Ethyl sulphate: A direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption

Addiction

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 204-211

  Wurst, Friedrich Martin ^a   Dresen, Sebastian ^b   Allen, John P ^c   Wiesbeck, Gerhard ^a   Graf, Marc ^a   Weinmann, Wolfgang ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^c PACIFIC INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND EVALUATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Abstinence; Alcohol; Biomarker; Ethyl glucuronide; Ethyl sulphate; Excretion; Monitoring; Stability

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CREATININE; ETHYL SULFATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL REHABILITATION PROGRAM; ARTICLE; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; DRINKING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EVALUATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PATIENT; REHABILITATION CENTER; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; URINALYSIS; VOLUNTEER;

ADULT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOLISM; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ETHANOL; FEMALE; GLUCURONATES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; SULFURIC ACID ESTERS; TEMPERANCE;

EID: 33644806582     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: 13600443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01245.x     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Aderjan R. Babel B. Briellmann T. Daldrup T. Demme U. Hallbach J. et al. 2000 Anlage zu den Richtlinien der GTFCh zur Qualitätssicherung bei forensisch-toxikologischen Untersuchungen. Anhang A: Anforderung an einzelne Analysenmethoden. [Amendments to the Guidelines of the GTFCh for quality assessment for forensic-toxicological analyses: Amendment A: prerequisites for selected methods]. Toxichemistry + Krimtech 67 13 16. Available at: [accessed 29 April 2005].
2. Allen JP. Sillanaukee P. Strid N. Litten RZ. 2004 ) Biomarkers of heavy drinking. Available at: [Accessed 22 April 2005].
3. Alling C. Gustavsson L. Änggård E. 1983 An abnormal phospholipid in rat organs after ethanol FEBS Letters 152 24 28
4. Alt A. Janda I. Seidl S. Wurst FM. 2000 Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair samples Alcohol and Alcoholism 35 313 314
5. Aradottir S. Moller K. Alling C. 2004 Phosphatidylethanol formation and degradation in human and rat blood Alcohol and Alcoholism 39 8 13
6. Bernstein J. Basilio C. Martinez B. 1990 Ethanol sulfation by the pulmonary ethanol metabolizing system (PET). Research Communications in Chemistry and Pathological Pharmacology 68 219 234
7. Bernstein J. Martinez B. Escobales N. Santacana G. 1983 The pulmonary ethanol metabolizing system (PET). Research Communications in Chemistry and Pathological Pharmacology 39 49 67
8. Bernstein J. Meneses P. Basilio C. Martinez B. 1984 Further characterization of the pulmonary ethanol metabolizing system (PET). Research Communications in Chemistry and Pathological Pharmacology 46 121 136
9. Boström H. Vestermark A. 1960 Studies on ester sulphates. 7. On the excretion of sulphate conjugates of primary aliphatic alcohols in the urine of rats Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 48 88 94
10. Carlini EJ. Raftogianis RB. Wood TC. Jin F. Zheng W. Rebbeck TR. et al. 2001 Sulfation pharmacogenetics: SULT1A1 and SULT1A2 allele frequencies in Caucasian, Chinese and African American subjects Pharmacogenetics 11 57 68
11. Conigrave KM. Degenhardt LJ. Whitfield B. Saunders B. Helander A. Tabakoff B. on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA Study on Biological State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence Investigators 2002 CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26 332 339
12. Dahl H. Stephanson N. Beck O. Helander A. 2002 Comparison of urinary excretion characteristics of ethanol and ethyl glucuronide Journal of Analytical Toxicology 26 201 204
13. Dan L. Laposata M. 1997 Ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate are the predominant fatty acid ethyl esters in the blood after ethanol ingestion and their synthesis is differentially influenced by the extracellular concentrations of their corresponding fatty acids Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 21 286 292
14. Diczfalusy MA. von Wachenfeldt M. Holmberg I. Alexson SEH. 2001 Possible role of long chain fatty acid ethyl esters in organ injury and as short-term markers of ethanol intake in humans. In: Wurst FM., ed. New and Upcoming Markers of Alcohol Consumption, pp. 17 34 Darmstadt Steinkopff-Springer Verlag
15. Dresen S. Weinmann W. Wurst FM. 2004 forensic confirmatory analysis of ethyl sulphate - a new marker for alcohol consumption by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation/tandem mass spectrometry Journal of the American Society of Mass Spectrometry 15 1644 1648
16. Helander A. 2003 Biological markers in alcoholism Journal of Neural Transmission 66 Supplement 15 32
17. Helander A. Beck O. 2004 Mass spectrometric identification of ethyl sulfate as an ethanol metabolite in humans Clinical Chemistry 5 936 937
18. Laposata M. 1999 Assessment of ethanol intake - current tests and new assays on the horizon American Journal of Clinical Pathology 112 443 450
19. Manautou JE. Carlson GP. 1992 Comparison of pulmonary and hepatic glucuronidation and sulphation of ethanol in rat and rabbit in vitro Xenobiotica 22 1309 1319
20. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMSHA 2004 Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing Federal Register 69/81 19644 19673. Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2004].
21. Schmitt G. Aderjan R. Keller T. Wu M. 1995 Ethyl-glucuronide: an unusual ethanol metabolite in humans. Synthesis, analytical data, and determination in serum and urine Journal of Analytical Toxicology 19 91 94
22. Schneider H. Glatt H. 2004 Sulfo conjugation of ethanol in humans in vivo and by individual sulfotransferase forms in vitro Biochemistry Journal 383 543 549
23. Seidl S. Wurst FM. Alt A. 2001 Ethyl glucuronide - a biological marker for recent alcohol consumption Addiction Biology 6 205 212
24. Skipper GE. Schaefer P. Thierauf A. Weinmann W. Allen JP. Miller M. et al. 2004 Detection of surreptitious alcohol use among health professionals recovering from substance-related disorders using a new marker, ethyl glucuronide Alcohol and Alcoholism 39 445 459
25. Society of Forensic Toxicologists and American Academy of Forensic Sciences (SOFT/AAFS) 2002 Forensic Toxicology Laboratory Guidelines Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2004].
26. Varga A. Moller K. Hanson P. Aradottir S. Alling C. 2001 Phosphatidylethanol; clinical significance and biochemical basis. In: Wurst FM., ed. New and Upcoming Markers of Alcohol Consumption, pp. 75 92 Darmstadt Steinkopff-Springer Verlag.
27. Vestermark A. Boström H. 1959 Studies on ester sulphates. V. On the enzymatic formation of ester sulphates of primary aliphatic alcohols Experimental Cell Research 18 174 177
28. Wada F. Usami M. Goto M. Hayashi T. 1971 Studies on the physiological significance of fatty acid omega-oxidation Journal of Biochemistry 70 1065 1067
29. Weinmann W. Schaefer P. Thierauf A. Schreiber A. Wurst FM. 2004 Confirmatory analysis of ethylglucuronide in urine by liquid-chromatography/ electrospray-tandem-mass-spectrometry Journal of the American Society of Mass Spectrometry 15 188 193
30. Wurst FM. Alexson S. Wolfersdorf M. Bechtel G. Forster S. Alling C. et al. 2004a Concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of alcoholics: comparison to other biological state markers and self reported ethanol intake Alcohol and Alcoholism 39 33 38
31. Wurst FM. Kempter C. Metzger J. Seidl S. Alt A. 2000 Ethyl glucuronide - a marker of recent alcohol consumption with clinical and forensic implications Alcohol 20 111 116
32. Wurst FM. Kempter C. Seidl S. Alt A. 1999a Ethyl glucuronide - a marker of alcohol consumption and a relapse marker with clinical and forensic implications Alcohol and Alcoholism 34 71 77
33. Wurst FM. Metzger JW. on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA Study on Biological State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence 2002 The direct ethanol metabolite ethyl glucuronide is a specific marker of recent alcohol consumption Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26 1114 1119
34. Wurst FM. Schüttler R. Kempter C. Seidl S. Gilg T. Jachau K. et al. 1999b Can ethyl glucuronide be determined in postmortem body fluids and tissues? Alcohol and Alcoholism 34 260 261
35. Wurst FM. Skipper GE. Weinmann W. 2003b Ethyl glucuronide - the direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use Addiction 98 51 61
36. Wurst FM. Vogel R. Jachau K. Varga A. Alling C. Alt A. et al. 2003a Ethyl glucuronide discloses recent covert alcohol use not detected by standard testing in forensic psychiatric inpatients Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27 471 476
37. Wurst FM. Wiesbeck GA. Metzger JW. Weinmann W. Graf M. on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA Study on Biological State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence 2004b On sensitivity, specificity and the influence of various parameters on ethyl glucuronide levels in urine - results from the WHO/ISBRA Study Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28 1220 1228