Disease agents in Amblyomma americanum from northeastern Georgia

Journal of Medical Entomology

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 753-759

  Varela, A S ^a   Moore, V A ^a   Little, S E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Amblyomma americanum; Borrelia lonestari; Ehrlichia chaffeensis; Ehrlichia ewingii; Georgia

Indexed keywords

ACARI; AMBLYOMMA; AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM; ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BORRELIA; BORRELIA LONESTARI; BORRELIA SP.; CERVIDAE; EHRLICHIA; EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; EHRLICHIA EWINGII; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS;

EID: 3342970549     PISSN: 00222585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.753     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Anderson, B. E., C. E. Greene, D. C. Jones, and J. E. Dawson. 1992a. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42: 299-302.
2. Anderson B. E., J. W. Sumner, J. E. Dawson, T. Tzianabos, C. R. Greene, J. G. Olson, Fishbein D. B., M. Olsen-Rasmussen, B. P. Holloway, and E. H. George. 1992b. Detection of the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 775-780.
3. Anderson, B. E., K. G. Sims, J. G. Olson, J. E. Childs, J. F. Piesman, C. M. Happ, G. O. Maupain, and B.J.B. Johnson. 1993. Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 49: 239-244.
4. Anziani, O. S., S. A. Ewing, and R. W. Barker. 1990. Experimental transmission of a granulocytic form of the tribe Ehrlichieae by Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum to dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 51: 929-931.
5. Arens, M. Q., A. M. Liddell, G. Buening, M. Gaudreault-Keener, J. W. Sumner, J. A. Comer, R. S. Buller, and G. A. Storch. 2003. Detection of Ehrlichia spp. in the blood of wild white-tailed deer in Missouri by PCR assay and serologic analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1263-1265.
6. Armstrong, P. M., S. M. Rich, R. D. Smith, D. L. Hartl, A. Spielman, and S. R. Telford III. 1996. A new Borrelia infecting Lone Star ticks. Lancet. 347: 67-68.
7. Bacon, R. M., R. D. Gilmore, Jr., M. Quintana, J. Piesman, and B.J.B. Johnson. 2003. DNA evidence of Borrelia lonestari in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeast Missouri. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 590-592.
8. Barbour, A. G., and S. F. Hayes. 1986. Biology of Borrelia species. Microbiol. Rev. 30: 381-400.
9. Barbour, A. G., G. O. Maupin, G. J. Teltow, C. J. Carter, and J. Piesman. 1996. Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: possible agent of aLyme disease-like illness. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 403-409.
10. Bishopp, F. C., and H. L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 1-54.
11. Black, W. C., and J. Piesman. 1994. Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari:Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 10034-10038.
12. Buller, R. S., M. Arens, S. P. Hmiel, C. D. Paddock, J. W. Sumner, Y. Rikihisa, A. Unver, M. Gaudreault-Keene, F. A. Manian, A. M. Liddell, N. Schmulewitz, and G. A. Storch. 1999. Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 341: 148-155.
13. Burket, C. T., C. N. Vann, R. R. Pinger, C. L. Chatot, and F. E. Steiner. 1998. Minimum infection rate of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) by Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in southern Indiana. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 653-659.
14. Burkot, T. R., G. R. Mullen, R. Anderson, B. S. Schneider, C. M. Happ, and N. S. Zeidner. 2001. Borrelia lonestari DNA in adult Amblyomma americanum ticks, Alabama. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7: 471-473.
15. Campbell, G. L., W. S. Paul, M. E. Schriefer, R. B. Craven, K. E. Robbins, and D. T. Dennis. 1995. Epidemiologic and diagnostic studies of patients with suspected early Lyme disease, Missouri, 1990-1993. J. Infect. Dis. 172: 470-480.
16. Childs, J. E., and C. D. Paddock. 2003. The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48: 307-337.
17. Cox H. R. 1940. Rickettsia diaporica and American Q fever. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 20: 463-69.
18. Davidson, W. R., D. A. Siefken, and L. H. Creekmore. 1994. Seasonal and annual abundance of Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae) in central Georgia. J. Med. Entomol. 31: 67-71.
19. Dawson, J. E., D. E. Stallknecht, E. W. Howerth, C. Warner, K. Biggie, W. R. Davidson, J. M. Lockhart, V. F. Nettles, J. G. Olson, and J. E. Childs. 1994. Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 2725-2728.
20. Dawson, J. E., K. L. Biggie, C. K. Warner, K. Cookson, S. Jenkins, J. F. Levine, and J. G. Olson. 1996a. Polymerase chain reaction evidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis, in dogs from southeast Virginia. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 1175-1179.
21. Dawson J. E., C. K. Warner, V. Baker, S. A. Ewing, D. E. Stallknecht, W. R. Davidson, A. A. Kocan, J. M. Lockhart, and J. G. Olson. 1996b. Ehrlichia-like 16S rDNA sequence from wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) . J. Parasitol. 82: 52-58.
22. Ewing, S. A., J. E. Dawson, A. A. Kocan, R. W. Barker, C. K. Warner, R. J. Panciera, J. C. Fox, K. M. Kocan, and E. F. Blouin. 1995. Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales:Ehrlichieae) among white-tailed deer by Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 32: 368-374.
23. Feir, D., C. Reppell Santanello, B. Li, C. Xie, E. Masters, R. Marconi, and G. Weil. 1994. Evidence supporting the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Missouri. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 51: 475-482.
24. Felz, M. W., L. A. Durden, and J. H. Oliver. 1996. Ticks parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. J. Parasitol. 82: 505-508.
25. Felz, M. W., F. W. Chandler, J. H. Oliver, D. W. Rahn, and M. E. Schriefer. 1999. Solitary Erythema migrans in Georgia and South Carolina. Arch. Dermatol. 135: 1317-1326.
26. Ginsberg, H. S., C. P. Ewing, A. F. O'Connell, Jr., E. M. Bosler, J. G. Daley, and M. W. Sayre. 1991. Increased population densities of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Long Island, New York. J. Parasitol. 77: 493-495.
27. Gladney, W. J. 1978. Ticks (Acarina:Argasidae and Ixodidae), pp. 102-113. In R. Bram (ed.), Surveillance and collection of arthropods of veterinary importance. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
28. Goddard, J., and B. R. Norment. 1986. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 23: 465-472.
29. Goldman, E. E., E. B. Breitschwerdt, C. B. Grindem, B. C. Hegarty, J. J. Walls, and J. S. Dumler. 1998. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 12: 61-70.
30. Gustafson, R., A. Gardulf, and B. Svenungsson. 1989. Comparison of culture, indirect immunofluorescence and darkfield microscopy for detection of spirochetes from Ixodes ricinus ticks. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8: 570-572.
31. Hopla, C. E., and C. M. Downs. 1953. The isolation of Bacterium tularense from the tick Amblyomma americanum. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 26: 71-72.
32. Ijdo, J. W., C. Wu, L. A. Magnarelli, K. C. Stafford, III, J. F. Anderson, and E. Fikrig. 2000. Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis DNA in Amblyomma americanum ticks in Connecticut and Rhode Island. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 4655-4656.
33. Irving, R. P., R. R. Pinger, C. N. Vann, J. B. Olesen, and F. E. Steiner. 2000. Distribution of E. chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaeceae) in Amblyomma americanum Southern Indiana and prevalence of E. chaffeensis-reactive antibodies in white-tailed deer in Indiana and Ohio in 1998. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 595-600.
34. James, A. M., D. Liveris, G. P. Wormser, I. Schwartz, M. A. Montecalvo, and B.J.B. Johnson. 2001. Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick. J. Infect. Dis. 183: 1810-1814.
35. Kahl, O., J. S. Gern, E. C. Guy, F. Jongejan, F. Kirstein, K. Kurtenbach, S.G.T. Rijpkema, and G. Stanek. 1998. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks: immunofluorescence assay versus polymerase chain reaction. Zent. bl. Bakteriol. 287: 205-210.
36. Keirans, J. D., and E. H. Lacombe. 1998. First records of Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes (Ixodes) dentatus, and Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from Maine. J. Parasitol. 84: 629-631.
37. Kirkland, K. B., T. B. Klimko, R. A. Meriwether, M. S. Schriefer, M. Levin, J. Levine, W. R. Mac Kenzie, and D. T. Dennis. 1997. Erythema migrans-like rash at a camp in North Carolina. Arch. Intern. Med. 157: 2635-2641.
38. Koch, H. G. 1988. Suitability of white-tailed deer, cattle and goats as hosts for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 61: 251-257.
39. Koch, H. G., and R. W. McNew. 1982. Sampling of Lone Star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) : dry ice quantity and capture. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 75: 579-582.
40. Kollars, T. M., J. H. Oliver, L. A. Durden, and P. G. Kollars. 2000. Host associations and seasonal activity of Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae) in Missouri. J. Parasitol. 86: 1156-1159.
41. Little S. E., and E. W. Howerth. 1999. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in archived tissues of a white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 35: 596-599.
42. Little, S. E., D. E. Stallknecht, J. M. Lockhart, J. E. Dawson, and W. R. Davidson. 1998. Natural coinfection of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population with three Ehrlichia spp. J. Parasitol. 84: 897-901.
43. Lockhart, J. M., W. R. Davidson, D. E. Stallknecht, and J. E. Dawson. 1995. Temporal association of A. americanum with the presence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis reactive antibodies in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 31: 119-124.
44. Lockhart, J. M., W. R. Davidson, D. E. Stallknecht, and J. E. Dawson. 1996. Site-specific geographic association between Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations and Ehrlichia chaffeensis-reactive (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) antibodies in white-tailed deer. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 153-8.
45. Lockhart, J. M., W. R. Davidson, D. E. Stallknecht, J. E. Dawson, and E. W. Howerth. 1997a. Isolation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) confirms their role as natural reservoir hosts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 1681-1686.
46. Lockhart, J. M., W. R. Davidson, D. E. Stallknecht, J. E. Dawson, and S. E. Little. 1997b. Natural history of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in the Piedmont physiographic province of Georgia. J. Parasitol. 83: 887-894.
47. Luckhart, S., G. R. Mullen, and J. C. Wright. 1991. Etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, detected in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected at a focus in Alabama. J. Med. Entomol. 28: 652-657.
48. Masters, E. J., and D. Donnell. 1995. Lyme and/or Lyme-like disease in Missouri. Mo. Med. 92: 346-353.
49. Masters, E., S. Granter, P. Duray, and P. Cordes. 1998. Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans-like rashes following lone star tick bites. Arch. Dermatol. 134: 955-960.
50. Means, R. G., and D. J. White. 1997. New distribution records of Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) in New York State. J. Vector Ecol. 22: 133-145.
51. Merten, H. A., and L. A. Durden. 2000. A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States. J. Vector Ecol. 25: 102-13.
52. Moore, V. A., A. S. Varela, M. J. Yabsley, W. R. Davidson, and S. E. Little. 2003. Detection of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness, in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the southeastern United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 424-427.
53. Murphy G. L., S. A. Ewing, L. C. Whitworth, J. C. Fox, and A. A. Kocan. 1998. A molecular and serologic survey of Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii in dogs and ticks from Oklahoma. Vet. Parasitol. 79: 325-339.
54. Oliver, J. H., T. M. Kollars, F. W. Chandler, A. M. James, E. J. Masters, R. S. Lane, and L. O. Huey. 1998. First isolation and cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from Missouri. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1-5.
55. Paddock C. D., S. M. Folk, G. M. Shore, L. J. Machado, M. M. Huycke, L. N. Slater, A. M. Liddell, R. S. Buller, G. A. Storch, T. P. Monson, D. Rimland, J. W. Sumner, J. Singleton, K. C. Bloch, Y. W. Tang, S. M. Standaert, and J. E. Childs. 2001. Infections with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33: 1586-1594.
56. Parker, R. R., G. M. Kohls, and E. A. Steinhaus. 1943. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: spontaneous infection in Amblyomma americanum. Publ. Health Rep. 58: 721-729.
57. Patrick, C. D., and J. A. Hair. 1977. Seasonal abundance of lone star ticks on white-tailed deer. Environ. Entomol. 6: 263-269.
58. Roland, W. E., E. D. Everett, T. L. Cyr, S. Z. Hasan, C. B. Dommaraju, and G. A. McDonald. 1998. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59: 641-643.
59. Stegall-Faulk, T., D. C. Clark, and S. M. Wright. 2003. Detection of Borrelia lonestari in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from Tennessee. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 100-102.
60. Steiert, J. G., and F. Gilfoy. 2002. Infection rates of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in southwest Missouri. Vec. Borne Zoon. Dis. 2: 53-60.
61. Stromdahl, E. Y., M. P. Randolph, J. J. O'Brien, and A. G. Gutierrez. 2000. Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) infection in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 349-356.
62. Stromdahl, E. Y., S. R. Evans, J. J. O'Brien, and A. G. Gutierrez. 2001. Prevalence of infection in ticks submitted to the human tick test program of the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 67-74.
63. Stromdahl, E. Y., P. C. Williamson, T. M. Kollars, Jr., S. R. Evans, R. K. Barry, M. A. Vince, and N. A. Dobbs. 2003. Evidence of Borrelia lonestari DNA in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) removed from humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 5557-62.
64. Sumner, J. W., J. E. Childs, and C. D. Paddock. 1999. Molecular cloning and characterization of the Ehrlichia chaffeensis variable-length PCR target: an antigen-expressing gene that exhibits interstrain variation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 1447-1453.
65. Taylor, J. P., G. R. Istre, T. C. McChesney, F. T. Satalowich, R. L. Parker, and L. M. McFarland. 1991. Epidemiologic characteristics of human tularemia in the southwestcentral states. 1981-1987. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133: 1032-1038.
66. Teltow, G. J., P. V. Fournier, J. A. Rawlings. 1991. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from arthropods collected in Texas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44: 469-474.
67. Whitlock, J. E., Q. Q. Fang, L. A. Durden, and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 2000. Prevalence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from the Georgia Coast and Barrier Islands. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 276-280.
68. Wolf, L., T. McPherson, B. Harrison, B. Engber, A. Anderson, and P. Whitt. 2000. Prevalence of Ehrlichia ewingii in Amblyomma americanum in North Carolina. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2795.
69. Varela, A. S., M. P. Luttrell, E. W. Howerth, V. A. Moore, W. R. Davidson, D. E. Stallknecht, and S. E. Little. 2004. First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 1163-1169.
70. Yabsley, M. J., A. S. Varela, C. M. Tate, V. G. Dugan, D. E. Stallknecht, S. E. Little, and W. R. Davidson. 2002. Ehrlichia ewingii infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8: 668-671.
71. Yabsley, M. J., S. E. Little, E. J. Sims, V. G. Dugan, D. E. Stallknecht, and W. R. Davidson. 2003. Molecular variation in the variable-length PCR target and 120-Kilodalton antigen genes of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 5202-5206.
72. Yu, X., J. F. Piesman, J. G. Olson, and D. H. Walker. 1997. Short report: geographic distribution of different genetic types of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56: 679-680.