Calibration of the Tibetan Plateau using regional seismic waveforms

Pure and Applied Geophysics

Volumn 163, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 1193-1213

  Zhu, Lupei ^a   Tan, Ying ^b   Helmberger, Donald V ^b   Saikia, Chandan K ^c  

^a Saint Louis University   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c URS CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Crustal velocity model; Earthquake moment tensors; Locations of regional earthquakes; The Tibetan Plateau; Waveform modeling

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; DATA INVERSION; GREEN FUNCTION; P-WAVE; SEISMIC WAVE; SEISMICITY; SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVE VELOCITY; WAVEFORM ANALYSIS;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

EID: 33644696968     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: 14209136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00024-006-0073-7     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Anderson, D. L., Theory of the Earth (Blackwell Sci., Malden, Mass 1989).
2. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., Mercier, J. L., and Han, T. (1986), Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 13,803-13,872.
3. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., and Han, T. (1989), Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 2787-2838.
4. Barazangi, M., and Ni, J. (1982), Velocities and propagation characteristics of Pn and Sn beneath the Himalayan arc and Tibetan plateau: Possible evidence for underthrusting of Indian continental lithosphere beneath Tibet, Geology 10, 179-185.
5. Brandon, C., and Romanowicz, B. (1986), A 'no-lid' zone in the central Chang-tang platform of Tibet: Evidence from pure path phase velocity measurement of long period Rayleigh waves, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6547-6546.
6. Chen, W. P. (1988), A brief update on the focal depths of intracontinental earthquakes and their correlation with heat flow and tectonic age, Seismol. Res. Lett. 59, 263-272.
7. Chen, W. P., and Molnar, P. (1981), Constraints on the seismic wave velocity structure beneath the Tibetan Plateau and their tectonic implication, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 5937-5962.
8. Chen, W. P., and Molnar, P. (1983), Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 4183-4214.
9. Chen, W. P., Nabelek, J. L., Fitch, T. J., and Molnar, P. (1981), An intermediate depth earthquake beneath Tibet: Source characteristics of the event of September 14, 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2863-2876.
10. Christensen, N. I., and Mooney, W. D. (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9761-9788.
11. Dewey, J. F., Shackleton, R. M., Chang, C. and Sun, Y. (1988), The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A327, 379-413.
12. Douglas, A. (1967), Joint epicentre determination, Nature, 215, 45-48.
13. Ekstrom, G. (1987), A broadband method of earthquake analysis, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
14. England, P. C. and Houseman, G. A. (1986), Finite strain calculations of continental deformation 2: Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 3664-3676.
15. Harrison, T. M., Copeland, P., Kidd, W., and Yin, A. (1992), Raising Tibet, Science 255, 1663-1670.
16. Helmberger, D. V. (1983), Theory and application of synthetic seismograms. In Earthquakes: Observation, Theory and Interpretation, pp. 174-222, Soc. Italiana di Fisica, Bolgna, Italy.
17. Hirn, A., Nercessian, A., Sapin, M., Jobert, G., Xu, Z. X., Gao, E. Y., Lu, D. Y., and Teng, J. W. (1984a), Lhasa block and bordering sutures - a continuation of a 500-km Moho traverse through Tibet, Nature 307, 25-27.
18. Hirn, A. et al. (1984b), Crustal structure and variability of the Himalayan border of Tibet, Nature 307, 23-25.
19. International Seismological Centre (2001), On-line bulletin, http://www.isc.ac.uk/Bull.
20. Jackson, J. (2002), Strength of the continental lithosphere: Time to abandon the jelly sandwich?, GSA Today, September, 4-10.
21. Jobert, N., Journet, B., Jobert, G., Hirn, A., and Zhong, S. K. (1985), Deep-structure of southern Tibet inferred from the dispersion of Raeyleigh-waves through a long-period seismic network, Nature 313, 386-388.
22. Kanamori, H., Maechling, P., and Hauksson, E. (1999), Continuous monitoring of ground-motion parameters, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 89, 311-316.
23. Kissling, E., Ellsworth, W. L., Eberhart-Phillips, D., and Kradolfer, U. (1994), Initial reference models in local earthquake tomography, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 19,635-19,646.
24. Langin, W. R., Brown, L. D., and Sandvol, E. A. (2003), Seismicity of central Tibet from project INDEPTH III seismic recordings, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 93, 2146-2159.
25. Le Pichon, X., Henry, P., and Goffe, B. (1997), Uplift of Tibet: From eclogites to granulites - implications for the Andean Plateau and the Variscan belt, Tectonophys. 273, 57-76.
26. Lu, D., and Wang, X. (1990), The crust structure and deep internal process in the Tuotuohe area of the north Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Bull. of the Chinese Academy of Geol. Sci. 21, 227-237.
27. Lyon-Caen, H. (1986), Comparison of the upper mantle shear-wave velocity structure of the Indian Shield and the Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implications, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 86, 727-749.
28. Maggi, A., Jackson, J., Priestley, K., and Baker, C. (2000), A re-assessment of focal depth distributions in southern Iran, the Tien Shan and northern India: Do earthquakes really occur in the continental mantle?, Geophys. J. Int. 143, 629-661.
29. McNamara, D. E., Owens, T. J., and Walter, W. R. (1995), Observations of regional phase propagation across the Tibetan plateau, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 22,215-22,229.
30. Molnar, P. (1988), A review of geophysical constraints on the deep structure of the Tibetan plateau, the Himalaya and the Karakoram, and their tectonic implications, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A326, 33-88.
31. Molnar, P., and Chen, W. P. (1983), Focal depths and fault plane solutions of earthquakes under the Tibetan plateau, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 1180-1196.
32. Molnar, P., and Lyon-Caen, H. (1989), Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan plateau and its margins, Geophys. J. Int. 99, 123-153.
33. Molnar, P., England, P., and Martinod, J. (1993), Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan plateau, and the Indian monsoon, Rev. Geophys. 31, 357-396.
34. Nelson, K. D. et al. (1996), Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet - synthesis of project INDEPTH results, Science, 274, 1684-1688.
35. Ni, J., and Barazangi, M. (1983), High-frequency seismic-wave propagation beneath the Indian shield, Himalayan arc, Tibetan plateau and surrounding regions - high uppermost mantle velocities and efficient Sn propagation beneath Tibet, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 72, 665-689.
36. Owens, T. J., and Zandt, G. (1997), Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution, Nature 387, 37-43.
37. Owens, T. J., Randall, G. E.,Wu, F. T., and R. S. Zeng (1993), PASCAL instrument performance during the Tibetan plateau passive seismic experiment, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 83, 1959-1970.
38. Pavlis, G. L., and Booker, J. R. (1983), Progressive multiple event location (PMEL), Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 73, 1753-1777.
39. Randall, G. E., Ammon, C. J., and Owens, T. J. (1995), Moment-tensor estimation using regional seismograms from portable network deployments, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1665-1668.
40. Rapine, R., Tilmann, F., West, M., and Ni, J. (2003), Crustal structure of northern and southern Tibet from surface wave dispersion analysis, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 2120, doi:10.1029/2001JB000445.
41. Richards-Dinger, K. B., and Shearer, P. M. (2000), Earthquake locations in southern california obtained using source-specific station terms, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 0939-10,960.
42. Rodgers, A., and Schwartz, S. Y. (1997), Low crustal velocities and mantle lithospheric variation in southern Tibet from regional Pnl waveforms, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 9-12.
43. Rodgers, A., J., and Schwartz, S. Y. (1998), Lithospheric structure of the Qiangtang Terrane, northern Tibetan Plateau, from complete regional waveform modeling: Evidence for partial melt, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 7137-7152.
44. Romanowicz, B. (1982), Constraints on the structure of the Tibet plateau from pure path phase velocities of Love and Rayleigh-waves, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 6865-6883.
45. Ross, A. R., Brown, L. D., Pananont, P., Nelson, K. D., Klemperer, S., Hainer, S., Zhao, W., and Guo, J. (2004), Deep reflection surveying in central Tibet: Lower-crustal layering and crustal flow, Geophys. J. Int. 156, 115-128.
46. Song, X. J., Helmberger, D. V., and Zhao, L. (1996), Broadband modeling of regional seismograms: The Basin and Range crustal structure, Geophys. J. Int. 125, 15-29.
47. Tan, Y., Zhu, L., Helmberger, D. V., and Saikia, C. K. (2006), Locating and modeling regional earthquakes with two stations, J. Geophys. Res. 111, B01306, doi: 10.1029/2005JB003775.
48. Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z., Roger, F. Meyer, B., Arnaud, N., Wittlinger, G., and Yang, J. (2001), Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau, Science, 294, 1671-1677.
49. Taylor, M., Yin, A., Ryerson, F. J., Kapp, P., and Lin, D. (2003), Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east-west extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 22, 1044, doi:10.1029/ 2002TC001361.
50. Teng, J., Xiong, S., Yin, Z., Xu, Z., Wang, X., and Lu, D. (1983), Structure of the crust and upper mantle pattern and velocity distribution characteristic at northern region of the Himalayan mountains, Acta. Geophys. Sinica. 26, 525-540.
51. Vergne, J., Wittlinger, G., Hui, Q., Tapponnier, P., Poupinet, G., Mei, G. J., Herquel, G., and Paul, A. (2002), Seismic evidence for stepwise thickening of the crust across the NE Tibetan Plateau, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203, 25-33.
52. Wittlinger, G., et al. (1996), Seismic tomography of northern Tibet and Kunlun: Evidence for crustal blocks and mantle velocity contrasts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 139, 263-279.
53. Yin, A., and Nie, S. A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions. In Tectonic evolution of Asia (eds. A. Yin and T. M. Harrison), pp. 442-485, (Cambridge Univ. Press 1996).
54. Yuan, X., Ni, J., Kind, R., Mechie, J., and Sandvol, E. (1997), Lithospheric and upper mantle structure of southern Tibet from a seismological passive source experiment, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 27,491-27,500.
55. Zhao, L. S., and Helmberger, D. V. (1991), Geophysical implication from relocation of Tibetan earthquakes; hot lithosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1070-1084.
56. Zhao, L. S., and Helmberger, D. V. (1994), Source estimation from broadband regional seismograms, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 91-104.
57. Zhao, L. S., and Xie, J. (1993), Lateral variation in compressional velocities beneath the Tibetan plateau from Pn travel-time tomography, Geophys. J. Int. 115, 1070-1084.
58. Zhao, L. S., Helmberger, D. V., and Harkrider, D. G. (1991), Shear-velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Tibetan plateau and southeastern China, Geophys. J. Int. 105, 713-730.
59. Zhao, W., Nelson, K. D., and Team, P. I. (1993), Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet, Nature 366, 557-559.
60. Zhao, W. et al. (2001), Crustal structure of central Tibet as derived from project INDEPTH wide angle seismic data, Geophys. J. Int. 145, 486-498.
61. Zhu, L. (1998), Broadband waveform modeling and its application to the lithospheric structure of the Tibetan Plateau, Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
62. Zhu, L., and Helmberger, D. V. (1996a), Intermediate depth earthquakes beneath the India-Tibet collision zone, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 435-438.
63. Zhu, L., and Helmberger, D. V. (1996b), Advancement in source estimation techniques using broadband regional seismograms, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, 1634-1641.
64. Zhu, L., and Rivera, L. A. (2002), A note on the dynamic and static displacements from a point source in multi-layered media, Geophys. J. Int. 148, 619-627.