Interventions for mobility and manipulation after spinal cord injury: A review of orthotic and neuroprosthetic options

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 61-

  Knutson, Jayme ^a,b   Audu, Musa ^a,b   Triolo, Ronald ^b,c  

^a Case Western Reserve University   (United States)

^b DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^c CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ADL; Ambulation; Functional electrical stimulation; Grasp; Hand and arm function; Orthoses; Reach; Standing

Indexed keywords

ARM MOVEMENT; BRACE; ELECTROSTIMULATION; HAND MOVEMENT; HUMAN; JOINT FUNCTION; LEG MOVEMENT; LIMB MOVEMENT; MOBILIZATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; ORTHOSIS; PARALYSIS; PROSTHESIS; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STANDING; TECHNOLOGY; WRIST;

EID: 33645035455     PISSN: 10820744     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1310/9UU4-KL3V-CPL2-Q7VF     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Linden CA, Trombly CA. Orthoses: kinds and purposes. In: Trombly CA, ed. Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995:551-581.
2. Dillner S, Georgiev G. Technical and clinical function testing of hand orthoses in Sweden. Int J Rehabil Res. 1979;2(1):47-60.
3. International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Chicago, IL: ASIA; 1996.
4. McDowell CL, House JH. Tetraplegia. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Lampert R, eds. Green's Operative Hand Surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:1588-1606.
5. Go BK, DeVivo MJ, Richards JS. The epidemiology of spinal cord injury. In: Stover SL, DeLisa JA, Whiteneck GG, eds. Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Outcomes from the Model Systems. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 1995.
6. Uustal H. Upper extremity orthotics. In: DeLisa JA, Gans BM, Walsh NE, eds. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Principles and Practice, Vol. 2. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:1367-1376.
7. Hoy DJ. Functional ratchet orthotic system. Orthot Prosthet. 1978;32:21.
8. Long C. Upper limb bracing. In: Licht S, Kamenetz HL, eds. Orthotics Etcetera. Volume 9, Physical Medicine Library. Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press; 1966:152-248.
9. Landsberger S, Leung P, Vargas V, Shaperman J, Baumgarten JH, Yasuda LY, Sumi E, McNeal D, Waters R. Mobile arm supports: history, application and work in progress. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2005;11(2):74-94.
10. Long C, 2nd, Masciarelli VD. An electrophysiologic splint for the hand. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1963;44:499-503.
11. Vodovnik L, Long C, 2nd, Reswick JB, Lippay A, Starbuck D. Myo-electric control of paralyzed muscles. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1965;12(3):169-172.
12. Snoek GJ, IJzerman MJ, in't Groen FA, Stoffers TS, Zilvold G. Use of the NESS handmaster to restore handfunction in tetraplegia: clinical experiences in ten patients. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(4):244-249.
13. Prochazka A, Gauthier M, Wieler M, Kenwell Z. The bionic glove: an electrical stimulator garment that provides controlled grasp and hand opening in quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(6):608-614.
14. Popovic MR, Keller T, Pappas IP, Dietz V, Morari M. Surface-stimulation technology for grasping and walking neuroprostheses. IEEE Eng Med Biol. 2001;20:82-93.
15. Saxena S, Nikolic S, Popovic D. An EMG-controlled grasping system for tetraplegics. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1995;32(1):17-24.
16. Thorsen R, Ferrarin M, Spadone R, Frigo C. Functional control of the hand in tetraplegics based on residual synergistic EMG activity. Artif Organs. 1999;23(5):470-473.
17. Handa Y, Hoshimiya N. Functional electrical stimulation for the control of the upper extremities. Med Prog Technol. 1987;12(1-2):51-63.
18. Peckham PH, Marsolais EB, Mortimer JT. Restoration of key grip and release in the C6 tetraplegic patient through functional electrical stimulation. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1980;5(5):462-469.
19. Handa Y, Handa T, Ichie M, Murakami H, Hoshimiya N, Ishikawa S, Ohkubo K. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems for restoration of motor function of paralyzed muscles-versatile systems and a portable system. Front Med Biol Eng. 1992;4(4):241-255.
20. Peckham PH, Keith MW, Kilgore KL, et al. Efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring hand grasp in tetraplegia: a multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(10):1380-1388.
21. Peckham PH, Kilgore KL, Keith MW, Bryden AM, Bhadra N, Montague FW. An advanced neuroprosthesis for restoration of hand and upper arm control using an implantable controller. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2002;27(2):265-276.
22. Bryden AM, Kilgore KL, Kirsch RF, Memberg WM, Peckham PJ, Keith MW. An implanted neuroprosthesis for high tegraplegia. Top Sinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2005;10(3):38-52.
23. Alon G, McBride K. Persons with C5 or C6 tetraplegia achieve selected functional gains using a neuroprosthesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(1):119-124.
24. Smith B, Peckham PH, Keith MW, Roscoe DD. An externally powered, multichannel, implantable stimulator for versatile control of paralyzed muscle. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1987;34(7):499-508.
25. Keith MW, Peckham PH, Thrope GB, Stroh KC, Smith B, Buckett JR, Kilgore KL, Jatich JW. Implantable functional neuromuscular stimulation in the tetraplegic hand. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1989;14(3):524-530.
26. Carroll S, Cooper C, Brown D, Sormann G, Flood S, Denison M. Australian experience with the Freehand System for restoring grasp in quadriplegia. Aust N Z J Surg. 2000;70(8):563-568.
27. Cornwall R, Hausman MR. Implanted neuroprostheses for restoration of hand function in tetraplegic patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12(2):72-79.
28. Mulcahey MJ, Betz RR, Smith BT, Weiss AA, Davis SE. Implanted functional electrical stimulation hand system in adolescents with spinal injuries: an evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(6):597-607.
29. Hobby J, Taylor PN, Esnouf J. Restoration of tetraplegic hand function by use of the neurocontrol freehand system. J Hand Surg [Br]. 2001;26(5):459-464.
30. Kilgore KL, Peckham PH, Keith MW, Montague FW, Hart RL, Gazdik MM, Bryden AM, Snyder SA, Stage TG. Durability of implanted electrodes and leads in an upper-limb neuroprosthesis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(6):457-468.
31. Smith B, Tang Z, Johnson MW, Pourmehdi S, Gazdik MM, Buckett JR, Peckham PH. An externally powered, multichannel, implantable stimulator-telemeter for control of paralyzed muscle. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45(4):463-475.
32. Johnson MW, Peckham PH, Bhadra N, Kilgore KL, Gazdik MM, Keith MW, Strojnik P. Implantable transducer for two-degree of freedom joint angle sensing. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1999;7(3):349-359.
33. Hart RL, Kilgore KL, Peckham PH. A comparison between control methods for implanted FES hand-grasp systems. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1998;6(2):208-218.
34. Bryden AM, Memberg WD, Crago PE. Electrically stimulated elbow extension in persons with C5/C6 tetraplegia: a functional and physiological evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(1):80-88.
35. Memberg WD, Crago PE, Keith MW. Restoration of elbow extension via functional electrical stimulation in individuals with tetraplegia. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(6):477-486.
36. Smith BT, Mulcahey MJ, Betz RR. Development of an upper extremity FES system for individuals with C4 tetraplegia. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1996;4(4):264-270.
37. Yu DT, Kirsch RF, Bryden AM, Memberg WD, Acosta AM. A neuroprosthesis for high tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24(2):109-113.
38. Handa Y, Yagi R, Hoshimiya N. Application of functional electrical stimulation to the paralyzed extremities. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998;38(11):784-788.
39. Nathan RH. An FNS-based system for generating upper limb function in the C4 quadriplegic. Med Biol Eng Computing. 1989;27:549-556.
40. Naples GG, Mortimer JT, Scheiner A, Sweeney JD. A spiral nerve cuff electrode for peripheral nerve stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1988;35(11):905-916.
41. Tyler DJ, Durand DM. Functionally selective peripheral nerve stimulation with a flat interface nerve electrode. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2002;10(4):294-303.
42. Tarler MD, Mortimer JT. Selective and independent activation of four motor fascicles using a four contact nerve-cuff electrode. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2004;12(2):251-257.
43. Mukand JA, Williams S, Shaikhouni A, Morris D, Serruya MD, Donoghue J. Feasibility study of a neural interface system for quadriplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:E48.
44. Taylor DM, Tillery SI, Schwartz AB. Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Science. 2002;296(5574):1829-1832.
45. Stallard R, Tait D. Assessment of orthoses by means of speed and heart rate. J Med Eng Tech. 1978;2(1):22-24.
46. Middleton JW, Fisher W, Davis GM, Smith RM. A medial linkage orthosis to assist ambulation after spinal cord injury. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1998;22(3):258-264.
47. Middleton JW, Sinclair PJ, Smith RM, Davis GM. Postural control during stance in paraplegia: effects of medially linked versus unlinked knee-ankle-foot orthoses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(12):1558-1565.
48. Saitoh E, Suzuki T, Sonoda S, Fujitani J, Tomita Y, Chino N. Clinical experience with a new hip-knee-ankle-foot orthotic system using a medial single hip joint for paraplegic standing and walking. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75(3):198-203.
49. Douglas R, Larson PF, D'Ambrosia R, McCall RE. The LSU reciprocating-gait orthosis. Orthopedics. 1983;6(7):834-839.
50. Campbell JH. Reciprocating gait orthosis with linear bearing. J Assoc Children's Prosthetic-Orthotic Clin. 1990;25(1):2-6.
51. Harvey LA, Newton-John T, Davis GM, Smith MB, Engel S. A comparison of the attitude of paraplegic individuals to the walkabout orthosis and the isocentric reciprocal gait orthosis. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(9):580-584.
52. Harvey LA, Davis GM, Smith MB, Engel S. Energy expenditure during gait using the walkabout and isocentric reciprocal gait orthoses in persons with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(8):945-949.
53. Scivoletto G, Mancini M, Fiorelli E, Morganti B, Molinari M. A prototype of an adjustable advanced reciprocating gait orthosis (ARGO) for spinal cord injury (SCI). Spinal Cord. 2003;41(3):187-191.
54. Rose GK. The principles and practice of hip guidance articulations. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1979;3:37-43.
55. Moore P, Stallard J. A clinical review of adult paraplegic patients with complete lesions using the ORLAU ParaWalker. Paraplegia. 1991;29:191-196.
56. Whittle MW. Paraplegic walking. Clin Rehabil. 1988;2:45-49.
57. Nene AV, Major RE. Dynamics of reciprocal gait of adult paraplegics using the ParaWalker (hip guidance orthosis). Prosthet Orthot Int. 1987;11:124-127.
58. Nene AV, Jennings SJ. Physiologic cost index of paraplegic locomotion using the ORLAU ParaWalker. Paraplegia. 1992;30(4):246-252.
59. Basdogan C, Carollo JJ. Variability of the physiologic cost index during free and forced walking. In: Proceedings of the 12th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference; April 1993:25-27.
60. Yano H, Kaneko S, Nakazawa K, Yamamoto SI, Bettoh A. A new concept of dynamic orthosis for paraplegia: the weight-bearing control orthosis (WBC). Prosthet Orthot Int. 1997;21(3):222-228.
61. Kawashima N, Sone Y, Nakazawa K, Akai M, Yano H. Energy expenditure during walking with weight-bearing control (WBC) orthosis in thoracic level of paraplegic patients. Spinal Cord. 2003;41(9):506-510.
62. Jaeger RJ. Lower extremity applications of functional neuromuscular stimulation. Assistive Technol. 1992;4(1):19-30.
63. Triolo RJ, Kobetic R, Betz R. Standing and walking with FNS: technical and clinical challenges. In: Harris G, ed. Human Motion Analysis. New York: IEEE Press; 1996:318-350.
64. Moynahan M, Mullin C, Cohn J, Burns CA, Halden EE, Triolo RJ, Betz RR. Home use of a FES system for standing and mobility in adolescents with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(10):1005-1013.
65. Triolo RJ, Eisenhower G, Stabinski T, Wormser D. Inter-rater reliability of a clinical test of standing function. J Spinal Cord Med. 1995;18(1):13-21.
66. Yarcony GM, Rothe EJ, Cybulski GR, Jaeger RJ. Neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: I. Restoration of functional movement of the extremities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:78-86.
67. Graupe D, Kohn K. Functional Electrical Stimulation for Ambulation by Paraplegics. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.; 1994.
68. Bajd T, Kralj A, Stefancic M, et al. Use of functional electrical stimulation in the lower extremities of incomplete spinal cord injured patients. Artif Organs. 1999;23:403-409.
69. Granat MH, Ferguson AC, Andrews BJ, et al. The role of functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury-observed benefits during gait studies. Paraplegia. 1993;31:207-215.
70. Graupe D, Kohn KH. Transcutaneous functional neuromuscular stimulation of certain traumatic complete thoracic paraplegics for independent short-distance ambulation. Neurol Res. 1997;19(3):323-333.
71. Graupe D, Kohn KH. Functional neuromuscular stimulator for short-distance ambulation by certain thoracic-level spinal-cord-injured paraplegics. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(3):202-207.
72. Klose KJ, Jacobs PL, Broton JG, et al. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 1. Ambulation performance and anthropometric measures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):789-793.
73. Gallien P, Brissot R, Eyssette M, Tell L, Barat M, Wiart L, Petit H. Restoration of gait by functional electrical stimulation for spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia. 1995;33:660-664.
74. Brissot R, Gallien P, Le Bot MP, Beaubras A, Laisne D, Beillot J, Dassonville J. Clinical experience with functional electrical stimulation-assisted gait with Parastep in spinal cord-injured patients. Spine. 2000;25(4):501-508.
75. Nash MS, Jacobs PL, Montalvo BM, Klose KJ, Guest RS, Needham-Shropshire BM. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 5. Lower extremity blood flow and hyperemic response to occlusion are augmented by ambulation training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):808-814.
76. Guest RS, Klose KJ, Needham-Shropshire BM, Jacobs PL. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 4. Effect on physical self-concept and depression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):804-807.
77. Brissot R, Gallien P, Le Bot MP, Beaubras A, Laisne D, Beillot J, Dassonville J. Clinical experience with functional electrical stimulation-assisted gait with Parastep in spinal cord-injured patients. Spine. 2000;25(4):501-508.
78. Kobetic R, Marsolais EB. Synthesis of paraplegic gait with multichannel functional neuromuscular stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1994;2(2):66-67.
79. Triolo RJ, Bieri C, Uhlir J, Kobetic R, Scheiner A, Marsolais EB. Implanted FNS systems for assisted standing and transfers for individuals with cervical spinal cord injuries: clinical case reports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;7(11):1119-1128.
80. Kobetic R, Marsolais EB, Samane P, et al. The next step: artificial walking. In: Rose J, Ganble JG, eds. Human Walking. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1994:225-252.
81. Davis R, Eckhouse R, Patrick JF, Delehanty A. Computer-controlled 22-channel stimulator for limb movement. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1987;39:117-120.
82. Rushton DN, Perkins TA, Donaldson N, et al. LARSI: How to obtain favourable muscle contractions. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual IFESS Conference (IFESS '97) and Neural Prosthesis: Motor Systems 5 (NP '97); August 16-21, 1997; Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada:163-164.
83. Cameron T, Loeb GE, Peck RA. Micromodular implants to provide electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles and limbs. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1997;44:781-790.
84. Kilgore KL, Peckham PH, Keith MW, Thrope GB, Wuolle KS, Bryden AM, Hart RL. An implanted upper extremity neuroprosthesis: a five patient follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1997;79A:533-541.
85. Davis JA, Triolo RJ, Uhlir JP, Bieri C, Rohde L, Lissy D. Preliminary performance of a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis for standing and transfers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2001;38(6):609-617.
86. Akers JM, Peckham PH, Keith MW, Merritt K. Tissue response to chronically stimulated implanted epimysial and intramuscular electrodes. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1996;5(2):207-220.
87. Buckett J, Triolo R, Ferencz D, Katorgi M, Bieri C. A wearable controller for clinical studies involving multi-implant FNS systems. J Spinal Cord Med. 1998;21(2):179.
88. Kobetic R, Triolo RJ, Uhlir JP, et al. Implanted functional electrical stimulation system for mobility in paraplegia: a follow-up case report. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1999;7:390-398.
89. Bogie K, Triolo RJ. The effects of regular use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on tissue health. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(6):469-476.
90. Agarwal S, Triolo RJ, Kobetic R, et al. Long term user perceptions of an implanted neuroprosthesis for exercise, standing and transfers after spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(3):214-234.
91. Tashman S, Zajac FE, Perkash I. Modeling and simulation of paraplegic ambulation in a reciprocating gait orthosis. J Biomech Eng. 1995;17:300-308.
92. Baardman G, Ijzerman MJ, Hermens HJ, Veltink PH, Boom HBK, Zilvold G. The influence of the reciprocal hip joint link in the advanced reciprocating gait orthosis on standing performance in paraplegia. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1997;21:210-221.
93. Ijzerman MJ, Baardman G, Hermens HJ, Veltink PH, Boom HBK, Zilvold G. The influence of the reciprocal cable linkage in the advanced reciprocating orthosis on the paraplegic gait performance. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1997;21:52-61.
94. Bernardi M, Canale I, Castellano V, Di Filippo L, Felici F, Marchetti M. The efficiency of walking of paraplegic patients using a reciprocating gait orthosis. Paraplegia. 1995;33(7):409-415.
95. Solomonow M, Aguilar E, Reisin E, Baratta RV, Best R, Coetzee T, D'Ambrosia R. Reciprocating gait orthosis powered with electrical muscle stimulation (RGO II). Part I: performance evaluation of 70 paraplegic patients. Orthopedics. 1997;20(4):315-324.
96. Solomonow M, Reisin E, Aguilar E, Baratta RV, Best R, D'Ambrosia RD. Reciprocal gait orthosis powered with electrical muscle stimulation (RGO II). Part II: medical evaluation of 70 paraplegic patients. Orthopedics. 1997;20(5):411-418.
97. Solomonow M, Baratta R, Hirokawa S, et al. The RGO Generation II: muscle stimulation powered orthosis as a practical walking system for thoracic paraplegics. Orthopedics. 1989;12:1309-1315.
98. Beillot J, Carre F, Le Claire G, et al. Energy consumption of paraplegic locomotion using reciprocal gait orthosis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;73:376-381.
99. Isakov E, Douglas R, Berns P. Ambulation using the reciprocating gait orthosis and functional electrical stimulation. Paraplegia. 1992;30(4):239-245.
100. Goldfarb M, Korkowski K, Harrold B, Durfee W. Preliminary evaluation of a controlled-brake orthosis for FES-aided gait. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2003;11(3):241-248.
101. Durfee WK, Rivard A. Preliminary design and simulation of a pneumatic, stored-energy, hybrid orthosis for gait restoration. In: Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress; November 13-20, 2004; Anaheim, CA:1-7.
102. Marsolais EB, Kobetic R, Polando G, et al. The Case Western Reserve University hybrid gait orthosis. J Spinal Cord Med. 2000;23(2):100-108.
103. Ferguson KA, Polando G, Kobetic R, Triolo RJ, Marsolais EB. Walking with hybrid orthosis system. Spinal Cord. 1999;37(11):800-804.