A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 83, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 693-700

  Long, Kurt Z ^a   Montoya, Yura ^b   Hertzmark, Ellen ^a   Santos, Jose I ^c   Rosado, Jorge L ^d  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b Center for Childhood and Adolescent Health   (Mexico)

^c HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MÉXICO FEDERICO GÓMEZ   (Mexico)

^d UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE QUERÉTARO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Diarrhea; Mexico; Respiratory tract infection; Vitamin A supplementation; Zinc supplementation

Indexed keywords

PLACEBO; RETINOL; ZINC; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN;

ARTICLE; BATH; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUGHING; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; FEVER; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEXICO; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CODING; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; URBAN AREA; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; FAMILY SIZE; HOSPITALIZATION; HYGIENE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; DIARRHEA; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYGIENE; INFANT; MALE; MEXICO; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TRACE ELEMENTS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VITAMIN A; VITAMINS; ZINC;

EID: 33645639804     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.693     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Beaton GH, Martorell R, L'Abbe KA, et al. Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child mortality in developing countries. Geneva, Switzerland: ACC/SCN, 1993.
2. Hussey GD, Klein M. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles. N Engl J Med 1990;323:160-4.
3. Ghana VAST Study Team. Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Lancet 1993;342:7-12.
4. Fawzi WW, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, Fataki M, Hertzmark E, Ndossi G. Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Pediatr 2000;137:660-7.
5. Sempertegui F, Estrella B, Camaniero V, et al. The beneficial effects of weekly low-dose vitamin A supplementation on acute lower respiratory infections and diarrhea in Ecuadorian children. Pediatrics 1999;104:e1.
6. Ramakrishnan U, Latham MC, Abel R, Frongillo EA Jr. Vitamin A supplementation and morbidity among preschool children in south India. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:1295-303.
7. Dibley MJ, Sadjimin T, Kjolhede CL, Moulton LH. Vitamin A supplementation fails to reduce incidence of acute respiratory illness and diarrhea in preschool-age Indonesian children. J Nutr 1996;126:434-42.
8. Barreto ML, Santos LM, Assis AM, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet 1994;344:228-31.
9. Bhutta ZA Black RE, Brown KH, et al. Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group. J Pediatr 1999;135:689-97.
10. Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomized trial. BMJ 2002;325:1059-65.
11. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc supplementation in young north Indian children. Pediatics 2002;109:e86.
12. DuPont HL, Mathewson JJ. Escherichia coli diarrhea. Bacterial infections of humans. New York, NY: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1991.
13. Wilhelmi I, Roman E, Sanchez-Fauquier A. Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clin Microbial Infect 2003;9:247-62.
14. Esrey S. Water, waste, and well-being: a multicountry study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:608-23.
15. Esrey SA, Habicht JP. Maternal literacy modifies the effect of toilets and piped water on infant survival in Malaysia. Am J Epidemiol 1988;5:1079-87.
16. Taus MR, Gasparovic A, Piaggio O, et al. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia, its detection in water and its relationship with environmental factors in Gualeguaychu, Argentina. Bol Chil Parasitol 1998;53:88-92.
17. Cantorna MT, Nashold E, Hayes C. Vitamin A deficiency results in a priming environment conducive for Th1 cell development. J Immunol 1995;25:1673-9.
18. Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FWJ, Godmere M. Zinc modulates mRNA levels of cytokines. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003;285:E1095-102.
19. Rosado JL, Munoz E, Lopez P. Absorption of zinc sulfate, methionine and polyscorbate in the presence and absence of a plant-based rural Mexican diet. Nutr Res 1993;13:1141-51.
20. Ogden C, Kuczmarski R, Flegal K, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics 2002;109:45-60.
21. Gardner W, Mulvey EP, Shaw E. Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychol Bull 1995;188:392-404.
22. Sempertegui F, Estrella B, Camaniero V, et al. The beneficial effect of weekly low-dose vitamin A supplementation on acute respiratory infections and diarrhea in Ecuadorian children. Pediatrics 1999;104:e1.
23. Ramakrishnan U, Latham MC, Abel R. Vitamin A supplementation does not improve physical growth of preschool children: a randomized double blind field trial in South India. J Nutr 1995;125:202-11.
24. Grotto I, Mimouni M, Gdalevich M, Mimouni D. Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2003;142:297-304.
25. Bhandari N, Bhan MK, Sazawal S. Impact of massive dose of vitamin A given to preschool children with acute diarrhoea on subsequent respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity. BMJ 1994;309:1404-7.
26. Sazawal S, Black RE, Jalla S, et al. Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind controlled trial. Pediatrics 1998;102:1-5.
27. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc supplementation in young north Indian children. Pediatics 2002;109:e86.
28. Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, et al. Zinc therapy for diarrhoea increased the use of oral rehydration therapy and reduced the use of antibiotics in Bangladeshi children. J Health Popul Nutr 2004;22:440-2.
29. Rosado JL, Lopez P, Munoz E, et al. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:160-1.
30. Rivera Dommarco J, Shamah Levy T, Villapando Hernandez S, Gonzalez de Cossio T, Hernandez Prado B, Sepulveda J. Encuesta Nacional de Nutricion 1999. Estado nutrocio de ninos y mujeres en Mexico. (The National Nutrition Survey of 1999. The nutritional status of children and women in Mexico.) Cernavaca, Morelos: Instituto Nacionalde Salud Publica, 2001 (in Spanish).
31. Rosado JL, Lopez P, Morales M, Munez E, Allen LH. Bioavailability of energy, nitrogen, fat, zinc, iron and calcium from rural Mexican diets. Br J Nutr 1992;68:45-58.
32. Dagnelie PC, van Dusseldorp M, van Staveren WA, Hautvast JG. Effects of macrobiotic diets on linear growth in infants and children until 10 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S103-11.
33. Cantorna MT, Nashold FE, Hayes C. In vitamin A deficiency multiple mechanisms establish a regulatory T helper cell imbalance with excess Th1 and insufficient Th2 function. J Immunol 1994;152:1515-22.
34. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Grabowski SM, Kaplan J, Mathog RH. Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and in non-cancer subjects. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1997;109:68-77.
35. Velazquez FR, Garcia-Lozano H, Rodriguez E, et al. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality in Mexican children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:S149-55.
36. Schlaak JF, Nieder P, Meyerzum Buschenfelde KH, Fleischer B. Human T helper cells reactive with somatic bacterial antigens belong to the Th1 subset. Med Microbiol Immunol 1994;183:169-75.
37. VanCott JL, Franco MA, Greenberg HB, et al. Protective immunity to rotavirus shedding in the absence of interleukin-6: Th1 cells and immunoglobulin A develop normally. J Virol 2000;74:5250-6.
38. Jiang B, Snipes-Magaldi L, Dennehy P, et al. Cytokines as mediators for or effectors against rotavirus disease in children. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 2003;10:995-1001.
39. Bresee JS, Fischer M, Dowell SF, et al. Vitamin A therapy for children with respiratory syncytial virus infection: a multicenter trial in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:777-82.
40. Goldman D. Transmission of viral respiratory infections in the home. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:S97-102.
41. Black RE, Lopez de Romana G, Brown KH, Bravo N, Bazalar OG, Kanashiro HC. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:785-99.