, 1997).
32. Studies of early architecturally designed cottages include: Sandra Blutman, "Books of Designs for Country Houses, 1780-1815," Architectural History 11 (1968): 25-33;
33. Sutherland Lyall, "Minor Domestic Architecture in Britain and the Pattern Books" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1974);
34. Michael McMordie, "Picturesque Pattern Books and Pre-Victorian Designers," Architectural History 18 (1975): 43-59;
35. David Paul Schuyler, "English and American Cottages, 1795-1855: A Study in Architectural Theory and the Social Order" (Master's thesis, University of Delaware, 1976);
36. Michael McMordie, "The Cottage Idea," RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne: Canadian Art Review 6, no. 1 (1979): 17-27;
37. Sutherland Lyall, Dream Cottages: From Cottage Ornée to Stockbroker Tudor, Two Hundred Years of the Cult of the Vernacular (London: Robert Hale, 1988);
38. James S. Ackerman, The Villa: Form and Ideol ogy of Country Houses (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 218-27.
39. On architectural pattern books in Britain and America, see John Archer, The Literature of British Domestic Architecture, 1715-1842 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985), esp. pp. 21, 28-30, 56-71, 78-83;
40. Dell Upton, "Pattern Books and Professionalism: Aspects of the Transformation of Domestic Architecture in America, 1800-1860," Winterthur Portfolio 19, nos. 2/3 (Summer/Autumn 1984): 107-50;
41. Charles B. Wood III, "The New Pattern Books and the Role of the Agricultural Press," in George B. Tatum and Elisabeth Blair MacDougall, eds., Prophet with Honor: The Career of Andrew Jackson Downing, 1815-1852 (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989), pp. 165-89;
42. Sally McMurry, Families and Farm houses in Nineteenth-Century America: Vernacular Design and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
43. Some publications including the term comfort in their titles are: John Wood, A Series of Plans for Cottages or Habitations of the Labourer . . . Tending to the Comfort of the Poor and Advantage of the Builder (3d ed., London: J. Taylor, 1806);
44. John Flaw, Sketches for Country Houses, Villas, and Rural Dwellings Calculated for Persons of Moderate Income and for Comfortable Retirement (London: J. Taylor, 1800);
45. E. Gyfford, Designs for Elegant Cottages and Small Villas Calcu lated for the Comfort and Convenience of Persons of Moderate and of Ample Fortune (1806; reprint, Westmead, Eng.: Gregg International, 1972).
46. Humphry Repton, Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (London: J. Taylor, 1803), p. 11;
47. Andrea Palladio, Four Books of Architecture, ed. Isaac Ware (1738; reprint, New York: Dover, 1965), p. 1.
48. Leone Battista Alberti, Ten Books on Architecture, trans. James Leoni and ed. J. Rykwert (1755; reprint, London: Alec Tiranti, 1955), p. 205;
49. reference from Eileen Harris, British Architectural Books and Writers, 1556-1785 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 203.
50. For discussion of a more positive view of farmhouses in later Renaissance architectural theory, see Claudia Lazzaro, "Rustic Country House to Refined Farmhouse: The Evolution and Migration of an Architectural Form," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44, no. 4 (December 1985): 346-67.
51. Isaac Ware, A Complete Body of Architecture (1768; reprint, Westmead, Eng.: Gregg International, 1971), p. 345;
52. Thomas Rawlins, Familiar Architecture: Consisting of Original Designs of Houses for Gen tlemen and Tradesmen, Parsonages and Summer-Retreats (London: n.p., 1768), pp. ii-iii;
53. Daniel Garret, Designs and Estimates of Farm Houses . . . (London: J. Brindley, 1747), pp. 1-2;
54. William Halfpenny, Six New Designs for Convenient Farm-Houses, with Their Proper Offices (London: Robert Sayer, 1751), preface;
55. William Halfpenny, Twelve Beautiful Designs for Farm-houses (ed ed., London: Robert Sayer, 1774);
56. Eileen Harris, "The Farmhouse: Vernacular and After," Architectural Review 130, no. 778 (December 1961): 377-79;
57. Jonn Martin Robinson, Georgian Model Farms: A Study of the Decorative and Model Farm Buildings of the Age of Improvement, 1700-1846 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), pp. 15, 19.
58. Batty Langley, New Principles of Gardening (London: A. Bettesworth and J. Batley, 1728), pp. x-xi, 19-195;
59. Laurence Fleming and Alan Gore, The English Garden (London: Michael Joseph, 1979), pp. 18, 24, 27-29, 32, 34, 38, 60, 62, 92;
60. George Mott, Sally Sample Aall, and Gervase Jackson-Stops, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions: England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1989), p. 9.
61. On Pope, see S. Lang, "The Genesis of the English Landscape Garden," in Nikolaus Pevsner, ed., The Picturesque Garden and Its Influence outside the Brit ish Isles (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1974), pp. 11-13, 22-29.
62. Tom Williamson, Polite Landscapes: Gardens and Society in Eighteenth-Century England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995);
63. Michel Saudan, Sylvia Saudan-Skira, and François Crouzet, From Folly to Follies: Discovering the World of Gardens (New York: Abbeville Press, 1988), p. viii;
64. Margaret Jourdain, The Work of William Kent: Artist, Painter, Designer, and Landscape Gardener (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1948), p. 79;
65. William Chambers, A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening (2d ed., London: W. Griffin, 1773), pp. 16, 21;
66. William Chambers, Designs of Chinese Buildings (London, 1757);
67. William Chambers, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Perspective Views of the Gardens and Buildings at Kew (London: J. Haberkorn, 1763);
68. Thomas Hinde, Capability Brown: The Story of a Master Gardener (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), pp. 134, 139;
69. Roger Turner, Capability Brown and the Eighteenth-Century English Landscape (New York: Rizzoli, 1985), pp. 86, 145-46, 181, 187;
70. Dorothy Stroud, Capability Brown (London: Country Life, 1950), pp. 87, 161, 180, 208-9.
71. Morrison Heckscher, "Eighteenth-Century Rustic Furniture Designs," Furniture History 11 (1975): 6411;
72. Alistair Rowan, Garden Buildings (Feltham, Eng.: Country Life, 1968), p. 3;
73. Roger White, "Georgian Landscape Architecture," in Roger White, ed., Georgian Arcadia: Architecture for the Park and Garden (London: Georgian Group, 1987), pp. 9-16;
74. William Halfpenny and John Halfpenny, Rural Architecture in the Gothick Taste, Being Twenty New Designs, for Temples, Garden-Seats, Summer-houses, Lodges, Terminies, Piers, &c (London: Robert Sayer, 1752);
75. William Wrighte, Gro tesque Architecture; or, Rural Amusement . . . (2d ed., London: I. and J. Taylor, 1767);
76. John Flaw, Ferme Ornée; or, Rural Improvements . . .(London: I. and J. Taylor, 1795);
77. Ideas for Rustic Furniture Proper for Garden Seats, Summer Houses, Hermitages, Cottages (London: I. and J. Taylor, ca. 1790);
78. Thomas Collins Overton, Original Designs of Temples and Other Ornamental Buildings for Parks and Gardens in the Greek, Roman, and Gothic Taste (London: Henry Webley, 1766), pi. 34 (misprinted as 43).
79. For early examples of cottages as part of landscape architecture, see Nigel Temple, John Nash and the Village Picturesque (London: Alan Sutton, 1979), pp. 5-7;
80. Michael McCarthy, "Eighteenth-Century Amateur Architects and Their Gardens," in Pevsner, Picturesque Garden, p. 51;
81. McMordie, "Cottage Idea," p. 18;
82. Timothy Mowl, "The Evolution of the Park Gate Lodge as a Building Type," Architectural History 27 (1984): 468.
83. Harris, British Architectural Books, p. 221.
84. On hermitages, see White, Georgian Arcadia, pp. 34-35;
85. Wrighte, Grotesque Architecture, pp. 3-5, pl. 1.
86. On huts, see William Halfpenny and John Halfpenny, The Country Gentleman's Pocket Companion and Builder's Assis tant for Rural Decorative Architecture (London: Robert Sayer, 1753), p. 9;
87. Plaw, Ferme Ornée, p. 6, pl. 12.
88. Robert Morris, Rural Architecture . . . in Which the Purity and Simplicity of the Art of Designing are Variously Exemplified (1750; reprint, Westmead, Eng.: Gregg International, 1971), preface and intro.;
89. James S. Ackerman, "The Tuscan/Rustic Order: A Study in the Metaphorical Language of Architecture," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42, no. 1 (March 1983): 15-34.
90. Marc-Antoine Laugier, An Essay on Architecture in Which Its True Principles are Explained and Invariable Rules Proposed (London: T. Osborne and Shipton, 1755), pp. 11-12;
91. Marc-Antoine Laugier, Essai sur l'architecture (2d ed., Paris: Duchesne, 1755), p. 9.
92. Robinson, Georgian Model Farms, p. 36;
93. Overton, Original Designs of Temples, p. 14, pl. 34 (misprinted as 43).
94. Thomas Collins Overton, The Temple Builder's Most Useful Companion, Being Fifty Entire New Original Designs for Pleasure and Recreation . . . (London: I. Taylor, 1774);
95. William Halfpenny and John Halfpenny, Rural Architecture in the Chinese Taste, Being Designs Entirely New for the Decoration of Gardens, Parks, Forests, Insides of Houses (3d ed., London: Robert Sayer, 1755), pls. 9-13;
96. Halfpenny and Halfpenny, Rural Architecture in the Gothick Taste, pp. 10-11, pls. 14, 15, 18.
97. Jacques-François Blondel, De la distribution des maisons de plaisance, 2 vols. (Paris: Charles-Antoine Jombert, 1737), 1:71-72; 2:129, pl. 10;
98. Plaw, Ferme Ornée, pp. 2-3, 7;
99. Charles Over, Ornamental Architecture in the Gothic, Chinese, and Modern Taste (London: Robert Sayer, 1758), p. 4, pl. 16;
100. Decorations for Parks and Gardens (London: J. Taylor, ca. 1790), pl. 10;
101. Morris, Rural Architecture, pls. 17, 24;
102. John Soan[e], Designs in Architecture . . . for Temples, Baths, Cassines, Pavilions, Garden-Seats, Obelisks, and Other Buildings (1778; reprint, Westmead, Eng.: Gregg International, 1968), pls. 9-10, 34;
103. Pierre de la Ruffinière du Prey, John Soane: The Making of an Architect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 124-28.
104. On dairies, see Robinson, Georgian Model Farms, pp. 82-96, pls. 84-96;
105. White, Georgian Arcadia, p. 45.
106. Alison Kelly, The Story of Wedgwood (London: Faber and Faber, 1975), pp. 21-22;
107. Wedgwood quoted in Alison Kelly, Decorative Wedgwood in Architecture and Furniture (London: Country Life, 1965), pp. 119-23, pls. 58-61.
108. For examples of dairy wares, see Creamware for Cottage and Castle, Ninth Wedgwood International Seminar (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964), p. 24.
109. Johannes Langner, "Architecture pastorale sous Louis XVI," Art de France 3 (1963): 170-86;
110. James Malton, A Collection of Designs for Rural Retreats as Villas, Principally in the Gothic and Castle Styles of Architecture (London: J. and T. Carpenter, 1802), pp. 33-34, pls. 27-28.
111. On the connection in architectural design between cottages and dairies, see du Prey, John Soane, pp. 245-55, 377.
112. Thomas Whately, Observations on Modern Gardening Illus trated by Descriptions (3d ed., London: T. Payne, 1771), pp. 116-35, 231-32.
113. Oliver Goldsmith, "The Deserted Village," in Arthur Friedman, ed., Collected Works of Oliver Goldsmith, 5 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966), 4:298, lines 295-302.
114. Whitehead as quoted in Mavis Batey, "Oliver Goldsmith: An Indictment of Landscape Gardening," in Peter Willis, ed., Furor Hortensis: Essays on the History of the English Landscape Garden in Memory of H. F. Clark (Edinburgh: Elysium Press, 1974), pp. 57-71;
115. see also H. J. Bell, "'The Deserted Village' and Goldsmith's Social Doctrines," Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 59, no. 3 (September 1944): 747-72.
116. John Barrell, The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting, 1730-1840 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 35-88;
117. Ann Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology: The English Rustic Tradition, 1740-1860 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 14-54;
118. Christiana Payne, Toil and Plenty: Images of the Agricultural Landscape in England, 1780-1890 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 23-66.
119. Harris, British Architectural Books, p. 490;
120. see also du Prey, John Soane, pp. 283-24;
121. Wood, Series of Plans for Cottages;
122. Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (London: J. Dodsley, 1775), pp. 229-38.
123. J. D. Chambers and G. E. Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution, 1750-1880 (New York: Schocken Books, 1966), pp. 95-102, 119-20, 141-43;
124. on Speenhamland, see Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology, p. 78;
125. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commer cial People: England, 1727-1783 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 435-40, 458-59;
126. Repton, Observations, p. 440.
127. Nathaniel Kent to Thomas William Coke of Norfolk, 1789, as quoted in Robinson, Georgian Model Farms, p. 109;
128. Kent, Hints to Gentlemen, p. 230.
129. On the new awareness in the eighteenth century of physical misery as a basis for sentimental sympathy, see Thomas W. Laqueur, "Bodies, Details, and the Humanitarian Narrative," in Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 176-204;
130. G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 8-9, 215-20, 224-31;
131. Karen Halttunen, "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 303-9.
132. Kent, Hints to Gentlemen, pp. 229, 237;
133. Wood, Series of Plans for Cottages, p. 3.
134. Wood, Series of Plans for Cottages, p. 4.
135. Kent, Hints to Gentlemen, pp. 230-31;
136. Kent to Coke, as quoted in Robinson, Georgian Model Farms, p. 109.
137. Wood, Series of Plans for Cottages, p. 5;
138. John Loudon, A Treatise on Forming, Improving, and Managing Country Residences, 2 vols. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1806), 1:124-25.
139. "Queries Concerning Cottages, With the Answers by Lord Brownlow," p. 89, pl. 34;
140. "Answers to the Queries Respecting Cottagers Renting Land, by Mr. Crutchley of Burleigh," p. 96, pl. 34;
141. "On Cottages by Henry Holland, Arch't," pp. 97-98, pl. 35;
142. "On Cottages by Robert Beatson," pp. 103-13;
143. "Of Cottage by A. Crocker and Son, Land Surveyors, Frome," pp. 114-17,
144. all in Cottages, vol. 1, pt. 2 of Communications to the Board of Agriculture on Subjects Relative to the Husbandry and Internal Improvement of the Country, 7 vols. (London: W. Bulmer, 1797).
145. J. Miller, The Country Gentleman's Architect, in a Great Variety of New Designs for Cottages, Farm-houses, Villas, Lodges for Park or Garden Entrances, and Orna mental Wooden Gates (London: I. and J. Taylor, 1791);
146. James Malton, An Essay on British Cottage Architecture . . . (London: Hookham and Carpenter, 1798), pp. 17-18;
147. Wood, Series of Plans for Cottages, pp. 5, 22, pls. 1-28.
148. On cottages actually built according to these models, see Robinson, Georgian Model Farms, p. 111;
149. Lyall, Dream Cottages, pp. 113-24.
150. On the ambivalence of the "rural professional class" toward the picturesque, see John Barrell, The Idea of Landscape and the Sense of Place, 1730-1840: An Approach to the Poetry of John Clare (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press), pp. 64-97.
151. Kent, Hints to Gentlemen, pp. 831-38.
152. Wood, Series of Plans for Cottages, p. 4;
153. John Gandy, Designs for Cottages, Cottage Farms, and Other Rural Buildings (London: John Harding, 1805);
154. G. E. Fussell, The English Rural Labourer: His Home, Furniture, Clothing, and Food from Tudor to Victorian Times (London: Batchworth Press, 1949), pp. 50-67.
155. Kent, Hints to Gentlemen, p. 238;
156. Richard Payne Knight, An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste (ad ed., London: T. Payne, 1805), p. 222;
157. S. Lang, "Richard Payne Knight and the Idea of Modernity," in John Summerson, ed., Concerning Architecture: Essays on Architectural Writers and Writing Presented to Nikolaus Pevsner (London: Allen Lane, 1968), p. 91;
158. Dora Wiebenson, The Picturesque Garden in France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 60-63;
159. Whately, Observations on Modern Gardening, p. 120.
160. Malton, Essay on British Cottage Architecture, pp. 2, 4-5;
161. Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology, pp. 40-41, 69-75.
162. On the picturesque cottage, see Charles Thomas Middleton, Picturesque and Architectural Views for Cottages, Farm Houses, and Country Villas (London: Edward Jeffrey, 1793), p. 2;
163. Charles Thomas Middleton, The Architect and Builder's Miscellany; or, Pocket Library Containing Original Picturesque Designs in Architecture of Plans and Elevations for Cottages, Farm, Country, and Town Houses (1795; reprint, London: Gregg International, 1979), pls. 1-15;
164. Plaw, Ferme Ornée;
165. E. A. Wade, "James Malton, Picturesque Pioneer," The Picturesque 3 (Summer 1993): 19-84;
166. Malton, Essay on British Cottage Architecture, pp. 4-5, 22, pls. 10, 11, 12, 14.
167. Middleton, Picturesque and Architectural Views, p. 1;
168. Gyfford, Designs for Elegant Cottages and Small Villas, pp. 1-3, pls. 1-6;
169. Plaw, Sketches for Country Houses, pp. 11-12, pls. 8, 13;
170. Malton, Essay on British Cottage Architecture, p. 27;
171. McMordie, "Cottage Idea," p. 10;
172. Nigel H. L. Temple, John Nash and the Village Picturesque: With Spe cial Reference to the Reptons and Nash at the Blaise Castle Estate, Bristol (Gloucester, Eng.: Alan Sutton, 1979), p. 84.
173. Nikolaus Pevsner, "Richard Payne Knight," Art Bulletin 31, no. 4 (December 1949): 311.
174. Middleton, Architect and Builder's Miscellany, pls. 1-12.
175. Repton, Observations, pp. 177-79;
176. Loudon, Treatise on Coun try Residences, pp. 69-71;
177. Humphry Repton and John Adey Repton, Fragments on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (London: J. Taylor, 1816), p. 15.
178. Humphry Repton, Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening (London: W. Bulmer, 1794), pp. 6, 59-62, 64, 70, 77;
179. Richard Payne Knight, The Landscape: A Didactic Poem in Three Books, Addressed to Uvedale Price, Esq. (London: W. Bulmer, 1794), p. 36, lines 262-67;
180. Knight, Analytical Inquiry, pp. 223-25;
181. Uvedale Price, Essays on the Picturesque as Compared with the Beautiful and on the Use of Studying Pictures for the Purpose of Improving Real Landscape, 3 vols. (London: J. Mawman, 1810), 2:265-67, 341;
182. see also Robert Lugar, "Observations on the Style and Character of Buildings" (1805),
183. reprinted in Robert Lugar, Architectural Sketches for Cottages, Rural Dwellings, and Villas . . . (2d ed., London: J. Taylor, 1823), p. 12;
184. Plaw, Sketches for Country Houses, p. 4.
185. Johnson, Dictionary, s.v. "elegance, elegant";
186. Thomas Dyche and William Pardon, New General English Dictionary (London: Catherine and Richard Ware, 1765), s.v. "elegance, elegant";
187. N. Bailey, An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (London: J. and A. Duncan, 1794), s.v. "elegance, elegant";
188. Loudon, Treatise on Country Residences, p. 42.
189. Details of the ornamented cottage are quoted in W. F. Pocock, Architectural Designs for Rustic Cot tages, Picturesque Dwellings, Villas (London: J. Taylor, 1807), pp. 1, 8-9;
190. Edmund Bartell, Hints for Picturesque Improvements in Orna mental Cottages and Their Scenery, Including Some Observations on the Labourer and His Cottage (London: J. Taylor, 1804);
191. Lyall, Dream Cottages, pp. 73-86.
192. Pocock, Architectural Designs, p. 11;
193. Middleton, Picturesque and Architectural Views, p. 9;
194. James Randall, A Collection of Architec tural Designs for Mansions, Casinos, Villas, Lodges, and Cottages (London: J. Taylor, 1806), pp. iv-v;
195. E. Gyfford, Designs for Small Pictur esque Cottages (London: J. Taylor, 1807), pp. v-vii;
196. Plaw, Sketches for Country Houses, pls. 15-17, 21;
197. T. R. Slater, "Family, Society, and the Ornamental Villa on the Fringes of English Country Towns," Journal of Historical Geography 4, no. 2 (April 1978): 129-44.
198. Anthony D. King, The Bungalow: The Production of a Global Culture (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984);
199. Alan Gowans, The Comfortable House: North American Suburban Architecture, 1890- 1930 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986).