A lockean Europe?

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 37, 2006, Pages 9-37

  Van Der Pijl, Kees ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33644519991     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. On 18 November it was officially announced that 4.85 million French citizens had bought EDF shares, comfortably surpassing the 3.1 million beneficiaries of the privatization of Gaz de France the previous July and the 3.8 million of France Télécom in 1997: Le Monde, 19 November 2005.
2. Cited in Le Monde diplomatique, August 1992, p. 30.
3. Benno Teschke, The Myth 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations, London 2003, p. 250.
4. Several of the ideologues of the Parliamentary party in the English Civil War were returnees from exile in North America; Cromwell himself in matters of theology and church organization 'looked to New England rather than Scotland': Angus Calder, Revolutionary Empire: The Rise of the English-Speaking Empires from the Fifteenth Century to the 1780s, London 1981, pp. 217, 212. For the Glorious Revolution's effects in North America, see pp. 384-5, 388.
5. Marx writes that capital 'is not, as the economists believe, the absolute form for the development of the forces of production... it is a discipline over them, which becomes superfluous and burdensome at a certain level of their development': Grundrisse, Harmondsworth 1973, p. 415.
6. Ronen Palan, The Offshore World: Sovereign Markets, Virtual Places, and Nomad Millionaires, Ithaca 2003, p. 15 and ch. 7.
7. This is the thesis of Alan Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945-51, London 1984.
8. Cited in Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science, Manchester 1987, p. 8.
9. See my The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class, London 1984 (posted at www.theglobalsite.ac.uk) for biographies of Hoffman and Monnet.
10. Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces, 1950-1957, Stanford 1968 (second edition), p. 194.
11. With the coal industry rapidly losing ground to oil, the ECSC basically worked as a structure facilitating its demise in a more or less equitable way. It also made it easier for governments to 'sell' the closure of mines by invoking a higher authority. Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State, London 2000 (second edition), p. 63.
12. Albert Statz, 'Zur Geschichte der westeuropäischen Integration bis zur Gründung der EWG', in Frank Deppe, ed., Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft: Zur politischen Ökonomie der westeuropäischen Integration, Reinbek 1975, p. 144.
13. Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires d'espoir, Paris 1970, vol. 1, Le Renouveau 1958-1962, pp. 178-9, 182.
14. When the United States prevented the sale of Airbus passenger planes to Libya in 1982 by applying its export legislation to American-made components, this set in motion the process towards integral 'Europeanization' of the EU'S aerospace industry that is practically complete today: Gert Meijer, Internationalisatie van de Europese vliegtuigindustrie, Amsterdam 1984, p. 88.
15. See Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Out of Revolution: Autobiography of Western Man, Providence, RI 1993.
16. Lucien Goldmann, 'Die Marxistische Erkenntnistheorie und ihre Anwendung auf die Geschichte des Marxistischen Denkens', in Kurt Lenk, ed., Ideologie: Ideologiekritik und Wissenschafissoziologie, Neuwied and Berlin 1971.
17. Y. A. Zamoshkin and A. Y. Melvil, 'Between Neo-Liberalism and Neo-Conservatism', in Edward D'Angelo et al, eds, Contemporary East European Marxism, Amsterdam 1982, vol. 11, p. 225; I have adapted the terminology to the contemporary European understanding of 'neoliberal'.
18. Daniel Bell, 'The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism', in Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol, eds, Capitalism Today, New York 1971, pp. 31-2.
19. Michel Crozier, Samuel Huntington and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission, New York 1975, pp. 8-9.
20. Huntington condemns John Rawls's Theory of Justice for propagating this identity between democracy and equality.
21. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, Harmondsworth 1992;
22. a more accurate assessment of the nature of the democratic triumph of the West can be found in William Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy, Cambridge 1996,
23. and Christoph Görg and Joachim Hirsch, 'Is International Democracy Possible?', Review of International Political Economy, vol. 5, no. 4 (1998), who all emphasize the parallel erosion of democracy.
24. The full story of the Mont Pèlerin saga has been written from an admiring perspective by Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable. Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931-1983, London 1995,
25. and from a critical perspective by Bernard Walpen, Die offenen Feinde und ihre Gesellschaft: Eine hegemonietheoretische Studie zur Mont Pèlerin Society, Hamburg 2004 (which cites the correspondence between Thatcher and Hayek).
26. Continual anticipation of a potentially wrong choice, or the possibility of missing a chance, Alex Demirovic writes, overstrains individuals and undermines their capacity to imagine or engage in collective action capable of changing their conditions of life: see Walpen, Die offenen Feinde, p. 243.
27. Stephen Gill, 'European Governance and New Constitutionalism: Economic and Monetary Union and Alternatives to Disciplinary Neoliberalism in Europe', New Political Economy, vol. 3, no. 1 (1998).
28. Quoted in Paul Langley, World Financial Orders: An Historical International Political Economy, London 2002, p. 132.
29. Robert Boyer, 'De la première à la seconde pax americana' in Robert Boyer and Pierre-François Souyri, eds, Mondialisation et régulations: Europe et Japon face à la singularité américaine, Paris 2001, p. 43.
30. Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free-Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability, London 2003.
31. See Le Monde, 1 October 2005, discussing a study of the Fondation Jean-Jaurès (close to the French Socialist party).
32. J. Magnus Ryner, 'Maastricht Convergence in the Social and Christian Democratic Heartland', International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 28, no. 2 (1998);
33. and Bastiaan van Apeldoorn, Transnational Capitalism and the Struggle over European Integration, London 2002, respectively.
34. Henri Houben, 'Het nieuwe hoofddoel van de Europese Unie: de Lissabon-strategie', Marxistische Studies, 65, 2004, pp. 29-31.
35. All further details of the ERT strategy leading up to Lisbon are taken from this source and from van Apeldoorn, Transnational Capitalism.
36. Van Apeldoorn, Transnational Capitalism, pp. 140, 174.
37. Otto Holman, 'Asymmetrical Regulation and Multidimensional Governance in the European Union', Review of International Political Economy, vol. 11, no. 4 (2004), p. 719.
38. Boyer in Boyer and Souyri, Mondialisation et régulations, pp. 35, 42;
39. see also Emmanuel Todd, Après l'empire: Essai sur la décomposition du système américain, Paris 2004, pp. 248, 250.