The new governance, the open method of coordination and social health insurance in Europe

Medical Law International

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 249-263

  Jost, Timothy ^a  

^a WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMPLOYMENT; EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; GLOBAL CHANGE; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH PROMOTION; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LONG TERM CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW;

EID: 33645720064     PISSN: 09685332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/096853320600700306     Document Type: Review

References (119)

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2. See, e.g. Orly Lobel, The New Deal: The Fall of Regulation and the Rise of Governance in Contemporary Legal Thought, 89 Minn.L.Rev. 342-470 (2004);
3. Bradley C. Karkainen, "New Governance" in Legal Thought and in the World: Some Splitting as an Antidote to Overzealous "Lumping," 89 Minn. L. Rev. 471 (2004).
4. Lobel, supra note 2, at 344;
5. Karkainen, supra note 2, at 473-74.
6. Lobel, supra note 2, at 344-5;
7. Karkainen, supra note 2, at 474-75;
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9. See Lobel, supra note 2, at 345, 371-85.
10. See Lobel, supra note 2, at 345, 388-404.
11. See Communication from the Commission to the Council, The European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Strengthening the Social Dimension of the Lisbon Strategy: Streamlining Open Coordination in the Field of Social Protection, Brussels 27.5.2003 COM(2003) 261 final, at 27 (hereafter "Streamlining");
12. Jonathan Zeitlin, Introduction: The Open Method of Coordination in Question, in Jonathan Zeitlin and Philippe Pochet, eds., The Open Method of Coordination in Action: The European Employment and Social Inclusion Strategies, 19 (PIE-Peter Lang, Brussels: 2004).
13. See Claudio M. Radaelli, The Open Method of Coordination: A New Governance Architecture for the European Union, 15 (SIEPS: Stockholm, 2003); Zeitlin, supra note 7, at 20.
14. Zeitlin, supra note 7, at 19;
15. Armin Schäfer, Beyond the Community Method: Why the Open Method of Coordination Was Introduced to EU Policy-making, 8 European Integration Online Papers, No. 13 (2004), http://eiop.or.at/eiop/ teste/2004-013a.htm.
16. Streamlining, supra note 7, at 14-15.
17. Communication from the Commission to the Council, The European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee on the Regions, Modernising Social Protection for the Development of High-Quality, Accessible and Sustainable Health Care and Long-Term Care: Support for the National Strategies Using the "Open Method of Coordination." Brussels, 20.4.2004, COM(2004) 304 final.
18. See Louise G. Trubek & Maya Das, Achieving Equality: Healthcare Governance in Transition, 7 DePaul J. Health Care L. 245 (2004).
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20. Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, Health Law as Administrative Law: A Marriage Most Convenient, 49 St. Louis U.L.Rev. 1 (2004).
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22. Charles Normand and Reinhard Busse, Social Health Insurance Financing, in Elias Mossialos, et al., Funding Health Care: Options for Europe, 59, at 60 (Open University Press, Berkshire: 2002).
23. Richard B. Saltman and Hans F.W. Dubois, The Historical and Social Base of Social Health Insurance Systems, in Richard B. Saltman, Reinhard Busse, and Josep Figueras, eds., Social Health Insurance Systems in Western Europe, 21, 22-26 (Open University Press, Berkshire: 2004).
24. Id. at 26;
25. Alexander S. Preker, Melitta Jakab, and Markus Schneider, Health Financing Reform in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, in Mossialos, et al., supra note 15, at 80, 81, 85
26. Normand and Busse, supra note 15, at 58.
27. Saltman & Dubois, supra note 16, at 22-24;
28. Reinhard Busse, Richard B. Saltman, & Hans F.W. Dubois, Organization and Financing of Social Health Insurance Systems: Current Status and Recent Policy Developments, in Saltman, Busse & Figueras, supra note 16, at 33, 34-40;
29. Stefan Greß, Stefan Gildemeister & Jurgen Wasem, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: A Comparative View from Germany, 29 J. Health Pol., Pol'y & L 679 (2004).
30. Saltman & Dubois, supra note 16, at 24-26.
31. Stefan Greß, Peter Groenewegen & Karin Hoeppner, Die Reform-Mühle, 8 Gesundheit und Gesellschaft, 2/05 at 20, 22.
32. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 45-50
33. Saltman & Dubois, supra note 16, at 27-29.
34. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 34-42;
35. Richard B. Saltman, Social Insurance in Perspective: The Challenge of Sustaining Solidarity, 3, 7-8, in Saltman, Busse & Figueras, supra note 16;
36. David Chinitz, Matthias Wismar & Claude Le Pen, Governance and (Self-) Regulation in Social Insurance Systems, in Saltman, Busse, & Figueras, supra note 16, at 155
37. Saltman, supra note 24, at 7.
38. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 53-55;
39. Maria M. Hofmarcher & Isabelle Durand-Zaleski, Contracting and Paying Providers in Saltman, Busse and Figueras, supra note 16, at 207
40. See Reinhard Busse & Annette Riesberg, Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany, 177-180 (WHO, Copenhagen: 2004).
41. Collective negotiations are also used for physicians in Switzerland and Austria, Maria M. Hofmarcher & Isabelle Durand-Zaleski, Contracting and Paying Providers in Saltman, Busse, & Figueras, supra note 16, at 207, 210-11.
42. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 52-53
43. Id. at 55-58
44. Jürgen Wasem, Stefan Greß and Kieke G.H. Okma, The Role of Private Health Insurance in Social Health Insurance Countries, in Saltman, Busse & Figueras, supra note 16, at 227
45. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 58-60
46. See Saltman & Dubois, supra note 16, at 23-25.
47. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 58-60.
48. Chinitz, Wismar & LaPen, supra note 24, at 158
49. Richard B. Saltman, Social Health Insurance in Perspective: The Challenge of Sustaining Stability, in Saltman, Busse & Figueras, supra note 16, at 3,
50. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 72;
51. Normand and Busse supra note 15, at 73.
52. Saltman, supra note 24, at 11;
53. Busse, Saltman & Dubois, supra note 19, at 72;
54. Gosta Esping-Andersen, Towards the Good Society, Once Again? in Gosta Esping-Andersen, et al, eds, Why We Need a New Welfare State? 1, 16-17 (Oxford University Press, Oxford:, 2001).
55. Normand & Busse supra note 15, at 71-2
56. Id.
57. See Gabriel Amitsis, et al., Background Report: Connecting Welfare Diversity Within the European Social Model, 37-40 (2003).
58. Busse & Riesberg, supra note 27, at 185-205.
59. Greß, Groenewegen & Hoeppner, supra note 21;
60. André den Exter, Herbert Hermans, Milena Dosljak and Reinhard Busse, Health Care Systems in Transition: Netherlands, 113-31 (WHO, Copenhagen: 2004).
61. See also, analysing reforms in all European SHI countries, Bertelsmann Stiftung, Health Policy Monitor, available at http://www.healthpolicymonitor. org/index.jsp.
62. See Elias Mossialos & Martin McKee, EU Laws and the Social Character of Health Care, 56-58 (Peter Lang, Brussels: 2002).
63. Europe has long had, on the other hand, greater control over public health issues, over which it has explicit authority under Article 152 EC.
64. See Adam Oliver & Elias Mossialos, eds, Symposium, Legacies and Latitudes in European Health Policy, 30 J. Health Pol., Pol'y & L. 1-293 (2005).
65. See, Mossialos & McKee, supra note 43, at 59-60, 69 (2002);
66. Scott Greer, Uninvited Europeanization: Neofunctionalism and the EU in Health Policy, 13 JEPP (forthcoming, 2006).
67. See Tamara Hervey & Jean McHale, Health Law and the European Union, 124-138 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2004).
68. See also Commission Staff Working Paper, Report on the Application of Internal Market rules to Health Services, Implementation by the Member States of the Court's Jurisprudence, SEC(2003) 900, Brussels, 28.7.2003.
69. See Reinhard Busse, Neue Verfassung, neue Sozialpolitik? 7 Gesundheit und Gesellschaft, 2/04, 35, 36.
70. See Matthias Wismar, Reinhard Busse, and Philip Berman, The European Union and Health Services, 7 (IOS Press, Amsterdam: 2002).
71. Stefan Greß, Peter Axer & Jürgen Wasem, Chancen und Risiken einer Europaesierung des Gesundheitswesen-Handlungsoptionen für die deutsche Gesundheitspolitik. 34 (2002)
72. COM (2001) final at 9.
73. See also Council (EPSCO/ECOFIN), regarding Joint Report by the Commission and Council on Supporting National Strategies for the Future of Health Care and Care for the Elderly, Soc 116, ECOFIN 77, SAN 41, 7166/03, Brussels, 10 March 2003, 7, 22-29.
74. See Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The Future of Health Care and Care for the Elderly; Guaranteeing Accessibility, Quality and Financial Viability, 3. COM (2001) 723 final, 05.12.2001
75. Id., at 9-14.
76. See Communication, supra note 11, at 3.
77. High Level Process of Reflection on Patient Mobility and Healthcare Developments in the European Union, Outcome of the Process, Outcome of the Reflection Process, 9/12/03, HLPR/2003/16
78. Communication from the Commission, Follow-up to the High Level Reflection Process on Patient Mobility and Healthcare Developments in the European Union, COM(2004) 301 final, 20.04.2004.
79. 15 July 2004, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_overview/ strategy/health_strategy_en.htm.
80. Communication, supra note 11.
81. Dec. 2003, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_overview/ health_forum/hforum_soc_en.pdf.
82. Commissioner Byrne's Reflection Process "Enabling Good Health for All" Preparing the Ground for the Future Health Strategy, Report on Responses Received.
83. See Jonathan Zeitlin, Social Europe and Experimental Governance: Towards a New Constitutional Compromise? in Gránne de Búrca (ed.) EU Law and the Welfare State: In Search of Solidarity (Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2005).
84. Lisbon European Council, 23 and 24 March 2000, Presidentiary Conclusions, 38.
85. Communication, supra note 11, at 7.
86. Id. at 8-11.
87. Id.
88. Id., at 11-12.
89. Id. at 11
90. Id. at 12.
91. Gesellschaft für Versicherungswissenschaft und -gestaltung e.V., The GVG on the "Open Method of Coordination" in the Area of Health and Long-Term Care, 11 (2004).
92. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spitzenverbände der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen, Europa für die Versicherten gestalten-aktuelle europäische Entwicklungen im Bereich der Gesundheitspolitik, 33 (2004);
93. Der Spitzenorganisationen der Deutschen Socialversicherung, Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, Reaktion auf den Reflexionsprozess auf hoher Ebene über die Patientenmobilität und die Entwicklung der gesundheitlichen Versorgung in der Europäischen Union, 5 (2004).
94. Commentators on the OMC have tended to emphasize "top-down" or "bottom-up" understandings of the OMC process, yet even those who see it as primarily as a "bottom-up" process tend to focus on the role of the member states and their bureaucrats.
95. See David Trubek and Louise Trubek, Hard and Soft Law in the Construction of Social Europe: The Role of the Open Method of Coordination, 21-26 (2004), available at http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/conferences/canada/ papersPDF/Trubek.pdf.
96. Jos Berghman and Kieke GH Okma, The Method of Open Co-ordination: Open Procedures or Closed Circuit? Social Policy Making Between Science and Politics, European Journal of Social Security, 4(4), Nov. 2002, at 17.
97. Radaelli, supra note 8, at 25.
98. Gabriel Amitsis, et al., Connecting Welfare Diversity Within the European Social Model, Background Report for the International Conference on the Hellenic Presidency of the European Union, 2003, p. 100
99. David M. Trubek and Louise G. Trubek, The Open Method of Coordination and the Debate over "Hard" and "Soft" Law, in Zeitlin & Pochet, supra note 7
100. Radaelli, supra note 8, at 41.
101. James Arrowsmith, Keith Sisson and Paul Marginson, What Can "Benchmarking" Offer the Open Method of Coordination? 11 J.Euro. Pub. Pol'y 311, 320 (2004).
102. Gesellschaft für Versicherungswissenschaft und-gestaltung e V., Die GVG zur offenen Methode der Koordinierung im Gesundheitswesen, 6 (2002).
103. Id. at 7.
104. See Reinhard Busse, Anwendung der "offenen Methode der Koordinierung" auf die europäischen Gesundheitswesen, GGW 2/2002 (April), 7, 13.
105. These concerns are shared by the German Government, see Arnold Schreiber, Die Offene Methode der Koordinierung im Gesundheitswesen und zur aktuellen Situation, 54 Sozialler Fortschritt 4/5, 149, 155.
106. See Communication, supra note 7.
107. Joint Position Paper of the European Social Insurance Platform, Communication for the European Commission "Modernising social protection for the development of high-quality, accessible and sustainable healthcare and long-term care: support for the national strategies using the Open method of coordination'", 2004 at 5; Arbeitsgemeinschaft, supra note 70, at 37.
108. Greß, et al., supra note 50, at 14.
109. See also Nicholas Bernard, A "New Governance" Approach to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the EU, in Tamara K. Hervey and Jeff Kenner, eds. Economic and Social Rights Under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights - A Legal Perspective, 247, 267 (Hart Publishing, Oxford: 2003 (OMC is embedded in the dominance of the EMU and economic coordination processes over social policy and fundamental rights considerations);
110. Radaelli, supra note 8, at 29. (Expressing concern that Lisbon declaration's emphasis on competitiveness might lead to dominance of economic over social values).
111. Radaelli, supra note 8, at 12-13;
112. Jonathan Zeitlin, Conclusion: The Open Method of Coordination in Action: Theoretical Promise, Empirical Realities, Reform Strategy, in Zeitlin & Pochet, supra note 7.
113. Busse, supra note 80, at 13.
114. GVG, supra note 60, at 12.
115. Greß, et al., supra note 50, at 37, 83.
116. Lisbon European Council, supra note 62., at 37;
117. Radaelli, supra note 8, at 14-15, 27-28, 42.
118. Stijn Smismans, EU Employment Policy: Decentralisation or Centralisation through the Open Method of Coordination, EUI Working Paper Law No. 2004/1, 15.
119. Busse, supra note 48, at 40.