Globalizing land and food in Zimbabwe: Implications for Southern Africa

African Studies Quarterly

Volumn 7, Issue 2-3, 2003, Pages

  Thompson, Carol B ^a  

^a NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3342878334     PISSN: 10932658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (101)

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18. Madakufambu, Munetsi. "NGO's warn Rich Nations to accelerate Debt Cancellation or Face Repudiation," Review of African Political Economy, no. 87, (March 2001): 122-24
19. Marandu, W.Y.F. Director, Tanzania National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Arusha, Tanzania, personal interview, 9 March 2001.
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27. Nchimbi, S.P. "Genetic Diversity and Food Security," In Plant Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, ed. F.M. Shao et al., Proceedings of First National Workshop, Arusha, Tanzania, 16-20 January 1990, pp.83-88.
28. Nyathi, Talent and Kudzai Makoni. "ESAP and the Lives of Ordinary Citizens Today: Views of Ordinary Zimbabweans on effects of Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes," paper presented at the Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative (SAPRI), Poverty Reduction Forum, Harare, 9-10 April 2001.
29. OECD. "Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation 2000." 8 June 2000. Available online at http://www.oecd.org
30. Potter, John, "We are all Native Americans Today," Gazette, Billings, MT, 15 September 2001.
31. Potts, Debby. "Zimbabwean People's Perceptions of the Land Resettlement Programme: the Case of Rural-Urban Migrants," In Land Reform in Zimbabwe-Constraints and Prospects, ed. T.A.S Bowyer-Bower and Colin Stoneman, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
32. Poverty Reduction Forum and Institute for Development Studies. Human Development Report, Zimbabwe, Harare: UNDP, 1999.
33. Ravenholt, Albert. "Rural Mobilization in South Korea," In The Politic of Agrarian Change in Asia and Latin America, ed. Howard Handelman, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.
34. Schlesinger, Stephen and Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit-The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. New York: Doubleday, 1983.
35. Shackleton, Sheona; Charlie Shackleton and Ben Cousins. "Re-Valuing the Communal Lands ofsouthern Africa: New Understandings of Rural Livelihoods," Overseas Development Institute, Natural Resource Perspectives, no. 62, November, 2000.
36. Sihole, Simon. Director, Plant Protection Institute, DRSS, Ministry of Agriculture. personal interview, 26 March 2001.
37. Southern African Development Community (SADC)/ ICRISAT. "Client-Oriented Research-a New Approach in Tanzania," Sorghum/Millet Improvement Network, July, 2000.
38. Thiesenhusen, William C. Broken Promises-Agrarian Reform and the Latin American Campensino. Boulder: Westview, 1995.
39. Thompson, Carol B. Drought Management Strategies insouthern Africa. Windhoek: UNICEF Policy Monitoring Unit, 1993.
40. UNCTAD. Economic Development in Africa: Performance and Policy Issues. 2001. http://www.unctad.org/en/pub/pubfram.htm
41. UNCTAD. African Development in Comparative Perspective. World Press, Trenton, NJ, 2000 (1999).
42. United Nations Security Council. "The Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forums of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo," S/2001/357, "Addendum" S/2001/1072, 10 November 2001. www.un.org/docs/sc/letters/2001/1072e.pdf - posted 20 November 2001.
43. Van Zyl, Johann; Nick Vink, Johann Kirsten, Danswan Poonyth. "South African Agriculture in Transition: the 1990s," Journal of International Development 13, no. 6, (2001): 725-739.
44. Whiteside, Martin. Empowering the Landless-Case Studies in Land Distribution and Tenure Security for the Poor. Christian Aid. London, April, 2001.
45. Unemployment is over 60 percent and those living in poverty are 80 percent of the population. The drought of 2001-2002 brought severe hunger conditions to millions, especially harsh on those with no access to health care. Starvation, however, did not reach the levels predicted by international agencies, mainly because of assistance to the most destitute by their extended families. See Financial Gazette at www.allafrica.com for current updates.
46. New York Times, 5 May 1977.
47. VanZyl et al, pp. 730,737.
48. Kinsey 1999, 2000; Adams and Howell.
49. Potts, p.131.
50. Moyo 2000a, p. 36
51. El-Ghonemy, p. 1.
52. Moyo 2000a, p. 30.
53. Montgomery, p.117.
54. Montgomery, p.118;
55. Ravenholt, p. 53.
56. Thiesenhusen, p. 172.
57. Barraclough, p. 32.
58. Brockett, pp. 198-99
59. Dorner, pp. 7-8
60. Schlesinger and Kinzer; Thiesenhusen, 1995.
61. Carter and Barham, p.1143.
62. Carrera; see Potter.
63. Associated. Press, 13 Februrary 2002.
64. Geisler; Dorner.
65. The Farmer, Harare, 17 September 1998.
66. IFAD, p.43.
67. Modoerin and Wellmer.
68. Madakufambu, pp.123-24.
69. Thompson.
70. Nyathi and Makoni, p. 7.
71. Dhliwayo, p. 7.
72. Dhliwayo, p. iii.
73. By 2000, the bankrupt government allocated even less of a declining overall budget to rural clinics, only 20 percent. Spending on preventive health care fell from its peak of 15 percent of the total health budget in the mid-1980s to 9.9 percent for 2001. By 2001, about 3000 Zimbabweans were dying of AIDS per week, in an estimated population of 11 million. (Rene Loewenson, "2001 Health Budget: Enough to make you sick," Herald, 21 November 2000.)
74. Dhliwayo,pp.6-7;
75. Poverty Reduction Forum, p.36.
76. See Moyo 2000b for one of the few thorough studies.
77. Moyo 2000a, p. 8.
78. UNCTAD, 2000, p.61.
79. Chattopadhyay.
80. McCarter.
81. El-Ghonemy,p.21
82. see also Whiteside,pp.20-21
83. Acevedo,pp. 209-31.
84. Support rates are reported as producer support estimates, or PSE, which indicate annual subsidies - from consumers through prices and from taxpayers through budgetary payments - to support agricultural producers. The PSE is reported as a percent of gross farm receipts. (OECD, 2000).
85. Guardian Weekly, UK, 18-24 January 2001.
86. New York Times, 18 October and 2 November 2001.
87. The WTO allows exceptions to its resolution for no subsidies and no tariffs on agricultural products. The most renowned is the Green Box, which permits exceptions for environmental reasons. The Blue Box allows direct payments linked to factors of production but not to price or output volume. Given reforms in US agricultural policy, the Blue Box almost exclusively benefits the EU.
88. European Research Office, p.17
89. Goodison, p. 3.
90. European Research Office, p.23.
91. South African agriculture, for example, after rapid and extensive deregulation, has lower levels of subsidization than Australia or New Zealand, traditionally the lowest agricultural subsidizers in the world. Van Zyl et al., p. 737.
92. Nchimbi, p.83; Shackletons and Cousins.
93. Marandu.
94. Barkin, Batt, deWalt, p. 24.
95. Mushita and Thompson.
96. The Food and Allied Workers' Union (FAWU) in South Africa is demanding a ban on the production and sale of GMO foods. Business Report, Johannesburg, 28 January 2002.
97. United Nations, Security Council.
98. The Farmer (Harare, 4 September 2001) reports that the Zimbabwe army and ZANU business interests, under the name of the Congolese Society for the Exploitation of Timber (SOCEBO), have a concession to log forests in a DRC area about ten times the size of Switzerland, raising about US$150 million over three years. The concession is ostensibly to pay for Zimbabwe's defense of the DRC. The purchaser is African Hardwood Marketing of the UK and their potential buyers are the EU, especially France. Environmental groups, Global Witness and Friends of the Earth, are opposing the plans.
99. El-Ghonemy, p. iii.
100. Sithole; Marandu; Matowanyika.
101. SADC/ICRISAT, pp. 4-5.