Insight into the Neogene tectonic history of the northern Bolivian Orocline from new paleomagnetic and geochronologic data

Tectonics

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2005, Pages

  Rousse, Sonia ^a,b   Gilder, Stuart ^a   Fornari, Michel ^c   Sempere, Thierry ^d  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS   (France)

^d UMR 7327   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEOGENE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

EID: 33144459453     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004TC001760     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Abels, A., and L. Bischoff (1999), Clockwise block rotations in northern Chile: Indications for a largescale domino mechanism during the middle-late Eocene, Geology, 27, 751-754.
2. Allenby, R. J. (1987), Origin of the Bolivian Andean Orocline: A geologic study utilizing Landsat and Shuttle imaging radar, Tectonophysics, 142, 137-154.
3. Allmendinger, R. W., T. E. Jordan, S. M. Kay, and B. L. Isacks (1997), The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna plateau of the central Andes, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 25, 139-174.
4. Aubry, L., P. Roperch, M. de Urreiztieta, E. Rossello, and A. Chauvin (1996), Paleomagnetic study along the southeastern edge of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau: Neogene tectonic rotations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,883-17,900.
5. Audebaud, E., et al. (1973), Les traits Géologiques essentiels des Andes centrales (Pérou-Bolivie), Rev. Géogr. Phys. Geol. Dyn., 15, 73-113.
6. Babeyko, A. Y., S. V. Sobolev, R. B. Trumbull, O. Oncken, and L. L. Lavier (2002), Numerical models of crustal scale convection and partial melting beneath the Altiplano-Puna plateau, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199, 373-388.
7. Baby, P., P. Rochat, G. Mascle, and G. Hérail (1997), Neogene shortening contribution to crustal thickening in the back arc of the central Andes, Geology, 25, 883-886.
8. Beck, M. E. (1988), Analysis of Late Jurassic-Recent paleomagnetic data from active plate margins of South America, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 1, 39-52.
9. Beck, M. E. (1998), On the mechanism of crustal block rotations in the central Andes, Tectonophysics, 299, 75-92.
10. Beck, S. L., G. Zandt, S. C. Myers, T. C. Wallace, P. G. Silver, and L. Drake (1996), Crustal-thickness variations in the central Andes, Geology, 24, 407-410.
11. Berggren, W. A., D. V. Kent, C. C. Swisher, and M. P. Aubry (1995), A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy in time scales and global stratigraphic correlations: A unified temporal framework for an historical geology, in Geochronology, Time-scales, and Stratigraphic Correlation, edited by W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and J. Hardenbol, Spec. Publ. SEPM Soc. Sediment. Geol., 54, 129-212.
12. Besse, J., and V. Courtillot (2002), Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B11), 2300, doi:10.1029/2000JB000050.
13. Boudesseul, N., M. Fornari, T. Sempere, G. Carlier, M. Mamani, I. Ibarra, P. Meza, and L. Cerpa (2000), Un importante evento volcánico de edad Mioceno inferior en la zona de Descanso - Ayaviri - Condoroma - Santa Lucía (Dptos. de Cusco, Puno y Arequipa), in X Congreso Peruano de Geología, p. 8 and CD-ROM file GR6A (9 pp.), Geol. del Perú, Lima.
14. Brasse, H., P. Lezaeta, V. Rath, K. Schwalenberg, W. Soyer, and V. Haak (2002), The Bolivian Altiplano conductivity anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B5), 2096, doi:10.1029/2001JB000391.
15. Butler, R. F., D. R. Richards, T. Sempere, and L. G. Marshall (1995), Paleomagnetic determinations of vertical-axis tectonic rotations from late Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of Bolivia, Geology, 23, 799-802.
16. Campbell, K. E., Jr., M. Heizler, C. D. Frailey, L. Romero-Pittman, and D. R. Prothero (2001), Upper Cenozoic chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Amazon Basin, Geology, 29, 595-598.
17. Carey, S. W. (1955), The orocline concept in geotectonics, Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 89, 255-288.
18. Carlier, G., J. P. Lorand, J. P. Liégeois, M. Fornari, P. Soler, V. Carlotto, and J. Cárdenas (2005), Potassic-ultrapotassic mafic rocks delineate two lithospheric mantle blocks beneath the southern Altiplano, Geology, 33, 601-604.
19. Cerpa, L., and P. Meza (2001), Las cuencas neogenas del sur del Perú: La cuenca Descanso-Yauri (Mioceno). Evolución sedimentológica y tectónica, Tesis de grado thesis, 114 pp., Univ. Nac. San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Bolivia.
20. Cerpa, L., P. Meza, V. Carlotto, M. Fornari, and T. Sempere (2004), Paleogeografía y evolución de la cuenca miocena de Descanso-Yauri (Cusco), in Nuevas contribuciones del IRD y sus contrapartes al conocimiento geológico del sur del Perú, Publ. Espec.5, edited by J. Jacay and T. Sempere, pp. 175-182, Soc. Geol. del Perú, Lima.
21. Cogné, J. P. (2003), PaleoMac: A Macintosh™ application for treating paleomagnetic data and making plate reconstructions, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(1), 1007, doi:10.1029/2001GC000227.
22. Coutand, I., P. R. Cobbold, M. d. Urreiztieta, P. Gautier, A. Chauvin, D. Gapais, E. A. Rossello, and O. Lopez-Gamundi (2001), Style and tectonic history of Andean deformation, Puna plateau, northwestern Argentina, Tectonics, 20, 210-234.
23. Cuéllar, E. (2001), Estratigrafía, sedimentología y tectónica de las series meso-cenozoicas de cuadrángulo de Pichacani (hoja 33-y, cuadrante SE), sur del Perú, Tesis de grado thesis, 86 pp., Univ. Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Bolivia.
24. DeCelles, P. G., and B. K. Horton (2003), Early to middle Tertiary foreland basin development and the history of Andean crustal shortening in Bolivia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 58-77.
25. Demets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein (1994), Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194.
26. Dewey, J. F., and S. H. Lamb (1992), Active tectonics of the Andes, Tectonophysics, 205, 79-95.
27. Dorbath, L., C. Dorbath, E. Jimenez, and L. Riviera (1991), Seismicity and tectonic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera and the sub-Andean zone of central Peru, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 4, 13-24.
28. Enkin, R. J. (1995), A computer program package for analysis and presentation of paleomagnetic data-PMSTAT, vol. 1995, Pac. Geosci. Cent., Geol. Surv. of Can., Sidney, B. C.
29. Fisher, R. A. (1953), Dispersion on a sphere, Proc. R. Soc. London, 217, 295-305.
30. Fornari, M., M. Mamani, I. Ibarra, and G. Carlier (2002), Datación del período volcánico "Tacaza" en el Altiplano de Perú y Bolivia, paper presented at XI Congreso Peruano de Geología, Geol. del Perú, Lima.
31. Gephart, J. W. (1994), Topography and subduction geometry in the central Andes: Clues to the mechanics of a noncollisonal orogen, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,279-12,288.
32. Gilder, S., S. Rousse, D. Farber, B. McNulty, T. Sempere, V. Torres, and O. Palacios (2003), Post-Middle Oligocene origin of paleomagnetic rotations in the Upper Permian to Lower Jurassic rocks from northern and southern Peru, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210, 233-248.
33. Gubbels, T. L., B. L. Isacks, and E. Farrar (1993), High-level surfaces, plateau uplift, and foreland development, Bolivian central Andes, Geology, 21, 695-698.
34. Hérail, G., J. Oller, P. Baby, M. G. Bonhomme, and P. Soler (1996), Strike-slip faulting, thrusting and related basins in the Cenozoic evolution of the southern branch of the Bolivian Orocline, Tectonophysics, 259, 201-202.
35. Hindle, D., J. Kley, O. Oncken, and S. Sobolev (2005), Crustal balance and crustal flux from shortening estimates in the central Andes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 230, 113-124.
36. Horton, B. K. (1999), Erosional control on the geometry and kinematics of thrust belt development in the central Andes, Tectonics, 18, 1292-1304.
37. Horton, B. K., B. A. Hampton, and G. L. Waanders (2001), Paleogene synorogenic sedimentation in the Altiplano plateau and implications for initial mountain building in the central Andes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 1387-1400.
38. Husson, L., and T. Sempere (2003), Thickening the Altiplano crust by gravity-driven crustal channel flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1243, doi:10.1029/2002GL016877.
39. Isacks, B. L. (1988), Uplift of the central Andean Plateau and bending of the Bolivian Orocline, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3211-3231.
40. Ibarra, I., M. Mamani, R. Rodríguez, T. Sempere, V. Carlotto and G. Carlier (2004), Estratigrafía y tectónica de la parte sur de la cuenca de Ayaviri, in Nuevas contribuciones del IRD y sus contrapartes al conocimiento geológico del sur del Perú, Publ. Espec. 5, edited by J. Jacay and T. Sempere, pp. 143-155, Soc. Geol. del Perú, Lima.
41. Jacay, J., and T. Sempere (Eds.) (2004), Nuevas contribuciones del IRD y sus contrapartes al conocimiento geológico del sur del Perú, Spec. Publ. 5, Soc. Geol. del Perú, Lima.
42. Jacay, J., T. Sempere, L. Husson, and A. Pino (2002), Structural characteristics of the Incapuquio fault system, southern Peru, paper presented at 5th International Symposium of Andean Geodynamics, Inst. de Rech. pour le Dév., Lima.
43. James, D. E. (1971), Andean crustal and upper mantle structure, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3246-3271.
44. James, D. E., and I. S. Sacks (1999), Cenozoic formation of the central Andes: A geophysical perspective, in Geology and Ore Deposits of the central Andes, Spec. Publ. 7, edited by B. J. Skinner, pp. 1-25, Soc. of Econ. Geol., Richardson, Tex.
45. Jordan, T., J. H. Reynolds, and J. P. Erikson (1997), Variability in age of initial shortening and uplift in the central Andes, 16-33°30′S, in Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change, edited by W. F. Ruddiman, pp. 41-61, Springer, New York.
46. Jordan, T., M. W. Burns, R. Veiga, F. Pangaro, P. Copeland, S. Kelley, and C. Mpodozis (2001), Extension and basin formation in the southern Andes caused by increased convergence rate: A mid-Cenozoic trigger for the Andes, Tectonics, 20, 308-324.
47. Jordan, T. E., B. L. Isacks, R. W. Allmendinger, J. A. Brewer, V. A. Ramos, and C. J. Ando (1983), Andean Tectonics related to geometry of the subducted Nazca plate, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 341-361.
48. Kaneoka, I., and C. Guevara (1984), K-Ar determination of late Tertiary and Quaternary Andean volcanic rocks, southern Peru, Geochem. J., 18, 233-239.
49. Kennan, L. (2000), Large-scale geomorphology of the Andes: Interrelationships of tectonics, magmatism and climate, in Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, edited by M. A. Summerfield, pp. 167-199, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
50. Kennan, L., S. Lamb, and C. Rundle (1995), K-Ar dates for the Altiplano and Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia: Implications for Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonics, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 8, 163-186.
51. Kirschvink, J. L. (1980), The least-square line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 62, 699-718.
52. Kley, J. (1999), Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 12, 221-235.
53. Kley, J., and C. R. Monaldi (1998), Tectonic shortening and crustal thickness in the central Andes: How good is the correlation?, Geology, 26, 723-726.
54. Kono, M., Y. Fukao, and A. Yamamoto (1989), Mountain building in the central Andes, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3891 -3905.
55. Lamb, S. (2001), Vertical axis rotation in the Bolivian orocline, South America: 1. Paleomagnetic analysis of Cretaceous and Cenozoic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 26,605-26,632.
56. Lamb, S., and L. Hoke (1997), Origin of the high plateau in the central Andes, Bolivia, South America, Tectonics, 16, 623-649.
57. Lamb, S., L. Hoke, L. Kennan, and J. Dewey (1997), Cenozoic evolution of the central Andes in Bolivia and northern Chile, in Orogeny Through Time, edited by J.-P. Burg and M. Ford, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 121, 237-264.
58. Latorre, O., Y. Orós, T. Sempere, M. Fornari, and V. Carlotto (2004), Estratigrafía y evolución paleógenas del área de Llalli-Macari (departamento de Puno), in Nuevas contribuciones del IRD y sus contrapartes al conocimiento geológico del sur del Perú, Publ. Espec. 5, edited by J. Jacay and T. Sempere, pp. 111-119, Soc. Geol. del Perú, Lima.
59. Luyendyk, B. P., M. J. Kamerling, R. R. Terres, and J. S. Hornafius (1985), Simple shear of southern California during Neogene time suggested by paleomagnetic declinations, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12,454-12,466.
60. Lyon-Caen, H., P. Molnar, and G. Suárez (1985), Gravity anomalies and flexure of the Brazilian shield beneath the Bolivian Andes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 81-92.
61. Mamani, M., I. Ibarra, G. Carlier and M. Fornari (2004), Petrología y geoquímica del magmatismo alcalino de la zona noroeste del Altiplano peruano (departamento de Puno), in Nuevas contribuciones del IRD y sus contrapartes al conocimiento geológico del sur del Perú, Publ. Espec. 5, edited by J. Jacay and T. Sempere, pp. 157-174, Soc. Geol. del Perú, Lima.
62. Marshall, L., T. Sempere, and M. Gayet (1993), The Petaca (Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene) and Yecua (late Miocene) Formations of the Subandean-Chaco Basin, Bolivia, and their tectonic significance, Doc. Lab. Geol. Lyon Fr., 125, 291-301.
63. McFadden, P. L., and M. W. McElhinny (1988), The combined analysis of remagnetization circles and direct observations in paleomagnetism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 87, 161-172.
64. McFadden, P. L., and M. W. McElhinny (1990), Classification of the reversal test in paleomagnetism, Geophys. J. Int., 130, 725-729.
65. McQuarrie, N. (2002), The kinematic history of the central Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia: Implications for building a high plateau, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 950-963.
66. McQuarrie, N., and P. DeCelles (2001), Geometry and structural evolution of the central Andean back-thrust belt, Bolivia, Tectonics, 20, 669-692.
67. Müller, J. P., J. Kley, and V. Jacobshagen (2002), Structure and Cenozoic kinematics of the Eastern Cordillera, southern Bolivia (21°S), Tectonics, 21(5), 1037, doi:10.1029/2001TC001340.
68. Newell, N. D. (1949), Geology of the lake Titicaca region, Peru and Bolivia, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 36, 111 pp.
69. Noble, D. C., and E. H. McKee (1977), Comment on spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America, Geology, 5, 576-578.
70. Pardo-Casas, F., and P. Molnar (1987), Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American plates since Late Cretaceous time, Tectonics, 6, 233-248.
71. Randall, D. E. (1998), A new Jurassic-Recent apparent polar wander path for South America and a review of central Andean tectonic models, Tectonophysics, 299, 49-74.
72. Randall, D. E., G. K. Taylor, and J. Grocott (1996), Major crustal rotations in the Andean margin: Paleomagnetic results from the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,783-15,798.
73. Randall, D. E., A. J. Tomlinson, and G. K. Taylor (2001), Paleomagnetically defined rotation from the Precordillera of northern Chile: Evidence of localized in situ fault-controlled rotations, Tectonics, 20, 235-254.
74. 39Ar dating, Chem. Geol., 145, 117-152.
75. Richards, D. R., R. F. Butler, and T. Sempere (2004), Vertical-axis rotations determined from paleomagnetism of Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata of the Bolivian Andes, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B07104, doi:10.1029/ 2004JB002977.
76. Riller, U., and O. Oncken (2003), Growth of the central Andean Plateau by tectonic segmentation is controlled by the gradient in crustal shortening, J. Geol., 111, 367-384.
77. Rod, E. (1960), Geologic reconnaissance of Upper Ypacani River, Bolivia, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 44, 1818-1828.
78. Rodríguez, R., T. Flores, and R. Marocco (1999), Análisis sedimentológico y estratigráfico de la Formación Tinajani (Cenozoico del Altiplano del Sur del Perú). Aportes a la reconstrucción de la evolución tectono-sedimentaria del Sur del Perú entre el Oligoceno superior y el Mioceno superior, Bol. Soc. Geol. Peru, 89, 33-44.
79. Roperch, P., and G. Carlier (1992), Paleomagnetism of Mesozoic rocks from the central Andes of southern Peru: Importance of rotations in the development of the Bolivian Orocline, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17,233-17,249.
80. Roperch, P., G. Hérail, and M. Fornari (1999), Magnetostratigraphy of the Miocene Corque basin, Bolivia: Implication for the geodynamic evolution of the Altiplano during the late Tertiary, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,415-20,429.
81. Roperch, P., M. Fornari, G. Hérail, and G. V. Parraguez (2000), Tectonic rotations within the Bolivian Altiplano: Implications for the geodynamic evolution of the central Andes during the late Tertiary, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 795-820.
82. Rousse, S. (2002), Apport du paléomagnétisme à l'étude des déformations lithosphériques au Pérou: Contraintes spatiales et temporelles sur la construction des Andes, Ph.D. thesis, 252 pp., Inst. de Phys. du Globe de Paris, Paris.
83. Rousse, S., S. Gilder, D. Farber, B. McNulty, P. Patriat, V. Torres, and T. Sempere (2003), Paleomagnetic tracking of mountain building in the Peruvian Andes since 10 Ma, Tectonics, 22(5), 1048, doi:10.1029/ 2003TC001508.
84. Schmitz, M. A., W.-D. Heinsohn, and F. R. Schilling (1997), Seismic, gravity and petrological evidence for partial melt beneath the thickened central Andean crust (21-23°S), Tectonophysics, 270, 313-316.
85. Sempere, T., G. Hérail, J. Oller, and M. Bonhomme (1990), Late Oligocene-early Miocene major tectonic crisis and related basin in Bolivia, Geology, 18, 946-949.
86. Sempere, T., R. F. Butler, D. R. Richards, L. G. Marshall, W. Sharp, and C. C. Swisher III (1997), Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109, 709-727.
87. Sempere, T., G. Carlier, P. Soler, M. Fornari, V. Carlotto, J. Jacay, D. Néraudeau, J. Cárdenas, S. Rosas, and N. Jiménez (2002a), Late Permian-Middle Jurassic lithospheric thinning in Peru and Bolivia, and its bearing on Andean-age tectonics, Tectonophysics, 345, 153-181.
88. Sempere, T., et al. (2002b) Lithospheric-scale transcurrent fault systems in the Andean southern Peru, paper presented at 5th International Symposium of Andean Geodynamics, Inst. de Rech. pour le Dév., Paris.
89. Sheffels, B. (1995), Is the bend in the Bolivian Andes an Orocline? in Petroleum Basins of South America, edited by A. J. Tankard, R. Suarez-Soruco, and H. J. Welsink, AAPG Mem., 62, 511-522.
90. Sigé, B., T. Sempere, R. F. Butler, L. G. Marshall, and J.-Y. Crochet (2004), Age and stratigraphic reassessment of the fossil-bearing Laguna Umayo red mudstone unit, SE Peru, from regional stratigraphy, fossil record, and paleomagnetism, Geobios, 37, 771-794.
91. Somoza, R., and A. Tomlinson (2002), Paleomagnetism in the Precordillera of northern Chile (22°30′S): Implication for the history of tectonic rotations in the central Andes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 194, 369-381.
92. Somoza, R., S. Singer, and B. Coira (1996), Paleomagnetism of upper Miocene ignimbrites at the Puna: An analysis of vertical-axis rotations in the central Andes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11,387-11,400.
93. Springer, M. (1999), Interpretation of heat-flow density in the central Andes, Tectonophysics, 306, 377-395.
94. Steiger, R. H., and E. Jager (1978), Subcommission on Geochronology; convention on the use of decay constants in geochronology and cosmochronoly, in Contributions to the geologic time scale, edited by G. V. Cohee, M. F. Glaessner, and H. D. Hedberg, Stud. Geol. Tulsa Okla., 6, 67-71.
95. Swenson, J. L., S. L. Beck, and G. Zandt (2000), Crustal structure of the Altiplano from broadband regional waveform modeling: Implication for the composition of thick continental crust, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 607-621.
96. Tsunakawa, H., H. Tanaka, K. Amano, and M. Kono (1987), Paleomagnetic study of Late Miocene and early Pliocene rocks from southern Peru, central Andes, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 39, 477-486.
97. Victor, P., O. Oncken, and J. Glodny (2004), Uplift of the western Altiplano plateau: Evidence from the Precordillera between 20° and 21°S (northern Chile), Tectonics, 23, TC4004, doi:10.1029/ 2003TC001519.
98. Vílchez, L. V., and A. H. Romero (1998), Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Pinquén, Pilcopata y Chontachaca. Hojas: 25-t, 26-t y 27-t, 155 pp., Inst. Geol. Minero y Metahlúrg., Lima.
99. Viramonte, J. G., S. M. Kay, R. Becchio, M. Escayola, and I. Novitski (1999), Cretaceous rift related magmatism in central-western South America, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 12, 109-121.
100. Watson, G. S., and R. J. Enkin (1993), The fold test in paleomagnetism as a parameter estimation problem, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2135-2137.
101. Wigger, P. J., et al. (1994), Variation in the crustal structure of the southern central Andes deduced from Seismic refraction investigations, in Tectonics of the Southern central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin, edited by K. J. Reutter, E. Scheuber, and P. J. Wigger, pp. 23-48, Springer, New York.
102. Yang, Y., M. Liu, and S. Stein (2003), A 3-D geodynamic model of lateral crustal flow during Andean mountain building, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(21), 2093, doi:10.1029/2003GL018308.
103. Yuan, X., et al. (2000), Subduction and collision processes in the central Andes constrained by converted seismic phases, Nature, 408, 958-961.
104. Yuan, X., S. V. Sobolev, and R. Kind (2002), Moho topography in the central Andes and its geodynamic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199, 389-402.