Soil erosion: A food and environmental threat

Environment, Development and Sustainability

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 119-137

  Pimentel, David ^a  

^a Plant Breeding and Genetics Section in the School of Integrative Plant Science   (United States)

Author keywords

Environment; Erosion; Food; Nutrition; Soil; Water; Wind

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; SOIL EROSION;

EID: 33644839871     PISSN: 1387585X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10668-005-1262-8     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Agriculture California: 2002, Control of Soil Erosion, 〈 http://res2.agr.ca/ecorc/program3/pub/status/control.htm 〉 (10/8/2002)
2. Agriculture Canada: 2002, Range Management, 〈 http://www/agr.gc.ca/ pfra/land/range.htm. 〉 (10/8/2002)
3. W. Allen 1994 The Flood of 1993 May Rank as the Worst Weather Disaster in U.S. History St. Louis Post Dispatch St. Louis, MO 01B
4. F.E. Allison 1973 Soil Organic Matter and Its Role in Crop Production Elsevier New York
5. J.M. Anderson 1988 Spatiotemporal effects of invertebrates on soil processes Biological Fertility Soils 6 216 227
6. O. Atlavinyte 1965 'The effect of erosion on the population of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in soils under different crops' Pedobiologia 5 178 188
7. Bailey, A.W.: 1996, Managing Canadian Rangelands as a Sustainable Resource: Policy Issues, Rangelands in a Sustainable Biosphere, Proceedings of the Fifth International Rangeland Congress, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 23-28 July, 1995, Volume 2: Invited Presentations, pp. 5-7
8. R.M. Bajracharya R. Lal 1992 'Seasonal soil loss and erodibility variation on a Miamian silt loam soil' Soil Science Society of America Journal 56 5 1560 1565
9. Bohac, J. and Pokarzhevsky, A.: 1987, 'Effect of manure and NPK on soil macrofauna in chernozem soil', in J. Szegi (eds.), Soil Biology and Conservation of Biosphere, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, Akademiai Kiado, pp. 15-19
10. L.R. Brown 1997 The Agricultural Link: How Environmental Deterioration Could Disrupt Economic Progress Worldwatch Institute Washington, DC
11. L.A. Bruijnzeel 1990 Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects of Conversion: A State of Knowledge Review Free University and UNESCO Amsterdam
12. P. Buringh 1989 'Availability of agricultural land for crop and livestock production' D. Pimentel C.W. Hall Food and Natural Resources Academic Press Inc San Diego 70 85
13. L.C. Campbell 1998 Managing soil fertility decline Journal of Crop Production 1 2 29 52
14. Carnell, B.: 2001, Soil Erosion, < http://www.overpopulation.com/fag/ natural_resources/food/soil_erosion > (12/17/ 2002).
15. E.H. Clark 1987 Soil erosion: Offsite environmental effects J.M. Harlin G.M. Bernardi Soil Loss: Processes, Policies, and Prospects Westview New York 59 89
16. G. Daily 1996 Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems Island Press Washington DC
17. R.H. Donahue R.H. Follett R.N. Tulloch 1990 Our Soils and Their Management Interstate Pub. Inc Danville, IL
18. H.E. Dregne 1992 Erosion and soil productivity in Asia Journal of Soil Water Conservation 47 8 13
19. Ebbert, J.C. and Roe, R.D.: 1998, Soil Erosion in the Palouse River Basin: Indications of Improvement. Science for a Changing World, US Geological Survey, USGS Fact Sheet FS-069-98
20. Ecology: 2002, Biodiversity, Productivity, and Overyielding, < http://web.utk.edu/~cuixu/School/ecology_ debate/biodiversity. htm. > (12/17/2002)
21. Ecology Action: 2002, Soil, < http://www.growbilointensive.org/ biointensive/soil.html. > (2/17/2002)
22. C.A. Edwards J.E. Bater 1992 The use of earthworms in environmental management Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24 1683 1689
23. C.S. Elton 1927 Animal Ecology Sidgwick and Jackson London
24. Evans, R., Cassel, D.K. and Sneed, R.E.: 1997, Soil, Water, and Crop Characteristic Important to Irrigation Scheduling, < http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/ programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html. > (12/17/2002)
25. P. Faeth P. Crosson 1994 'Building the case for sustainable agriculture' Environment 36 1 16 20
26. M. Falkenmark 1989 'Water scarcity and food production' D. Pimentel C.W. Hall Food and Natural Resources Academic Press San Diego, CA 164 191
27. FAO: 1961-2000, 'Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics'. FAO Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics 1-13, 125 pp.
28. FAO: 1998, Food Balance Sheet, http://armanncorn:98ivysub@faostat.fao. org/lim...ap.pl (10/12/2000).
29. FAO: 2001, Soil, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, < http://www.fao.org/ag/AGL/agll/soilbiod/casecall.htm. > (10/8/2002).
30. FAO: 2002, Restoring the Land, < http://www.fao.org/inpho/vlibrary/ u8480e/U8480E0d.htm. > (12/17/2002).
31. FEMAT: 1993, Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team Report, Sponsored by the USDA Forest Service, US Environmental Protection Agency, USDOI Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, Portland, Oregon.
32. Follett, R.F., Gupta, S.C. and Hunt, P.G.: 1987, 'Conservation practices: Relation to the management of plant nutrients for crop production', in Soil Fertility and Organic Matter as Critical Components of Production Systems, Special Pub. 19, Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, pp. 19-51.
33. Forest Conservation Act: 2002, Riparian Forest Buffer Panel (Bay Area Regulatory Programs), < http://www.riparianbuffers.umd.edu/manuals/ regulatory. html+60%25+forest+soil+conservation > (7/29/2002).
34. D.M. Gray A.T. Leiser 1989 Biotechnical Slope Protection and Erosion Control Kreiger Publishing Co. Malabar, FL
35. D.W. Griffin C.A. Kellogg E.A. Shinn 2001 'Dust in the wind: Long ange transport of dust in the atmosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health' Global Change & Human Health 2 1 20 33
36. J.P. Gupta P. Raina 1996 'Wind erosion and its control in hot arid areas of Rajasthan' B. Buerkert B.E. Allison M. Von Oppen Wind Erosion in West Africa: The Problem and Its Control Margraf Verlag Berlin 209 218
37. M.J. Haigh J.S. Rawat S.K. Bartarya S.P. Rai 1995 Interactions between forest and landslide activity along new highways in the Kumaun Himalaya Forest Ecology and Management 78 1-3 173 189
38. Hawkins, L.: 2002, Ants, < http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/ homeschooling_science_fun/69922. > (12/17/2002).
39. V.H. Heywood 1995 Global Biodiversity Assessment Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
40. Huszar P.C. and Piper S.L.: 1985, 'Off-site costs of wind erosion in New Mexico', in Off-Site Costs of Soil Erosion: The Proceedings of a Symposium, Washington, DC, The Conservation Foundation, pp. 143-166
41. IECA: 1991, Erosion Control - A Global Perspective. Proceedings of Conference XXII, International Erosion Control Association, Steamboat Springs, CO
42. IFPRI: 2002, Effective Strategies for Reducing Hunger, Poverty, and Environmental Degradation in Ethiopian Highlands, < http://www.ifpri.cgiar. org/media/ifi_results.htm. > (10/8/2002)
43. P.W. Johnson 1995 Agriculture Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, Government Printing Office Washington DC
44. A.J. Jones R. Lal D.R. Huggins 1997 'Soil erosion and productivity research: a regional approach' American Journal of Alternative agriculture 12 4 183 192
45. H.W. Kendall D. Pimentel 1994 Constraints on the expansion of the global food supply Ambio 23 198 205
46. Y. Kitazawa T. Kitazawa 1980 'Influence of application of a fungicide', an insecticide, and compost upon soil biotic community D.L. Sindal Soil Biology as Related to Land Use Practices Office of Pesticide and Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC 94 99
47. G.A. Klee 1991 Conservation of Natural Resources Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
48. Klocke, N.L., Hubbard, K.G., Kranz, W.L. and Watts, D.G.: 1996, Evapotranspiration (ET) or Crop Water Use, University of Nebraska, Cooperative Extension, < http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/irrigation/g992.htm. > (10/8/2002)
49. R. Lal 1990 'Soil erosion and land degradation: The global risks' R. Lal B.A. Stewart Soil Degradation Springer-Verlag New York 129 172
50. R. Lal 1994 Water management in various crop production systems related to soil tillage Soil and Tillage Research 30 169 185
51. R. Lal 2001 World cropland soils as a source of sink for atmospheric carbon Advances in Agronomy 71 145 191
52. Lal, R.: 2002, One Answer for Cleaner Air, Water: Better Agricultural Practices, < http://www.acs.ohio-state.edu/units/research/archive/sequest. htm. > (12/17/2002).
53. R. Lal 2004 Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security Science 304 1623 1627
54. R. Lal R.F. Follett J. Kimble C.V. Cole 1999 Managing U.S. cropland to sequester carbon in soil Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54 1 374 381
55. R. Lal B.A. Stewart 1990 Soil Degradation Springer-Verlag New York
56. G.W. Langdale L.T. West R.R. Bruce W.P. Miller A.W. Thomas 1992 'Restoration of eroded soil with conservation tillage' Soil Technology 5 81 90
57. P. Lavelle 1983 'The soil fauna of tropical savannas. II. The earthworms' Ecosystems of the World 13 485 504
58. Lazaroff, C.: 2001, 'Biodiversity gives carbon sinks a boost', Environment News Service, April 13
59. K.E. Lee 1985 Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use Academic Press Orlando, FL
60. E. Lee R.C. Foster 1991 'Soil fauna and soil structure' Australian Journal of Soil Research 29 745 776
61. B. Libert 1995 The Environmental Heritage of Soviet Agriculture CAB International Oxon, UK
62. B.G. Lockaby J.C. Adams 1985 'Pedoturbation of a forest soil by fire ants' Journal of Soil Science Society of America 49 220 223
63. Martin, P.: 1997, Sediments and Erosion, < http://www.gov.mb.ca/ environ/pages/publs97/cwgtext/sedi ment.html. > (10/8/2002)
64. McLaughlin, L.: 1991, Soil Conservation Planning in the People's Republic of China: An Alternative Approach, Dissertation, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University
65. L. McLaughlin 1993 A case study in Dingxi County, Gansu Province, China D. Pimentel World Soil Erosion and Conservation Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 87 107
66. G. McTainish C. Boughton 1993 Land Degradation Processes in Australia Longman Cheshire Melbourne, AU
67. D.L. Mokma M.A. Sietz 1992 'Effects of soil erosion on corn yields on Marlette soils in South-Central Michigan' Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 47 325 327
68. C.E. Murphee K.C. McGregor 1991 'Runoff and sediment yield from a flatland watershed in soybeans' Transactions of ASAE 34 407 411
69. N. Myers 1993 Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management Anchor/Doubleday Garden City, NY
70. NAS 2003 Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment and Communities National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press Washington, DC
71. E.P. Odum 1978 Fundamentals of Ecology Saunders New York
72. Olah-Zsupos, A. and Helmeczi, B.: 1987, 'The effect of soil conditioners on soil microorganisms', in J. Szegi (ed.), Soil Biology and Conservation of the Biosphere, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, Akademiai Kiado, pp. 829-837
73. Oldeman, L.R.: 1997, Soil Degradation: A Threat to Food Security? Paper presented at the International Conference on Time Ecology: Time for Soil Culture - Temporal Perspectives on Sustainable Use of Soil, 6-9 April, Tutzing, Germany
74. K.R. Olson E. Nizeyimana 1988 'Effects of soil erosion on corn yields of seven Illinois soils' Journal of Production Agriculture 1 13 19
75. Patric, J.H.: 2002, Forest Erosion Rates, (12/17/ 2002)
76. Phillips, D.L., White, D. and Johnson, B.: 1993, 'Implications of climate change scenarios for soil erosion potential in the USA', Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 61-72
77. D. Pimentel 1993 World Soil Erosion and Conservation Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
78. D. Pimentel 1997 'Soil erosion' Environment 39 10 4 5.
79. Pimentel, D.: 2001, 'The limitations of biomass energy', in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 159-171
80. D. Pimentel A. Warneke 1989 'Ecological effects of manure', sewage sludge, and other organic wastes on arthropod populations' Agricultural Zoological Review 3 1 30
81. D. Pimentel N. Kounang 1998 Ecology of soil erosion in ecosystems Ecosystems 1 416 426
82. D. Pimentel U. Stachow D.A. Takacs H.W. Brubaker A.R. Dumas J.J. Meaney J. O'Neil D.E. Onsi D.B. Corzilius 1992 Conserving biological diversity in agricultural/forestry systems' BioScience 42 354 362
83. D. Pimentel C. Harvey P. Resosudarmo K. Sinclair D. Kurz M. McNair S. Crist L. Sphpritz L. Fitton R. Saffouri R. Blair 1995 'Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits' Science 267 1117 1123
84. D. Pimentel J. Houser E. Preiss O. White H. Fang L. Mesnick T. Barsky S. Tariche J. Schreck S. Alpert 1997 'Water resources: Agriculture, the environment, and society' BioScience 47 2 97 106
85. D. Pimentel B. Berger D. Filiberto M. Newton B. Wolfe B. Karabinakis S. Clarke E. Poon E. Abbett S. Nandagopal 2004 'Water resources: agricultural and environmental issues' Bioscience 54 10 909 918
86. PRB 2002 World Population Data Sheet Population Reference Bureau Washington DC
87. Reid, W.S.: 1985, 'Regional effects of soil erosion on crop productivity-northeast', in R.F. Follett and B.A. Stewart (eds.), Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity, Madison, WI, American Society of Agronomy, pp. 235-250
88. J. Risser 1981 'A renewed threat of soil erosion: It's worse than the Dust Bowl' Smithsonian 11 120 122 124, 126-130.
89. Roose, E.: 1988, 'Soil and water conservation lessons from steep-slope farming in French speaking countries of Africa', in Conservation Farming on Steep Lands, Ankeny, IA, Soil and Water Conservation Society, pp. 130-131
90. D.L. Schertz W.C. Moldenhauer S.J. Livingston G.A. Weesies E.A. Hintz 1989 'Effect of past soil erosion on crop productivity in Indiana' Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44 6 604 608
91. SCS: 1993, Wind Erosion Report (Nov. 1992 - May 1993), Washington, DC, Soil Conservation Service, USDA
92. M. Shachak C.G. Jones S. Brand 1995 'The role of animals in an arid ecosystem: Snails and isopods as controllers of soil formation', erosion and desalinization H.P. Blume S.M. Berkowicz Arid Ecosystems. Catena Verlag Cremlingen-Destedt, Germany 37 50
93. T.V. Singh J. Kaur 1989 Studies in Himalayan Ecology and Development Strategies Himalayan Books New Dehli
94. Solliday, L.: 1997, Sediment Transport of an Estuary, < http://bellnetweb.brc.tamus.edu/sediment.htm > (1/10/2003)
95. D. Southgate M. Whitaker 1992 'Promoting resource degradation in Latin America: Tropical deforestation', soil erosion, and coastal ecosystem disturbance in Ecuador Economic Development and Cultural Change 40 4 787 807
96. Speth, J.G.: 1994, Towards an Effective and Operational International Convention on Desertification, New York, United Nations, International Convention on Desertification, Int. Negotiating Comm
97. Stone, R.P. and Moore, N.: 1997, Control of Soil Erosion. Factsheet, < http://www.gov.pm.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/95-089.htm. > (12/18/2002)
98. A.M. Sugden G.F. Rands 1990 'The ecology of temperate and cereal fields' Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5 205 206
99. A.M. Sugden R. Stone C. Ash 2004 'Ecology in the underworld' Science 304 1613
100. Sundquist, B.: 2000, Topsoil Loss - Causes. Effects, and Implications: A Global Perspective, 4th ed., < http://www.alltel.net/∼bsundquist1/. > (10/8/2002)
101. SWAG: 2002, Principles of Erosion and Sediment Control, < http://www.watershedrestoration.org/erosion.htm. > (8/10/2002)
102. G. Taddese 2001 Land degradation: 'A challenge to Ethiopia' Environment Management 27 6 815 824
103. D. Tilman J.A. Downing 1994 'Biodiversity and stability in grasslands' Nature 367 363 365
104. S.W. Trimble 1994 'Erosional effects of cattle on stream banks in Tennessee' USA Earth Surface Processes Landforms 19 451 464
105. S.W. Trimble A.C. Mendel 1995 'The cow as a geomorphic agent - a critical review' Geomorphology 13 233 253
106. F.R. Troeh L.M. Thompson 1993 Soils and Soil Fertility 5 Oxford University Press New York
107. F.R. Troeh J.A. Hobbs R.L. Donahue 1991 Soil and Water Conservation Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
108. UN-NADAF: 1996, UN-NADAF Mid-Term Review: Focus on Key Sectors: Environment. Africa Recovery 10(2): p. 23. October 1996
109. N.D. Uri 2001 'Agriculture and the environment - the problem of soil erosion' Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 16 4 71 91
110. USDA 1989 The Second RCA Appraisal. Soil, Water, and Related Resources on Nonfederal Land in the United States. Analysis of Conditions and Trends US Department of Agriculture Washington DC
111. USDA: 2000a, Changes in Average Annual Soil Erosion by Water on Cropland and CRP Land, 1992 -1997, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Revised December 2000
112. USDA: 2000b, Changes in Average Annual Soil Erosion by Wind on Cropland and CRP Land, 1992 - 1997, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Revised December 2000
113. USDA 2001 Agricultural Statistics USDA Washington, DC
114. Walsh, K.N. and Rowe, M.S.: 2001, Biodiversity Increases Ecosystems' Ability to Absorb CO2 and Nitrogen, < http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/ 2001bnlpr041101.htm. > (8/10/2002)
115. D.A. Wardle R.D. Bardgett J.N. Klironomos H. Setala W.H. van der Putten D.H. Wall 2004 'Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota' Science 304 1629 1633
116. Watershed: 2002, Watershed Conditions: Cumulative Watershed Effects, < http://www.krisweb.com/watershd/impacts.htm. > (10/8/2002)
117. G.A. Weesies S.J. Livingston W.D. Hosteter D.L. Schertz 1994 'Effect of soil erosion on crop yield in Indiana: results of a 10 year study' Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49 6 597 600
118. WEI: 2002, Wind Erosion Impacts, < http://www.cahe.wsu.edu/∼cp3/ erosion/erosion.html. > (10/8/2002)
119. D. Wen 1993 'Soil erosion and conservation in China' D. Pimentel Soil Erosion and Conservation. Cambridge University Press New York 63 86
120. Wen, D.: 1997, Agriculture in China: Water and Energy Resources, Shenyang, China. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciencea, Forthcoming.
121. R.C. Wendt E.E. Alberts A.T. Helmers 1986 Variability of runoff and soil loss from fallow experimental plots SSSAJ 50 730 736
122. WHO: 2004, World Health Report, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/ en.annex_2_en.pdf. (10/1/04). Note: World Health Reports for previous years can be accessed through this site.
123. Wind Particles: 2002, Wind Particles and Health, < http://res2.agr.ca/research-recherche/science/Healthy_Air4d.html. > (4/29/2002).
124. Witt, B.: 1997, Using Soil Fauna to Improve Soil Health, < http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/97papers/witt.html. > (10/8/2002).
125. M. Wood 1989 Soil Biology Blackie, Chapman and Hall New York
126. World Problems: 1999, Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential, < http://www/uia.org/uiademo/pro/d9118.htm. > (8/26/1999)
127. WRI 1994 World Resources Institute Oxford University Press New York
128. WRI 1997 World Resources Institute Oxford University Press New York
129. D.H. Wright 1990 'Human impacts on energy flow through natural ecosystems' and replications for species endangerment Ambio 19 189 194
130. A. Young 1989 Agroforestry for Soil Conservation C.A.B Wallingford, UK
131. A. Young 1990 Agroforestry, environment and sustainability Outlook Agriculture 19 155 160
132. A. Young 1998 Land Resources: Now and for the Future Cambridge University Press Cambridge
133. T.P. Zacharias A.H. Grube 1984 'An economic evaluation of weed control methods used in combination with crop rotations: a stochastic dominance approach' North Central Journal of Agricultural Economy 6 113 120
134. X. Zhang D.E. Walling T.A. Quine A. Wen 1997 'Use of reservoir deposits and caesium-137 measurements to investigate the erosional response of a small drainage basin in the rolling loess plateau region of China' Land Degradation and Development 8 1 16
135. Ziemer, R.R.: 1998, 'Flooding and stormflows', in R.R. Ziemer, Technical coordinator, Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal watersheds: The Caspar Creek Story, Ukia, CA, Technical Report PSW-GTR-168. Albany, CA, 'Pacific Southwest Research Station', USDA Forest Service, 15-24