Systematic analysis of crustal anisotropy along the Karadere-Düzce branch of the North Anatolian fault

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 159, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 253-274

  Peng, Zhigang ^a   Ben Zion, Yehuda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Fault zone; Seismic anisotropy; Shear wave splitting; Stress; Transform fault

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY;

EURASIA; TURKEY;

EID: 5144231050     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02379.x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Akyüz, H.S., Barka, A., Altunel, E., Hartleb, R. & Sunal, G., 2000. Field observations and slip distribution of the November 12, 1999 Düzce earthquake (M = 7.1), Bolu, Turkey, in The 1999 Izmit and Düzce Earthquakes: preliminary results, pp. 63-70, eds Barka et al., Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul.
2. Aster, R.C., Shearer, P.M. & Berger, J., 1990. Quantitative measurements of shear wave polarizations at the Anza seismic network, southern California: Implications for shear wave splitting and earthquake prediction, J. geophys. Res., 95, 12 449-12 473.
3. Aster, R.C., Shearer, P.M. & Berger, J., 1991. Comments on Quantitative measurements of shear wave polarization at the Anza seismic network, Southern California: Implications for shear wave splitting and earthquake prediction, J. geophys. Res., 96, 6415-6419.
4. Aster, R.C. & Shearer, P.M., 1992. Initial shear wave particle motions and stress constraints at the Anza Seismic Network, Geophys. J. Int., 108, 740-748.
5. Barka, A., 1996. Slip distribution along the North Anatolian fault associated with large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 59, 521-589.
6. Barka, A. et al., 2002. The Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 92, 43-60.
7. Ben-Zion, Y. et al., 2003. A shallow fault zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Düzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault, western Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 152, 699-717.
8. Ben-Zion, Y. & Sammis, C.G., 2003. Characterization of fault zones, Pure appl. Geophys., 160, 677-715.
9. Bellier, O., Over, S., Poisson, A. & Andrieux, J., 1997. Recent temporal change in the stress state and modern stress field along the North Anatolian fault zone (Turkey), Geophys. J. Int., 131, 61-86.
10. Blanpied, M.L., Lockner, D.A. & Byerlee, J.D., 1991. Fault stability inferred from granite sliding experiments at hydrothermal conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18(4), 609-612.
11. Blenkinsop, T.G., 1990. Correlation of paleotectonic fracture and microfracture orientations in cores with seismic anisotropy at Cajon Pass drill hole, southern California, J. geophys. Res., 95, 11 143-11 150.
12. Bokelmann, G.H.R. & Harjes, H.P., 2000. Evidence for temporal variation of seismic velocity within the upper continental crust, J. geophys. Res., 105, 23 879-23 894.
13. Boness, N. & Zoback, M.D., 2004. Stress-induced seismic velocity anisotropy and physical properties in the SAFOD pilot hole in Parkfield, CA, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15S17, doi:10.1029/2004GL019020.
14. Booth, D.C. & Crampin, S., 1985. Shear-wave polarizations on a curved wavefront at an isotropic free-surface, Geophys. J. R. astron. Soc., 83, 31-45.
15. Bouin, M.P., Tellez, J. & Bernard, P., 1996. Seismic anisotropy around the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, deduced from three-component seismograms of local earthquakes and its relationship with crustal strain, J. geophys. Res., 101, 5795-5811.
16. Brocher, T.M. & Christensen, N.I., 1990. Seismic anisotropy due to preferred mineral orientation observed in shallow crustal rocks in southern Alaska, Geology, 18, 737-740.
17. Cochran, E.S., Vidale, J.E. & Li, Y.-G., 2003. Near-fault anisotropy following the Hector Mine earthquake, J. geophys. Res., 108(B9), 2436, doi:10:1029/2002JB002352.
18. Crampin, S., 1978. Seismic wave propagation through a cracked solid: polarization as a possible dilatancy diagnostic, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 53, 467-496.
19. Crampin, S., 1981. A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elastic-media, Wave Motion, 3, 343-391.
20. Crampin, S., 1987. Geological and industrial implications of extensive-dilatancy anisotropy, Nature, 328, 491-496.
21. Crampin, S., 1994. The fracture criticality of crustal rocks. Geophys. J. Int., 118, 428-438.
22. Crampin, S., Booth, D.C., Evans, R., Peacock, S. & Fletcher, J.B., 1990. Change in shear wave splitting at Anza near the time of the North Palm Springs earthquake, J. geophys. Res., 95, 11 197-11 212.
23. Crampin, S., Booth, D.C., Evans, R., Peacock, S. & Fletcher, J.B., 1991. Comment on 'Quantitative measurements of shear wave polarizations at the Anza seismic network, Southern California: Implications for shear wave splitting and earthquake predication' by R.C. Aster, P. M. Shearer, and J. Berger, J. geophys. Res., 96, 6403-6414.
24. Crampin, S., Volti, T. & Stefánsson, R., 1999. A successfully stress-forecast earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 138, F1-F5.
25. Crampin, S., Peacock, S., Gao, Y. & Chastin, S., 2004. The scatter of time-delays in shear-wave splitting above small earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., 156, 39-44.
26. Daley, T.M. & McEvilly, T.V., 1990. Shear wave anisotropy in the Parkfield Varian Well VSP, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 80(4), 857-869.
27. Davis, J. C., 1986. Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, p. 646.
28. Dieterich, J.H., 1979. Modeling of rock friction 1. Experimental results and constitutive equations, J. geophys. Res., 84, 2161-2168.
29. Dieterich, J.H., 1981. Constitutive properties of faults with simulated gouge, Am. geophys. Un. Monogr., 24, 103-120.
30. Faulkner, D.R., Lewis, A.C. & Rutter, E.H., 2003. On the internal structure and mechanics of large strike-slip fault zones: field observations of the Carboneras fault in southeastern Spain, Tectonophysics, 367, 235-251.
31. Fialko, Y., Sandwell, D., Agnew, D., Simons, M., Shearer, P. & Minster, B., 2002. Deformation on nearby faults induced by the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, Science, 297, 1858-1862.
32. Gamar, F. & Bernard, P., 1997. Shear wave anisotropy in the Erzincan basin and its relationship with crustal strain, J. geophys. Res., 102, 20 373-20 393.
33. Gerst, A., 2003. Temporal changes in seismic anisotropy as a new eruption forecasting tool?, MSc Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
34. Gledhill, K.R., 1991. Evidence for shallow and pervasive seismic anisotropy in the Wellington Region, New Zealand, J. geophys. Res., 96, 21 503-21 516.
35. González, M. & Munguía, L., 2003. Seismic anisotropy observations in the Mexicali valley, Baja California, Mexico, Pure appl. Geophys., 160, 2257-2278.
36. Hartleb, R.D. et al., 2002. Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution along the Karadere Segment of the 17 August 1999 Izmit and the Western Section of the 12 November 1999 Düzce, Turkey, Earthquakes, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 92(1), 67-78.
37. Hudson, J.A., 1981. Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 64, 133-150.
38. Kaneshima, S., 1990. Origin of crustal anisotropy: Shear wave splitting studies in Japan, J. geophys. Res., 95, 11 121-11 133.
39. Kern, H. & Wenk, H., 1990. Fabric-related velocity anisotropy and shear wave splitting in rocks from the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, California. J. geophys. Res., 95, 11 213-11 223.
40. Klein, W., 1978. Hypocenter location program HYPOINVERSE, Open File Report 78-694, US Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA.
41. Langridge, R.M., Stenner, H.D., Fumal, T.E., Christofferson, S.A., Rockwell, T.K., Hartleb, R.D., Bachhuber, J. & Barka, A.A., 2002. Geometry, Slip Distribution, and Kinematics of Surface Rupture on the Sakarya Fault Segment during the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey, Earthquake, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 92(1), 107-125.
42. Leary, P.C., Li, Y.G. & Aki, K., 1987. Observations and modeling of fault zone fracture anisotropy, I, P, SV, SH travel times, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 91, 461-484.
43. Leary, P.C., Crampin, S. & McEvilly, T.V., 1990. Seismic fracture anisotropy in the Earth's crust: An overview, J. geophys. Res., 95(7), 11 105-11 114.
44. Li, Y.-G., Teng, T.-L. & Henyey, T.L., 1994. Shear-wave observations in the Northern Los Angeles Basin, Southern California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 307-323.
45. Liu, Y., Teng, T.-L. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2004. Systematic analysis of shear-wave splitting in the aftershock zone of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake: shallow crustal anisotropy and lack of precursory variations, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., in press.
46. Lyakhovsky, V., Ben-Zion, Y. & Agnon, A., 1997. Distributed damage, faulting, and friction, J. geophys. Res., 102, 27 635-27 649.
47. Mardia, K.V. & Jupp, P.E., 2000. Directional Statistics, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, p. 429.
48. Marone, C. & Scholz, C.H., 1988. The depth of seismic faulting and the upper transition from stable to unstable regimes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 621-624.
49. Matcham, I., Savage, M.K. & Gledhill, K.R., 2000. Distribution of seismic anisotropy in the subduction zone beneath the Wellington region, New Zealand, Geophys. J. Int., 140, 1-10.
50. Miller, V. & Savage, M.K., 2001. Changes in seismic anisotropy after volcanic eruptions: evidence from Mount Ruapehu, Science, 293, 2231-2233.
51. Munson, C.G., Thurber, C.H., Li, Y. & Okubo, P.G., 1995. Crustal shear wave anisotropy in southern Hawaii: Spatial and temporal analysis, J. geophys. Res., 100(B10), 20 367-20 377.
52. Nur, A., 1971. Effects of stress on velocity anisotropy in rocks with cracks, J. geophys. Res., 76, 2022-2034.
53. Nur, A. & Simmons, G., 1969. Stress-induced velocity anisotropy in rock: An experimental study, J. geophys. Res., 74(27), 6667-6674.
54. Nuttli, O., 1961. The effect of earth's surface on the S-wave particle motion, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 51, 237-246.
55. O'Connell, R.J. & Budiansky, B., 1974. Seismic velocities in dry and saturated cracked solids, J. geophys. Res., 79(35), 5412-5426.
56. Peacock, S., Crampin, S. & Booth, D.C., 1988. Shear wave splitting in the Anza seismic gap, southern California: temporal variations as possible precursors, J. geophys. Res., 93, 3339 3356.
57. Peng, Z. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2004. Spatio-temporal variations of crustal anisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the 1999 M7.4 Izmit and M7.1 Düzce, Turkey, earthquake sequences, Geophys. J. Int., submitted.
58. Peng, Z., Ben-Zion, Y., Michael, A.J. & Zhu, L., 2003. Quantitative analysis of fault zone waves in the rupture zone of the Landers, 1992, California earthquake: Evidence for a shallow trapping structure, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 1021-1041.
59. Rabbel, W., 1994. Seismic anisotropy at the Continental Deep Drilling Site (Germany), Tectonopysics, 232, 329-341.
60. Reilinger, R.E. et al., 1997. Global Positioning System measurements of the present day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone, J. geophys. Res., 102, 9983-9999.
61. Saiga, A., Hiramatsu, Y., Ooida, T. & Yamaoka, K., 2003. Spatial variation in the crustal anisotropy and its temporal variation associated with a moderate-sized earthquake in the Tokai region, central Japan, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 695-705.
62. Savage, M.K., 1999. Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation: what have we learned from shear wave splitting, Rev. Geophys., 37, 65-106.
63. Savage, M.K., Shih, X.R., Meyer, R.P. & Aster, R.C., 1989. Shear-wave anisotropy of active tectonic regions via automated S-wave polarization analysis, Tectonophysics, 165, 279-292.
64. Savage, M.K., Peppin, W.A, & Vetter, U.R., 1990. Shear wave anisotropy and stress direction in and near Long Valley caldera, California, 1979-1988, J. geophys. Res., 95, 11 165-11 117.
65. Seeber, L., Armbruster, J.G., Ozer, N., Aktar, M., Baris, S., Okaya, D., Ben-Zion, Y. & Field, E., 2000. The 1999 Earthquake Sequence along the North Anatolia Transform at the Juncture between the Two Main Ruptures, in The 1999 Izmit and Düzce Earthquakes: preliminary results, pp. 209-223, eds Barka et al. Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul.
66. Shih, X.R. & Meyer, R.P., 1990. Observation of shear wave splitting from nature events: South Moat of Long Valley caldera, California, June 29 to August 12, 1982, J. geophys. Res., 95, 11 179-11 196.
67. Silver, P.G. & Chan, W.W., 1991. Shear-wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation, J. geophys. Res., 96, 16 429-16 454.
68. Tadokoro, K. & Ando, M., 2002. Evidence for rapid fault healing derived from temporal changes in S wave splitting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 6-1.
69. Tadokoro, K., Ando, M. & Umeda, Y., 1999. S wave splitting in the aftershock region of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, J. geophys. Res., 104, 981-991.
70. Tadokoro, K. et al., 2002. Monitoring fault healing after the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake, J. Seismol., 6, 411-417.
71. Utkucu, M., Nalbant, S.S., McCloskey, J., Steacy, S. & Alptekin, O., 2003. Slip distribution and stress changes associated with the 1999 November 12, Düzce (Turkey) earthquake (Mw = 7.1), Geophys. J. Int., 153, 229-241.
72. Vidale, J.E., 1986, Complex polarization analysis of particle motion, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 76, 1393-1405.
73. Wessel, P. & Smith, W.H.F., 1998. New version of the Generic Mapping Tools Released, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 79, 579.
74. Yilmaz, Y., Tuysuz, O., Yigitbas, E., Genc, S.C. & Sengor, A.M.C., 1997. Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Pontides, in Regional and Petroleum geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region: AAPG Memoir 68, pp. 183-226, ed. Robinson, A.G., AAPG, Tulsa, OK, USA.
75. Zhang, Z. & Schwartz, S.Y., 1994. Seismic anisotropy in the shallow crust of the Loma Prieta segment of the San Andreas fault system, J. geophys. Res., 99(B5), 9651-9661.
76. Zinke, J. & Zoback, M.D., 2000. Structure-related and stress-induced shearwave velocity anisotropy: observations from microearthquakes near the Calaveras Fault in central California, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 90,