The sham ECT literatures: Implications for consent to ECT

Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 17-28

  Ross, Colin A ^a,b  

^a Institute for Psychological Trauma ^*  (United States)

^b Institute for Psychological Trauma   (United States)

Author keywords

Electroconvulsive therapy; Sham ECT; Treatment outcome

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; HEXAZOL; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; NITROUS OXIDE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PLACEBO; SUXAMETHONIUM; THIOPENTAL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEATH; DEPRESSION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HAMILTON SCALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; MEMORY DISORDER; META ANALYSIS; PHOTOCONVULSIVE THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMISSION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; CONTROL GROUP; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; ECONOMICS; EMPIRICAL APPROACH; ETHICS; INFORMED CONSENT; LITERATURE; MENTAL HEALTH THERAPIES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

EMPIRICAL APPROACH; MENTAL HEALTH THERAPIES;

CONSENT FORMS; CONTROL GROUPS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS; PLACEBO EFFECT; PLACEBOS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; REVIEW LITERATURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33644589520     PISSN: 15594343     EISSN: 19389000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/ehpp.8.1.17     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2001). The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: Recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Brandon, S., Cowley, P., McDonald, C., Neville, P., Palmer, R., & Wellston-Eason, S. (1984). Electroconvulsive therapy: Results in depressive illness from the Leicestershire trial. British Medical Journal, 288, 22-25.
3. Breggin, P. (1979). Electroshock: Its brain-disabling effects. New York: Springer.
4. Brill, N. Q., Crumpton, E., Eiduson, S., Grayson, H. M., Hellman, L. I., & Richards, R. A. (1959). Relative effectiveness of various components of electroconvulsive therapy. Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 8, 627-635.
5. Dombrovski, A. Y., Mulsant, B. H., Haskett, F. R., Prudic, J., Begley, A. E., & Sackheim, H. A. (2005). Predictors of remission after electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1043-1049.
6. Fahy, P., Imlah, N., & Harrington, J. (1963). A controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy, imipramine and thiopentone sleep in depression. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 4, 310-314.
7. Frank, L. (1978). The history of shock treatment. San Francisco: Frank.
8. Freeman, C. P. L., Basson, J. V., & Crighton, A. (1978). Electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) and simulated E.C.T. in depressive illness. Lancet, 1, 738-740.
9. Gregory, S., Shawcross, C. R., & Gill, D. (1985). The Nottingham ECT Study. A double-blind comparison of bilateral, unilateral and simulated ECT in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 520-524.
10. Harris, J. A., & Robin, A. A. (1960). A controlled trial of phenelzine in depressive reactions. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 1432-1437.
11. Husain, M. M., Rush, A. J., Fink, M., Knapp, R., Petrides, G., Rummans, T., et al. (2004). Speed of response and remission in major depressive disorder with acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): A consortium for research in ECT (CORE) report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 485-491.
12. Janicak, P. G., Davis, J. M., Gibbons, R. D., Ericksen, S., Chang, S., & Gallagher, P. (1985). Efficacy of ECT: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 297-302.
13. Johnstone, E. C., Lawler, P., Stevens, M., Deakin, J. F. W., Frith, C. D., McPherson, K., et al. (1980). The Northwick Park electroconvulsive therapy trial. Lancet, 2, 1317-1320.
14. Kho, K. H., Van Vreeswijk, M. F., Simpson, S., & Zwinderman, A. H. (2003). A meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy efficacy in depression. Journal of ECT, 19, 139-147.
15. Kho, K. H., Zwinderman, A. H., & Blansjaar, B. A. (2005). Predictors for the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy: Chart review of a naturalistic study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 894-899.
16. Lambourn, J., & Gill, D. (1978). A controlled comparison of simulated and real ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 514-519.
17. McDonald, I. M., Perkins, M., Marjerrison, G., & Podilsky, M. (1966). A controlled comparison of amitriptyline and electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 1427-1431.
18. Pagnin, D., De Querioz, V., Pini, S., & Cassano, G. B. (2004). Efficacy of ECT in depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of ECT, 20, 13-20.
19. Pippard, J., & Ellam, L. (1981). ECT in Great Britain. London: Gaskell.
20. Read, J. (2004). Electroconvulsive therapy. In J. Read, L. R. Mosher, & R. P. Bentall (Eds.), Models of madness: Psychological, social and biological approaches to schizophrenia (pp. 85-99). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
21. Rudorfer, M. V., Henry, M. E., & Sackheim, H. A. (1997). Electroconvulsive therapy. In A. Tasman, J. Kay, & J. A. Lieberman (Eds.), Psychiatry (pp. 1535-1556). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
22. Sackheim, H. A., Haskett, R. F., Mulsant, B. H., Thase, M. E., Mann, J. J., Pettinati, H. M., et al. (2001). Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1299-1307.
23. Strensrud, P. (1958). Cerebral complications following 24,562 convulsion treatments in 893 patients. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica, 33, 115-126.
24. Ulett, G. A., Smith, K., & Glesser, G. C. (1956). Evaluation of convulsive and subconvulsive shock therapies utilizing a control group. American Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 795-802.
25. Van Der Wurff, F. B., Stek, M. L., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2003). The efficacy and safety of ECT in depressed older adults: A literature review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 894-904.
26. Walsh, B. T., Seidman, S. N., Sysko, R., & Gould, M. (2002). Placebo response in studies of major depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1840-1847.
27. Weiner, R. D., Rogers, H. J., Davidson, J. R. T., & Kahn, E. M. (1986). Effects of electroconvulsive therapy upon the brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 462, 270-281.
28. West, E. D. (1981). Electric convulsion therapy in depression: A double-blind controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 282, 355-357.
29. Wijeratne, C., Halliday, G. S., & Lindon, R. W. (1999). The present status of electroconvulsive therapy: A systematic review. Medical Journal of Australia, 171, 250-254.
30. Wilson, I. C., Vernon, J. T., Guin, T., & Sandifer, M. G. (1963). A controlled study of treatments of depression. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 4, 331-337.