Early bladder cancer: Concept, diagnosis, and management

International Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 28-37

  Kitamura, Hiroshi ^a   Tsukamoto, Taiji ^a  

^a SAPPORO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Bladder; Cancer; Progression; Recurrence; Treatment; Urine markers

Indexed keywords

ALLOANTIGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BCG VACCINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLADDER TUMOR ANTIGEN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYTOKERATIN; CYTOKERATIN 19 FRAGMENT; EPIRUBICIN; FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION PRODUCT; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 3; HYALURONIC ACID; HYALURONIDASE; INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEIN; LEWIS X ANTIGEN; MITOMYCIN C; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN 22; PIRARUBICIN; PIROXICAM; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RAS PROTEIN; RETINOL; SURVIVIN; TELOMERASE; THIOTEPA; TUMOR ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VITAMIN B GROUP;

ARTHRALGIA; ARTHRITIS; BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CHROMOSOME 9; CHROMOSOME DELETION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYSTECTOMY; CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DYSURIA; EARLY CANCER; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE DELETION; GENE MUTATION; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; LABORATORY TEST; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; NONHUMAN; PAPILLOMA; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOKING CESSATION; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINALYSIS; UROGENITAL TRACT TUMOR; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

CARCINOMA IN SITU; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; NEOPLASM STAGING; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33644635113     PISSN: 13419625     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-006-0552-y     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. JA Witje FMJ Debruyne 2005 Natural history and initial management based on prognostic factor NJ Vogelzang PT Scardino WU Shipley Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 449 451
2. T Tsukamoto H Kitamura A Takahashi N Masumori 2004 Treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Lessons from the past and perspective for the future Jpn J Clin Oncol 34 295 306
3. JI Epstein MB Amin VE Reuter FK Mostofi the Bladder Consensus Conference Committee 1998 The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder Am J Surg Pathol 22 1435 1448
4. SM Donat 2003 Evaluation and follow-up strategies for superficial bladder cancer Urol Clin N Am 30 765 776
5. S Holmang 2000 Follow-up of patients with noninvasive and superficially invasive bladder cancer Semin Urol Oncol 18 273 279
6. RJ Cote SP Lerner R Datar 2005 Molecular biology and prognostic markers in bladder cancer NJ Vogelzang PT Scardino WU Shipley Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 385 401
7. X-R Wu 2005 Urothelial tumorigenesis: a tale of divergent pathways Nat Rev Cancer 5 713 725
8. EM Wolff G Liang PA Jones 2005 Mechanism of disease: genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive bladder cancer Nat Clin Prac Urol 2 502 510
9. D Cappellen C De Oliveira D Ricol 1999 Frequent activating mutations of FGFR3 in human bladder cancer and cervix carcinomas Nat Genet 23 18 20
10. C Billerey D Chopin MH Aubriton-Lorton 2001 Frequent FGFR3 mutations in papillary non-invasive bladder (pTa) tumors Am J Pathol 158 1955 1959
11. AH Jebar CD Hurst DC Tomlinson 2005 FGFR3 and Ras gene mutations are mutually exclusive genetic events in urothelial carcinoma Oncogene 24 5218 5225
12. I Orlow H LaRue I Osman 1999 Deletions of the INK4A gene in superficial bladder tumors: association with recurrence Am J Pathol 155 105 113
13. A Hartmann L Zanardo T Bocker-Edmonston 2002 Occurrence of chromosomal 9 and p53 alterations in multifocal dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of human urinary bladder Cancer Res 62 809 818
14. D Sidransky P Frost A Von Eschenbach 1992 Clonal origin of bladder cancer N Engl J Med 326 737 740
15. AL Harris DE Neal 1992 Bladder cancer-field versus clonal origin N Engl J Med 326 443 447
16. C Hafner R Knuechel R Stoehr A Hartmann 2002 Clonality of multifocal urothelial carcinomas: 10 years of molecular gnetic studies Int J Cancer 101 1 6
17. T Habuchi 2005 Origin of multifocal carcinomas of the bladder and upper urinary tract: molecular analysis and clinical implications Int J Urol 12 709 716
18. RJ Sylvester W Oosterlinck APM van der Meiden 2004 A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials J Urol 171 2186 2190
19. BJ Duggan SB Gray JJ [tmp] McKnight 2004 Oligoclonality in bladder cancer: the implication for molecular therapies J Urol 171 419 425
20. S Hinotsu H Akaza Y Ohashi T Kotake 1999 Intravesical chemotherapy for maximum prophylaxis of new early phase superficial bladder carcinoma treated by transurethral resection Cancer (Phila) 86 1818 1826
21. NM Heney S Ahmed M Flanagan 1983 Superficial bladder cancer: progression and recurrence J Urol 130 1083 1086
22. WH Herr PC Soganni 2001 Does early cystectomy improve the survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder tumor? J Urol 166 1296 1299
23. MA Simon VB Lokeshwar MS Soloway 2003 Current bladder cancer tests: unnecessary or beneficial? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 47 91 107
24. BWG van Rhijn HG Van der Poel TH Van Der Kwast 2005 Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review Eur Urol 47 736 748
25. R Kinders T Jones R Root 1998 Complement factor H or a related protein is a marker for transitional cell cancer of the bladder Clin Cancer Res 4 2511 2520
26. A Saad DC Hanbury TA [tmp] McNicholas 2002 A study comparing various noninvasive methods of detecting bladder cancer in urine BJU Int 89 369 373
27. MG Friedrich A Hellstern MI Toma 2003 Are false-positive urine markers for the detection of bladder carcinoma really wrong or do they predict tumor recurrence? Eur Urol 43 146 151
28. M Babjuk M Kostirova K Mudra 2002 Qualitative and quantitative detection of urinary human complement factor H-related protein (BTA stat and BTA TRAK) and fragments of cytokeratins 8, 18 (UBC rapid and UBC IRMA) as markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Eur Urol 41 34 39
29. WJ Ellis BA Blumenstein LM Ishak 1997 Clinical evaluation and the BTA TRAK assay and comparison to voided urine cytology and the Bard BTA test in patients with recurrent bladder tumors Urology 50 882 887
30. R Heicappell IC Wettig M Schostak 1999 Quantitative detection of human complement factor H-related protein in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder Eur Urol 35 81 87
31. A Giannopoulos T Manousakas D Mitropoulos 2000 Comparative evaluation of the BTAstat test, NMP22, and voided urine cytology in the detection of primary and recurrent bladder tumors Urology 55 871 875
32. M Hoffman 1993 The cell's nucleus shapes up Science 259 1257 1259
33. BS Schmetter KK Habicht DL Lamm 1997 A multicenter trial evaluation of the fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products test for detection and monitoring of bladder cancer J Urol 158 801 805
34. B Johnston A Morales L Emerson 1997 Rapid detection of bladder cancer: a comparative study of point of care tests J Urol 158 2098 2101
35. J Tsihlias HB Grossman 2000 The utility of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in superficial bladder cancer Urol Clin N Am 27 39 46
36. Y Fradet C Lockhart 1997 Performance characteristics of a new monoclonal antibody test for bladder cancer: ImmunoCyt Can J Urol 4 400 405
37. C Pfister D Chautard M Devonec 2003 ImmunoCyt test improves the diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology: results of a French multicenter study J Urol 169 921 924
38. G Feil A Zumbragel HJ Paulgen-Nelde 2003 Accuracy of the ImmunoCyt assay in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder Anticancer Res 23 963 967
39. MI Toma MG Friedrich SH Hautmann 2004 Comparison of the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology with other urine tests in the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer World J Urol 22 145 149
40. MF Sarosdy P Schellhammer G Bokinsky 2002 Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer J Urol 168 1950 1954
41. M Skacel M Fahmy JA Brainard 2003 Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization assay detects transitional cell carcinoma in the majority of patients with bladder cancer and atypical or negative urine cytology J Urol 169 2101 2105
42. BR Kipp RJ Karnes SM Brankley 2005 Monitoring intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization J Urol 173 401 404
43. VB Lokeshwar NL Block 2000 HA-HAase URINE TEST. A sensitive and specific method for detecting bladder cancer and evaluating its grade Urol Clin N Am 27 53 61
44. JRE Fraser TC Laurent UB Laurent 1997 Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover J Intern Med 242 27 33
45. VB Lokeshwar C Öbek MS Soloway 1997 Tumor associated hyaluronic acid: a new sensitive and specific urine marker for bladder cancer Cancer Res 57 773 777
46. SH Hautmann VB Lokeshwar GL Schroeder 2001 Elevated tissue expression of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase validates the HA-Haase urine test for bladder cancer J Urol 165 2068 2074
47. G Ambrosini C Adida DC Altieri 1997 A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma Nat Med 3 917 921
48. DC Altieri 2001 The molecular basis and potential role of survivin in cancer diagnosis and therapy Trends Mol Med 7 542 547
49. I Tamm Y Wang E Sausville 1998 IAP-family protein survivin inhibits caspase activity and apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95), Bax, caspases, and anticancer drugs Cancer Res 58 5315 5320
50. SD Smith MA Wheeler J Plescia 2001 Urine detection of survivin and diagnosis of bladder cancer JAMA 285 324 328
51. SF Shariat R Casella SM Khoddami 2004 Urine detection of survivin is a sensitive marker for the noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer J Urol 171 626 630
52. S Weikert Christoph M Schrader 2005 Quantitative analysis of survin mRNA expression in urine and tumor tissue of bladder cancer patients and its potential relevance for disease detection and prognosis Int J Cancer 116 100 104
53. BCS Liu KR Loughlin 2000 Telomerase in human bladder cancer Urol Clin N Am 27 115 123
54. MA Rahat N lahat H Gazawi 1999 Telomerase activity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma: a preliminary study Cancer (Phila) 85 919 924
55. A Cassel MA Rahat N Lahat 2001 Telomerase activity and cytokeratin 20 as markers for the detection and follow-up of transitional cell carcinoma: an unfulfilled promise J Urol 166 841 844
56. H Ito S Kyo T Kanaya 1998 Detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase messenger RNA in voided urine samples as a useful diagnostic tool for bladder cancer Clin Cancer Res 4 2807 2810
57. T Fukui N Nonomura T Tokizane 2001 Clinical evaluation of human telomerase catalytic subunit in bladder washings from patients with bladder cancer Mol Urol 5 19 23
58. N Melissourgos NG Kastrinakis I Davilas 2003 Detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in urine of patients with bladder cancer: evaluation of an emerging bladder tumor marker Urology 62 362 367
59. TA Brentnall 1995 Microsatellite instability. Shifting concepts in tumorigenesis Am J Pathol 147 561 563
60. G Sourvinos I Kiwanis D Defaces 2001 Genetic detection of bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis of p16, RB1, and p53 tumor suppressor genes J Urol 165 249 252
61. D Sepira P Parrela M Gallucci 2001 Sensitive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by microsatellite analysis of cells exfoliated in urine Int J Cancer 95 364 369
62. M Shigyo K Sugano N Fukayama 1998 Allelic loss on chromosome 9 in bladder cancer tissues and urine samples detected by blunt-end single-strand DNA conformation polymorphism Int J Cancer 78 425 429
63. B Nisman V Barak A Shapiro 2002 Evaluation of urine CYFRA 21-1 for the detection of primary and recurrent bladder carcinoma Cancer (Phila) 94 2914 2922
64. R Planz E Striepecke G Jakse 1998 Use of Lewis X antigen and deoxyribonucleic acid image cytometry to increase sensitivity of urinary cytology in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder J Urol 159 384 388
65. C Cordon-Cardo VE Reuter KO Lloyed 1988 Blood group-related antigens in human urothelium: enhanced expression of precursor, LeX, and LeY determinants in urothelial carcinoma Cancer Res 48 4107 4112
66. MG Friedrich A Hellstern SH Hautmann 2002 Clinical use of urinary markers for the detection and prognosis of bladder carcinoma: a comparison of immunocytology with monoclonal antibodies against Lewis X and 486p3/12 with the BTA STAT and NMP22 tests J Urol 168 470 474
67. AS Glas D Roos M Deutekom 2003 Tumor markers in the diagnosis of primary bladder cancer. A systematic review J Urol 169 1975 1982
68. S Eissa S Kassim O El-Ahmady 2003 Detection of bladder tumours: role of cytology, morphology-based assays, biochemical and molecular markers Cur Opin Obstet Gynecol 15 395 403
69. S Jain RC Kockelbergh 2005 The role of photodynamic diagnosis in the contemporary management of superficial bladder cancer BJU Int 96 17 21
70. MA O'Donnell 2002 New therapeutic strategies for non- muscle-invasive (superficial) bladder cancer AUA Update Ser 22 10 15
71. H Koga K Kuroiwa A Yamaguchi 2004 A randomized controlled trial of short-term versus long-term prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy for recurrence after transurethral resection of Ta/T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder J Urol 171 153 157
72. AB Alexandroff AM Jackson MA O'Donnell 1999 BCG immunotherapy of bladder cancer: 20 years on Lancet 353 1689 1694
73. RFM Bevers KH Kurth DHJ Schamhart 2004 Role of urothelial cells in BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer Br J Cancer 91 607 612
74. MA O'Donnell 2005 Practical applications of intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy in high-risk patients with superficial bladder cancer Urol Clin N Am 32 121 131
75. RJ Sylvester APM van der Meijden DL Lamm 2002 Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials J Urol 168 1964 1970
76. JW Davis SI Sheth MJ Doviak 2002 Superficial bladder carcinoma treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: progression-free and disease-specific survival with minimum 10-year followup J Urol 167 494 500
77. DL Lamm VD Stogdill BJ Stogdill 1986 Complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy in 1278 patients with bladder cancer J Urol 135 272 274
78. P Rischmann F Desgrandchamps B Malavaud 2000 BCG intravesical instillations: recommendations for side-effects management Eur Urol 37 suppl 1 33 36
79. P Jichilinski HJ Leisinger 2001 Photodynamic therapy in superficial bladder cancer: past, present and future Urol Res 29 396 405
80. AP Berger H Steiner A Stenzl 2003 Photodynamic therapy with intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a single-center study Urology 61 338 341
81. A Marti P Jichlinski N Lange 2003 Comparison of aminolevulinic acid and hexylester aminolevulinate induced protoporphyrin IX distribution in human bladder cancer J Urol 170 428 432
82. R Waidelich H Stepp R Baumgartner 2001 Clinical experience with 5-aminolevulinic acid and photodynamic therapy for refractory superficial bladder cancer J Urol 165 1904 1907
83. RJ Skyrme AJ French SN Datta 2005 A phase-1 study of sequential mitomycin C and 5-aminolaevulic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma BJU Int 95 1206 1210
84. PK Pietrow JA Smith 2001 Laser treatment for invasive and noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder J Endourol 15 415 418
85. HO Beisland P Seland 1986 A prospective randomized study on neodymium-YAG laser irradiation versus TUR in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer Scand J Urol Nephrol 20 209 212
86. M Beer D Jocham A Beer 1989 Adjuvant laser treatment of bladder cancer: 8 years' experience with the Nd-YAG laser 1064∈nm Br J Urol 63 476 478
87. E Fosslien 2000 Molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in neoplasia Ann Clin Lab Sci 30 3 21
88. LR Howe K Subbaramaiah AM Brown 2001 Cyclooxygenase-2: a target for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer Endocr Relat Cancer 8 97 114
89. ME Turini RN DuBois 2002 Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target Annu Rev Med 53 35 57
90. RS Pruthi E Derksen K Gaston 2004 Rationale for use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in prevention and treatment of bladder cancer Urology 64 637 642
91. T Shirahama 2000 Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in transitional cell carcinoma and its preneoplastic lesions in the human urinary bladder Clin Cancer Res 6 2424 2430
92. A Ristimaki O Nieminen K Saukkonen 2001 Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder Am J Pathol 158 849 853
93. SI Mohammed PF Bennett BA Craig 2002 Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, on tumor response, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer Cancer Res 62 356 358
94. MA Moyad 2003 Bladder cancer prevention. Part I: What do I tell my parents about lifestyle changes and dietary supplements? Curr Opin Urol 13 363 378
95. T Kakizoe 2003 Chemoprevention of cancer: focusing on clinical trials Jpn J Clin Oncol 33 421 442
96. MPA Zeegers E Kellen F Buntinx 2004 The association between smoking, beverage consumption, diet and bladder cancer: a systematic literature review World J Urol 21 392 401