The role of sex steroid receptors in sheep female reproductive physiology

Reproduction, Fertility and Development

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 385-394

  Meikle, Ana ^a   Tasende, C ^a   Sosa, C ^a   Garofalo E G ^a  

^a Veterinary Faculty   (Uruguay)

Author keywords

Oestrogen; Progesterone

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ISOPROTEIN; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE;

DNA BINDING; ESTRUS CYCLE; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; HORMONE ACTION; HYPOPHYSIS; LUTEOLYSIS; MILK PRODUCTION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; OVARY FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT; PREGNANCY; PREPUBERTY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PUERPERIUM; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SEXUAL MATURATION; UTERUS;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; RECEPTORS, STEROID; REPRODUCTION; SHEEP, DOMESTIC;

OVIS ARIES;

EID: 3342947915     PISSN: 10313613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/RD04036     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Abecia, J. A., Lozano, J. M., Forcada, F., and Zaragaza, L. (1997). Effect of the level of dietary energy and protein on embryo survival and progesterone production on day eight of pregnancy in Rasa Aragonesa ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 48, 209-218. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(97)00021-3
2. Abraham, I. M., Han, S. K., Todman, M. G., Korach, K. S., and Herbison, A. E. (2003). Estrogen receptor beta mediates rapid estrogen actions on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in vivo. J. Neurosci. 23, 5771-5777.
3. Adams, N. R., and Ritar, A. J. (1986). Measurement of estrogen receptors in the ovariectomized ewe is affected by body condition and secondary binding sites. Biol. Reprod. 35, 828-832.
4. Adams, N. R., Abordi, J. A., Briegel, J. R., and Sanders, M. R. (1994). Effect of diet on the clearance rate of estradiol-17β in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 51, 668-674.
5. Alarid, E. T., Bakopoulos, N., and Solodin, N. (1999). Proteasome-mediated proteolysis of estrogen receptor: A novel component in autologous down-regulation. Mol. Endocrinol. 13, 1522-1534. doi:10.1210/ME.13.9.1522
6. Bartol, F. F., Wiley, A. A., Floyd, J. G., Ott, T. L., Bazer, F. W., Gray, C. A., and Spencer, T. E. (1999). Uterine differentiation as a foundation of subsequent fertility. J. Reprod. Fertil. 54, 287-302.
7. Bigsby, R. M., and Cunha, G. R. (1986). Estrogen stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in uterine epithelial cells which lack estrogen receptors. Endocrinology 119, 390-396.
8. Bond, C. T., and Adelman, J. P. (1993). Advances in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone. In 'Genes in Mammalian Reproduction'. (Ed. R. B. L. Gwatkin.) pp. 229-245. (Wiley-Liss Inc.: New York, USA.)
9. Borwick, S. C., Rae, M. T., Brooks, J., McNeilly, A. S., Pacey, P. A., and Rhind, S. M. (2003). Undernutrition of ewe lambs in utero and in early post-natal life does not affect hypothalamic-pituitary function in adulthood. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 77, 61-70. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(02)00261-0
10. Boukhliq, R., Adams, N. R., and Martin, G. B. (1996). Effect of nutrition on the balance of production of ovarian and pituitary hormones in ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 45, 59-70. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(96)01552-7
11. Bramley, T. (2003). Non-genomic progesterone receptors in the mammalian ovary: some unresolved issues. Reproduction 125, 3-15.
12. Cherny, R. A., Salamonsen, L. A., and Findlay, J. K. (1991). Immunocytochemical localization of oestrogen receptors in the endometrium of the ewe. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 3, 321-331.
13. Clark, J. H., and Mani, S. K. (1994). Actions of ovarian steroid hormones. In 'The Physiology of Reproduction'. (Eds E. Knobil and J. D. Neill.) pp. 1011-1046. (Raven Press: New York, USA.)
14. Clark, J. H., Schrader, W. T., and O'Malley, B. W. (1992). Mechanisms of steroid hormones action. In 'Textbook of Endocrinology'. (Eds J. D. Wilson and D. W. Foster.) pp. 35-90. (W. B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA.)
15. Clarke, I. J., Burman, K., Funder, J. W., and Findlay, J. K. (1981). Estrogen receptors in the neuroendocrine tissues of the ewe in relation to breed, season and stage of the estrous cycle. Biol. Reprod. 24, 323-331.
16. Clarke, I. J., Cummins, J. T., Crowder, M. E., and Nett, T. M. (1988). Pituitary receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in relation to changes in pituitary and plasma gonadotropins in ovariectomized hypothalamo/pituitary-disconnected ewes. II. A marked rise in receptor number during the acute feedback effects of estradiol. Biol. Reprod. 39, 349-354.
17. Conneely, O. M. (2001). Perspective: female steroid hormone action. Endocrinology 142, 2194-2199. doi:10.1210/EN.142.6.2194
18. Conneely, O. M., Mulac-Jericevic, B., Lyndon, J. P., and De Mayo, F. (2001). Reproductive functions of the progesterone receptor isoforms: lessons from knock-out mice. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 179, 97-103. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00465-8
19. Conneely, O. M., Mulac-Jericevic, B., De Mayo, F., Lyndon, J. P., and O'Malley, B. W. (2002). Reproductive functions of the progesterone receptor. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 57, 339-355. doi:10.1210/RP.57.1.339
20. Couse, J. F., and Korach, K. S. (1999). Estrogens receptor null mice: what have we learned and where will they lead us? Endocr. Rev. 20, 358-417. doi:10.1210/ER.20.3.358
21. Day, M. L., Imakawa, K., Wolfe, P. L., Kittok, R. J., and Kinder, J. E. (1987). Endocrine mechanisms of puberty in heifers: role of hypothalamo-pituitary estradiol receptors in the negative feedback of estradiol on luteinizing hormone secretion. Biol. Reprod. 37, 1054-1065.
22. Flint, A. P. F., Stewart, H. J., Lamming, G. E., and Payne, J. H. (1992). Role of the oxytocin receptor in the choice between cyclicity and gestation in ruminants. J. Reprod. Fertil. 45, 53-58.
23. Flint, A. P. F., Sheldrick, E. L., and Fisher, P. A. (2002). Ligand-independent activation of steroid receptors. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 23, 13-24. doi:10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00141-8
24. Foster, D. L. (1994). Puberty in the female sheep. In 'The Physiology of Reproduction'. (Eds E. Knobil and J. D. Neill.) pp. 411-451. (Raven Press: New York, USA.)
25. Foster, D. L., and Karsch, F. J. (1975). Development of the mechanism regulating the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in sheep. Endocrinology 97, 1205-1209.
26. Foster, D. L., and Ryan, K. D. (1979). Endocrine mechanisms governing transition into adulthood: a marked decrease in inhibitory feedback action of estradiol on tonic secretion of luteinizing hormone in the lamb during puberty. Endocrinology 105, 896-904.
27. Foster, D. L., Ebling, F. J. P., Vannerson, L. A., Wood, R. I., and Fenner, D. E. (1988). Regulation of puberty in the lamb: internal and external cues. In 'Progress in Endocrinology'. (Eds H. Imura, K. Shizume and S. Yoshida.) pp. 861-866. (Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)
28. Garófalo, E. G., and Tasende, C. ( 1996). Uterine estrogen and progesterone receptors in prepubertal ewes: distribution in myometrium, endometrium and caruncles. Vet. Res. 27, 177-183.
29. Garverick, H. A., and Zoller, W. G. Jr, Smith, M. F. (1992). Mechanisms associated with corpus luteum lifespan in animals having normal or subnormal luteal function. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 28, 111-124. doi:10.1016/0378-4320(92)90098-X
30. Glass, J. D., Amann, R. P., and Nett, T. M. (1984). Effects of season and sex on the distribution of cytosolic estrogen receptors within the brain and the anterior pituitary gland of sheep. Biol. Reprod. 30, 894-902.
31. Goodman, R. L. (1994). Neuroendocrine Control of the Ovine Estrous Cycle. In 'The Physiology of Reproduction'. (Eds E. Knobil and J. D. Neill.) pp. 659-709. (Raven Press: New York, USA.)
32. Gore-Langton, R. E., and Armstrong, D. T. (1994). Follicular steroidogenesis and its control. In 'The Physiology of Reproduction'. (Eds E. Knobil and J. D. Neill.) pp. 571-628. (Raven Press: New York, USA.)
33. Gray, C. A., Stewart, M. D., Johnson, G. A., and Spencer, T. E. (2003). Postpartum uterine involution in sheep: histoarchitecture and changes in endometrial gene expression. Reproduction 125, 185-188.
34. Greenwald, G. S., and Roy, S. K. (1994). Follicular development and its control. In 'The Physiology of Reproduction'. (Eds E. Knobil and J. D. Neill.) pp. 624-724. (Raven Press: New York, USA.)
35. Hewitt, S. C., and Korach, K. S. (2003). Oestrogen receptor knockout mice: roles for oestrogen receptors α and β in reproductive tissues. Reproduction 125, 143-149.
36. Hua, K. M., Hodgkinson, S. C. S., and Bass, J. J. (1995). Differential regulation of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factors-I and -II by nutrition, age and growth hormone treatment in sheep. J. Endocrinol. 147, 507-516.
37. Hunter, M. G. (1991). Characteristics and causes of the inadequate corpus luteum. J. Reprod. Fertil. 43, 91-99.
38. Ing, N. H., and Ott, T. L. (1999). Estradiol up-regulates estrogen receptor- α messenger ribonucleic acid in sheep endometrium by increasing its stability. Biol. Reprod. 60, 134-139.
39. Ing, N. H., Tsai, S. Y., and Tsai, M. J. (1993). Progesterone and estrogens. In 'Genes in Mammalian Reproduction'. (Ed. R. B. L. Gwatkin.) pp. 271-291. (Wiley-Liss Inc.: New York, USA.)
40. Jansen, H. T., West, C., Lehman, M. N., and Padmanabhan, V. (2001). Ovarian estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) regulation: I. changes in ERβ messenger RNA expression prior to ovulation in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 65, 866-872.
41. Jenkins, G. R., Heap, B., and Symons, D. B. (1977). Pituitary responsiveness to synthetic LH-RH and pituitary LH content at various reproductive stages in the sheep. J. Reprod. Fertil. 49, 207-211.
42. Karsch, F. J., Goodman, R. L., and Legan, S. J. (1980). Feedback basis of seasonal breeding, test of an hypothesis. J. Reprod. Fertil. 58, 521-535. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0580521
43. Kinder, J. E., Bergfeld, G. M., Wehrman, M. E., Peters, K. E., and Kojima, F. N. (1995). Endocrine basis for puberty in heifers and ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 49, 393-407.
44. Klauke, M., and Hoffmann, B. (1992). Progesterone and estrogen receptors in the myometrium of the cow during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and of the sheep at the time of parturition. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 29, 195-203. doi:10.1016/0378-4320(92)90033-A
45. Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Enmark, E., Pelto-Huikko, M., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, J. A. (1996). Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6925-6930. doi:10.1073/PNAS.93.12.5925
46. Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Carlsson, B., Grandien, K., Enmark, E., Häggblad, J., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, J. A. (1997). Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β. Endocrinology 138, 863-870. doi:10.1210/EN.138.3.863
47. Laws, S.C., Beggs, M. J., Webster, J. C., and Miller, W. L. (1990). Inhibin increases and progesterone decreases receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovine pituitary culture. Endocrinology 127, 373-380.
48. Lawson, R. A. S., and Cahill, L. P. (1983). Modification of the embryo-maternal relationship in ewes by progesterone treatment early in the oestrous cycle. J. Reprod. Fertil. 67, 473-475. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0670473
49. Leung, S. T., Reynolds, T. S., and Wathes, D. C. (1998). Regulation of oxytocin receptor in the placentome capsule throughout pregnancy in the ewe: the possible role of oestradiol receptor, progesterone receptor and aromatase. J. Endocrinol. 158, 173-181.
50. Lozano, J. M., Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Zarazaga, L., and Alfaro, B. (1998). Effect of undernutrition on the distribution of progesterone in the uterus of ewes during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Theriogenology 49, 539-546. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00005-3
51. Lund, S. A., Murdoch, J., Van Kirk, E. A., and Murdoch, W. J. (1999). Mitogenic and antioxidant mechanisms of estradiol action in preovulatory ovine follicles: relevance to luteal function. Biol. Reprod. 61, 388-392.
52. Mann, G. E., and Lamming, G. E. (2001). Relationship between maternal endocrine environment, early embryo development and inhibition of the luteolytic mechanism in cows. Reproduction 121, 175-180.
53. Mann, G. E., Lamming, G. E., Robinson, R. S., and Wathes, D. C. (1999). The regulation of interferon-τ and uterine hormone receptors during early pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil. 54, 317-328.
54. Manning, J. M., Herbosa, C. G., Pelt, J., Karsch, F. J., and Foster, D. L. (1993). Pattern of GnRH secretion in the pituitary portal circulation of the female sheep during puberty. Soc. Neurosci. 19, 258. [Abstract]
55. McCracken, J. A., Custer, E. E., and Lamsa, J. C. (1999). Luteolysis: a neuroendocrine-mediated event. Physiol. Rev. 79, 263-323.
56. McLeod, B. J., Haresign, W., and Lamming, G. E. (1982). Response of seasonally anoestrous ewes to small-dose multiple injections of GnRH with and without progesterone pretreatment. J. Reprod. Fertil. 65, 223-230. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0650223
57. Medlock, K. L., Forrester, M. T., and Sheehan, D. M. (1994). Progesterone and estradiol interaction in the regulation of rat uterine weight and estrogen receptor concentrations. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 205, 145-153.
58. Meikle, A. (2001). 'Reproductive endocrinology of prepubertal and anestrous ewes. Regulation of uterine sex steroid receptors by ovarian hormones and effects of estradiol on gonadotropin secretion and follicular growth'. PhD thesis. (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, Sweden.)
59. Meikle, A., Tasende, C., Rodríguez, M., and Garófalo, E. G. (1997). Effects of estradiol and progesterone on the reproductive tract and on uterine sex steroid receptors in female lambs. Theriogenology 48, 1105-1113. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00343-9
60. Meikle, A., Tasende, C., Garófalo, E. G., and Forsberg, M. (1998). Priming effect of exogenous oestradiol on luteinizing hormone secretion. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 54, 75-85. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(98)00147-X
61. Meikle, A., Bielli, A., Masironi, B., Pedrana, G., Wang, H., Forsberg, M., and Sahlin, L. (2000a). An immunohistochemical study on the regulation of estrogen receptor α by estradiol in the endometrium of the immature ewe. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40, 587-596. doi:10.1051/RND:2000102
62. Meikle, A., Forsberg, M., Shalin, L., Masironi, B., Tasende, C., Rodríguez-Piñón, M., and Garófalo, E. G. (2000b). A biphasic action of estradiol on estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in the lamb uterus. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40, 283-293. doi:10.1051/RND:2000132
63. Meikle, A., Garófalo, E. G., Rodríguez-Piñón, M., Tasende, C., and Sahlin, L. (2001a). Regulation by gonadal steroids of estrogen and progesterone receptors along the reproductive tract in lambs. Acta Vet. Scand. 42, 131-139.
64. Meikle, A., Sahlin, L., Ferraris, A., Masironi, B., Blanc, J. E., Rodríguez-Irazoqui, M., Rodríguez-Piñon, M., Kindahl, H., and Forsberg, M. (2001b). Endometrial mRNA expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and insuline-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) throughout the bovine estrous cycle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 68, 45-56. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00143-9
65. Meikle, A., Forsberg, M., Garófalo, E. G., Carlsson, M. A., Lundeheim, N., and Rubianes, E. (2001c). Circulating gonadotropins and follicular dynamics in anoestrous ewes after treatment with oestradiol-17β. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 67, 79-90. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00115-4
66. Meyer, H. H. D., Mittermeier, T. H., and Schams, D. (1988). Dynamics of oxytocin, oestrogen and progestin receptors in the bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle. Acta Endocrinol. 118, 96-104.
67. Miller, B. G., Murphy, L., and Stone, G. M. (1977). Hormone receptor levels and hormone, RNA and protein metabolism in the genital tract during the oestrous cycle of the ewe. J. Endocrinol. 73, 91-98.
68. Miller, B. G., Tassell, R., and Stone, G. M. (1983). Growth of the endometrium and cotyledons during pregnancy in the ewe: rates of protein secretion and synthesis and nuclear and cytosol steroid hormone receptor levels. J. Endocrinol. 96, 137-146.
69. Miller, W. (1993). Regulation of pituitary gonadotropins by gonadotropin releasing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, inhibin and activin. Progesterone and estrogens. In 'Genes in Mammalian Reproduction'. (Ed. R. B. L. Gwatkin.) pp. 247-269. (Wiley-Liss Inc.: New York, USA.)
70. Morrison, A. G., Callanan, J. J., Evans, N. P., Aldridge, T. C., and Sweeney, T. (2003). Effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on the pathology and oestrogen receptor alpha and beta distribution in the uterus and cervix of ewe lambs. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 25, 329-343. doi:10.1016/J.DOMANIEND.2003.06.004
71. O'Callaghan, D., and Boland, M. P. (1999). Nutritional effects on ovulation, embryo development and the establishment of pregnancy in ruminants. Anim. Sci. 68, 299-314.
72. Ott, T. L., Zhou, Y., Mirando, M. A., Stevens, C., Harney, J. P., Ogle, T. F., and Bazer, F. W. (1993). Changes in progesterone and oestrogen receptor mRNA and protein during maternal recognition of pregnancy and luteolysis in ewes. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 10, 171-183.
73. Parr, R. A., Davis, I. F., Fairclough, R. J., and Miles, M. A. (1987). Overfeeding during early pregnancy reduces peripheral progesterone concentration and pregnancy rate in sheep. J. Reprod. Fertil. 80, 317-320. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0800317
74. Petersen, S. L., Ottem, E. N., and Carpenter, C. D. (2003). Direct and indirect regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by estradiol. Biol. Reprod. 69, 1771-1778.
75. Pettersson, K., and Gustafsson, J. A. (2001). Role of estrogen receptor beta in estrogen action. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63, 165-192. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.PHYSIOL.63.1.165
76. Ravindra, J. P., and Rawlings, N. C. (1997). Ovarian follicular dynamics in ewes during the transition from anoestrus to the breeding season. J. Reprod. Fertil. 110, 279-289. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.1100279
77. Rexroad, C. E. (1984). Steroid receptors in the myometrium, during pregnancy in the ewe. J. Anim. Sci. 58, 1278-1284.
78. Robinson, R. S., Mann, G. E., Lamming, G. E., and Wathes, D. C. (2001). Expression of oxytocin, oestrogen and progesterone receptors in uterine biopsy samples throughout the oestrus cycle and early pregnancy in cows. Reproduction 122, 965-979.
79. Robinson, R. S., Mann, G. E., Lamming, G. E., and Wathes, D. C. (1999). The effect of pregnancy on the expression of uterine oxytocin, oestrogen and progesterone receptors during early pregnancy in the cow. J. Endocrinol. 160, 21-33.
80. Rodriguez-Piñón, M., Tasende, C., Meikle, A., and Garófalo, E. G. (2000). Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the ovine cervix during the postpartum period. Theriogenology 53, 743-750. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00271-X
81. Rosenfeld, C. S., Yuan, X., Manikkam, M., Calder, M. D., Allen Garverick, H., and Lubahn, D. B. (1999). Cloning, sequencing and localization of bovine estrogen receptor β within the ovarian follicle. Biol. Reprod. 60, 691-697.
82. Rubianes, E., and Ungerfeld, R. (1993). Uterine involution and ovarian changes during early postpartum in Autumn-lambing Corriedale ewes. Theriogenology 40, 365-372. doi:10.1016/0093-691X(93) 90274-9
83. Schirar, A., Cognié, Y., Louault, F., Poulin, N., Meusnier, C., Levasseur, M. C., and Martinet, J. (1990). Resumption of gonadotrophin release during the post-partum period in suckling and non-suckling ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 88, 593-604. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0880593
84. Scott, C. J., Tillbrook, A. J., Rawson, J. A., and Clarke, I. J. (2000). Gonadal steroid receptors in the regulation of GnRH secretion in farm animals. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60-61, 313-326. doi:10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00103-2
85. Sosa, C., Lozano, J. M., Viñoles, C., Acuña, S., Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Forsberg, M., and Meikle, A. (in press). Effect of plane of nutrition on endometrial steroid receptor expression in cyclic ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci
86. Southee, J. A., Hunter, M. G., and Haresign, W. (1988). Function of abnormal corpora lutea in vivo after GnRH-induced ovulation in the anoestrous ewe. J. Reprod. Fertil. 84, 131-137. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0840131
87. Spencer, T. E., and Bazer, F. W. (1995). Temporal and spatial alterations in uterine estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor gene content during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 53, 1527-1543.
88. Tasende, C., Meikle, A., Rubianes, E., and Garófalo, E, G. (1996). Restoration of estrogen and progesterone uterine receptors during the ovine postpartum period. Theriogenology 45, 1545-1551. doi:10.1016/0093-691X(96)00122-7
89. Tasende, C., Meikle, A., Rodríguez-Piñón, M., Forsberg, M., and Garófalo, E. G. (2002). Estrogen and progesterone receptor content in the pituitary gland and uterus of progesterone-primed and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-treated anestrous ewes. Theriogenology 57, 1719-1731. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00665-9
90. Tasende, C., Rodríguez-Pi_̃acon, M., Forsberg, M., Acuña, S., and Garófalo, E. G. (2003). Receptores de estrógenos y progesterona hipofisarios en ovejas durante el ciclo estral y en anestro estacional tratadas con GnRH con o sin progesterona previa. (Simposio Internacional de Reproducción Animal: Có rdoba, Argentina.)
91. Taylor, K. M., Gray, A., Joyce, M. M., Stewart, M. D., Bazer, F. W., and Spencer, T. E. (2000). Neonatal ovine uterine development involves alterations in expression of receptors for estrogen, progesterone and prolactin. Biol. Reprod. 63, 1192-1204.
92. Thatcher, W. W., Guzeloglu, A., Meikle, A., Kamimura, S., Bilby, T., Kowalski, A. A., Badinga, L., Pershing, R., Bartolome, J., and Santos, J. E. P. (2003). Regulation of Embryo survival in cattle. Reproduction Suppl. 61, 253-266.
93. Tobin, V. A., Pompolo, S., and Clarke, I. J. (2001). The percentage of pituitary gonadotropes with immunoreactive oestradiol receptors increase in the follicular phase of the ovine oestrous cycle. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13, 846-854. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2826.2001.00701.X
94. Tomanek, M., Pisselet, C., Monget, P., Madigou, T., Thieulant, M. L., and Monniaux, D. (1997). Estrogen receptor protein and mRNA expression in the ovary of sheep. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 48, 53-62. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199709)48:1<53::AID-MRD7>3.0. CO;2-O
95. Tsai, M. J., and O'Malley, B. W. (1994). Molecular mechanisms of actions of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 451-486. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.BI. 63.070194.002315
96. Tsonis, C. G., Carson, R. S., and Findlay, J. K. (1984). Relationships between aromatase activity, follicular fluid, estradiol-17 beta and testosterone concentrations and diameter and atresia of individual ovine follicles. J. Reprod. Fertil. 72, 153-167. doi:10.1530/JRF.0.0720153
97. Ulbrich, S. E., Kettler, A., and Einspanier, R. (2003). Expression and localization of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta and progesterone receptor in the bovine oviduct in vivo and in vitro. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 84, 279-289. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00039-6
98. van Lier, E., Meikle, A., Bielli, A., Akerberg, S., Forsberg, M., and Sahlin, L. (2003). Gender differences in oestrogen receptor levels in adrenal glands of sheep during the breeding season. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 25, 373-387. doi:10.1016/J.DOMANIEND. 2003.08.005
99. Van-Wyck, L. C., Van-Niekerk, C. H., and Belonje, P. C. (1972). Further observations on the involution of the postpartum uterus of the ewe. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 43, 29-33.
100. Vesanen, M., Isomaa, V., Alanko, M., and Vihko, R. (1988). Cytosol oestrogen and progesterone receptors in bovine endometrium after uterine involution postpartum and in the estrous cycle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 17, 9-20. doi:10.1016/0378-4320(88)90041-3
101. Walther, N., Lioutas, C., Tillmann, G., and Ivell, R. (1999). Cloning of bovine estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta): expression of novel deleted isoforms in reproductive tissues. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 152, 37-45. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00064-7
102. Wang, H., Masironi, B., Eriksson, H., and Sahlin, L. (1999). A comparative study of estrogen receptors α and β in the rat uterus. Biol. Reprod. 61, 955-964.
103. Wang, H., Eriksson, H., and Sahlin, L. (2000). Estrogen Receptors α and β in the female reproductive tract of the rat during the estrous cycle. Biol. Reprod. 63, 1331-1340.
104. Wathes, D. C., and Denning-Kendall, P. A. (1992). Control of synthesis and secretion of ovarian oxytocin in ruminants. J. Reprod. Fertil. 45, 39-52.
105. Wathes, D. C., and Lamming, G. E. (1995). The oxytocin receptor, luteolysis and the maintenance of pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil. 49, 53-67.
106. Weihua, Z., Saji, S., Mäkinen, S., Cheng, G., Jensen, E. V., Warner, M., and Gustafsson, J.-Å. (2000). Estrogen receptor (ER) β, a modulator of ERα in the uterus Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5936-5941. doi:10.1073/PNAS.97.11.5936
107. Wilson, M. E., Price, R. H., and Handa, R. J. (1998). Estrogen receptor-β messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the pituitary gland. Endocrinology 139, 5151-5156. doi:10.1210/EN.139.12.5151
108. Wise, M. E., Glass, J. D., and Nett, T. M. (1986). Changes in the concentration of hypothalamic and hypophyseal receptors for estradiol in pregnant and postpartum ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 1021-1028.
109. Wise, P. M., Payne, A. H., Karsch, F. J., and Jaffe, R. B. (1975). Cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor complex of female ovine pituitary: changes associated with the reproductive state and oestradiol treatment. J. Endocrinol. 67, 447-452.
110. Whitley, J. C., Giraud, A. S., Mahoney, A. O., Clarke, I. J., and Shulkes, A. (2000). Tissue-specific regulation of gastrin-releasing peptide synthesis, storage and secretion by oestrogen and progesterone. J. Endocrinol. 166, 649-658.
111. Worthington, C. A., and Kennedy, J. P. (1979). Ovarian response to exogenous hormones in six-week-old lambs. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 32, 91-95.
112. Young, L. J., and Crews, D. (1995). Comparative neuroendocrinology of steroid receptor gene expression and regulation: relationship to physiology and behavior. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 6, 317-323. doi:10.1016/1043-2760(95)00175-1
113. Zhou, Y., Chorich, L. P., Mahesh, V. B., and Ogle, T. F. (1993). Regulation of estrogen receptor protein and messenger ribonucleic acid by estradiol and progesterone in rat uterus. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 46, 687-698. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90310-S
114. Zollers, W. G., Garverick, H. A., Smith, M. F., Moffatt, R. J., Salfen, B. E., and Youngquist, R. S. (1993). Concentrations of progesterone and oxytocin receptors in endometrium of postpartum cows expected to have a short or normal oestrous cycle. J. Reprod. Fertil. 97, 329-337.