The sinking brain: How to measure consciousness in anaesthesia

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-9

  Tonner, Peter H ^a   Scholz, Jens ^a  

^a Department of Anaesthesiology ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHLOROFORM; COCAINE; ETHER DERIVATIVE; LYSERGIDE; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; OPIATE;

ANESTHESIA LEVEL; ANESTHESIA MECHANISM; AWARENESS; BISPECTRAL INDEX; CONSCIOUSNESS; CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION; EDITORIAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; WAKEFULNESS;

ANESTHESIA, GENERAL; BRAIN; CONSCIOUSNESS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC;

EID: 33644940500     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.10.005     Document Type: Editorial

References (57)

1. B.W. Urban Current assessment of targets and theories of anaesthesia British Journal of Anaesthesia 89 2002 167-183
2. F. Plomley Operations upon the eye Lancet 1 1847 134-135
3. A.K. Seth B.J. Baars D.B. Edelman Criteria for consciousness in humans and other mammals Consciousness and Cognition 14 2005 119-139
4. H. Berger Über das elektroenkephalogramm des menschen Archives of Psychiatrics 101 1931 452-459
5. B.J. Baars Tutorial commentary: Surprisingly small subcortical structures are needed for the state of waking consciousness, while cortical projection areas seem to provide perceptual contents of consciousness Consciousness and Cognition 4 1995 159-162
6. J. Newman Putting the puzzle together. I. Towards a general theory of the neural correlates of consciousness Journal of Consciousness Studies 4 1997 46-66
7. T. Kuramoto S. Oshita H. Takeshita T. Ishikawa Modification of the relationship between cerebral metabolism, blood flow, and electroencephalogram by stimulation during anesthesia in the dog Anesthesiology 51 1979 211-217
8. R. Caton The electrical currents of the brain British Medical Journal 2 1875 278
9. F.A. Gibbs E.L. Gibbs W.G. Lennox Effect on the electroencephalogram of certain drugs which influence nervous activity Archives of Internal Medicine 60 1937 154-156
10. J.H. Tinker F.W. Sharbrough J.D. Michenfelder Anterior shift of the dominant EEG rhytham during anesthesia in the Java monkey: Correlation with anesthetic potency Anesthesiology 46 1977 252-259
11. R.A. Veselis R.A. Reinsel B.J. Beattie et al. Midazolam changes cerebral blood flow in discrete brain regions: An H2(15)O positron emission tomography study Anesthesiology 87 1997 1106-1117
12. R.A. Veselis R.A. Reinsel V.A. Feshchenko A.M. Dnistrian A neuroanatomical construct for the amnesic effects of propofol Anesthesiology 97 2002 329-337
13. J.E. Wynands P. Wong G.E. Townsend et al. Narcotic requirements for intravenous anesthesia Anesthesia & Analgesia 63 1984 101-105
14. G. Plourde Auditory evoked potentials and 40-Hz oscillations Anesthesiology 91 1999 1187-1189
15. A. Angel Central neuronal pathways and the process of anaesthesia British Journal of Anaesthesia 71 1993 148-163
16. C.J. KIlkman J.C. Drummond Depth of anaesthesia monitors: Status quo: in reply Anesthesiology 98 2003 794-795
17. P.H. Tonner J. Scholz C. Koch J. Schulte am Esch The anesthetic effect of dexmedetomidine does not adhere to the Meyer-Overton rule but is reversed by hydrostatic pressure Anesthesia & Analgesia 84 1997 618-622
18. J. Scholz P.H. Tonner T. Krause et al. Interactions of intravenous anesthetics with cerebral alpha-2-adrenoceptors Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie 34 1999 642-647
19. C. von der Malsburg The correlation theory of brain function E. Domany J.L. van Hemmen K. Schulten Neural Networks 1994 Springer Berlin
20. F. Crick C. Koch A framework for consciousness Nature Neuroscience 6 2003 119-126
21. H. Flohr An information processing theory of anaesthesia Neuropsychologica 33 1995 1169-1180
22. C.M. Gray The temporal correlation hypothesis of visual feature integration: Still alive and well Neuron 24 31-47 1999 111-125
23. M. Joliot U. Ribary R. Llinas Human oscillatory brain activity near 40 Hz coexists with cognitive temporal binding Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 1994 11748-11751
24. E. Rodriguez N. George J.P. Lachaux et. al. Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity Nature 397 1999 430-433
25. R.R. Llinas D. Pare Of dreaming and wakefulness Neuroscience 44 1991 521-535
26. H.D. Abraham F.H. Duffy EEG coherence in post-LSD visual hallucinations Psychiatry Research 107 2001 151-163
27. E.R. John L.S. Prichep W. Kox et al. Invariant reversible QEEG effects of anesthetics Consciousness and Cognition 10 2001 165-183
28. E.R. John The neurophysics of consciousness Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 39 2002 1-28
29. G.A. Mashour Consciousness unbound: Toward a paradigm of general anesthesia Anesthesiology 100 2004 428-433
30. M.E. Tunstall Detecting wakefulness during general anaesthesia for caesarean section British Medical Journal 1 1977 1321
31. C. Thornton R.M. Sharpe Evoked responses in anaesthesia British Jorunal of Anaesthesia 81 1998 771-781
32. B.S. Chortkoff C.T. Gonsowski H.L. Bennett et al. Subanesthetic concentrations of desflurane and propofol suppress recall of emotionally charged information Anesthesia & Analgesia 81 1995 728-736
33. J.C. Drummond Monitoring depth of anesthesia: With emphasis on the application of the bispectral index and the middle latency auditory evoked response to the prevention of recall Anesthesiology 93 2000 876-882
34. R.A. Veselis Memory function during anesthesia Anesthesiology 90 1999 648-650
35. R.A. Veselis R.A. Reinsel V.A. Feshchenko M. Wronski The comparative amnestic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations Anesthesiology 87 1997 749-764
36. E.R. John L.S. Prichep The anesthetic cascade: A theory of how anesthesia suppresses consciousness Anesthesiology 102 2005 447-471
37. D.L. Schacter The cognitive neuroscience of memory: Perspectives from neuroimaging research Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 352 1997 1689-1695
38. R. Elliott R.J. Dolan Neural response during preference and memory judgments for subliminally presented stimuli: A functional neuroimaging study Journal of Neuroscience 18 1998 4697-4704
39. J.S. Morris A. Ohman R.J. Dolan Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala Nature 393 1998 467-470
40. G.S. Berns J.D. Cohen M.A. Mintun Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness Science 276 1997 1272-1275
41. R.I. Block M.M. Ghoneim S.T. Sum Ping M.A. Ali Human learning during general anaesthesia and surgery British Journal of Anaesthesia 66 1991 170-178
42. T.T. McLintock H. Aitken C.F. Downie G.N. Kenny Postoperative analgesic requirements in patients exposed to positive intraoperative suggestions BMJ 301 1990 788-790
43. R. Woo J.L. Seltzer A. Marr The lack of response to suggestion under controlled surgical anesthesia Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 31 1987 567-571
44. E. Eich J.L. Reeves R.L. Katz Anesthesia, amnesia, and the memory/ awareness distinction Anesthesia & Analgesia 64 1985 1143-1148
45. R.I. Block M.M. Ghoneim S.T. Sum Ping M.A. Ali Efficacy of therapeutic suggestions for improved postoperative recovery presented during general anesthesia Anesthesiology 75 1991 746-755
46. G.H. Lubke C. Kerssens H. Phaf P.S. Sebel Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients Anesthesiology 90 1999 670-680
47. R.H. Sandin G. Enlund P. Samuelsson C. Lennmarken Awareness during anaesthesia: A prospective case study Lancet 355 2000 707-711
48. M.M. Ghoneim Awareness during anesthesia Anesthesiology 92 2000 597-602
49. M.M. Todd The media and the BIS monitor Anesthesiology 90 1999 1797
50. P.S. Myles K. Leslie J. McNeil et al. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: The B-Aware randomised controlled trial Lancet 363 2004 1757-1763
51. M.M. Struys T. De Smet L.F. Versichelen et al. Comparison of closed-loop controlled administration of propofol using bispectral index as the controlled variable versus 'standard practice' controlled administration Anesthesiology 95 2001 6-17
52. S. Locher K.S. Stadler T. Boehlen et al. A new closed-loop control system for isoflurane using bispectral index outperforms manual control Anesthesiology 101 2004 591-602
53. M.M. Struys T. De Smet S. Greenwald et. al. Performance evaluation of two published closed-loop control systems using bispectral index monitoring: A simulation study Anesthesiology 100 2004 640-647
54. T.G. Monk V. Saini B.C. Weldon J.C. Sigl Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery Anesthesia & Analgesia 100 2005 4-10
55. M.M. Todd EEGs, EEG processing, and the bispectral index Anesthesiology 89 1998 815-817
56. J.T. Moller T. Pedersen L.S. Rasmussen et al. Randomized evaluation of pulse oximetry in 20,802 patients. I. Design, demography, pulse oximetry failure rate, and overall complication rate Anesthesiology 78 1993 436-444
57. J.T. Moller N.W. Johannessen K. Espersen et al. Randomized evaluation of pulse oximetry in 20,802 patients. II. Perioperative events and postoperative complications Anesthesiology 78 1993 445-453